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Seed Lipids of the Lythraceae

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Seed Lipids of the Lythraceae 5866 * Biochemical SysremBal::s and Ecology. Vol. 15. No.4, pp. 433-439. 1987. D:105-197ll181 $3.OO+<l.OO Printed in Great Britain. >0 1987 Pergamon Joumals Ltd. Seed Lipids of the Lythraceae SHIRLEY A. GRAHAM* and ROBERT KLEIMANt ·Oepartment of Biological Sciences. Kent State University. Kent, OH 44242. U.SA.; tNorthem Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Peoria, IL 61604, U.SA. Key Word lndex-Lythraceae: seeds: lipid composition: fatty acids; t:hemotaxonomy. Abstract-Fatty acid composmon of seed lipids for 20 of the 26 genera in the Lythraceae and seed oil and protein content for nine genera are reported. The percent oil ranges from 2..7 to 34% of total weight and protein from '1.3 to 24.9%. Linoleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in seed lipids of all genera surveyed Variations in pattern emphasize palmitic or oleic acid or both as second most abundant lipid component There are three exceptions: in Dipluscdon capric acid ranks second in abundance: in Adensris lauric acid and oleic acid occur in approximately equal amounts as second most abundant fatty acid: in Decodon an unusual trienoic acid, previously reported only from the Compositae, is the main secondary component. Fatty acid composition of seeds in the genera is compared to that of the previously stUdied lythraceous genus Cuphea. Among all the genera. only Cuphea seed produces large quantities of lauric, capric. or caprylic acids. as well as a diversity of fatty acid patterns. No relation­ ship between oil content or seed weight and habit is apparent in any genus studied, nor are differences in seed morphology reflected in composition of the seed lipids. The fatty acid patterns are judged evolutionarily conservative, with the strong exception of Cuphea. which remains unique in the Lythraceae and among all angiosperms for the diversity of patterns displayed. Introduction kingdom because of the diversity of major fatty As increasing attention is paid to discovery of acids produceq, as well as for the atypical . plant substances valued for human and emphasis on production of saturated medium industrial consumption around the world, there chain (8:0-14:0) fatty acids. Among 73 species is a concomitant developing awareness of the of Cuphea analyzed for fatty acid composition, paucity of information available on natural linoleic acid is the major component in a few of products produced by plants, especially those the most generalized species, lauric acid from warm regions of the globe. Oil-bearing predominates in the majority of the species, and seed plants provide an example of how little we capric and caprylic acids are restricted to the know about potentially exploitable plant species. most advanced species [5-7]. The abundance of Only nine species produce about 90% of the lauric acid, particularly, has recently stimulated world's vegetable oil crop [1]. Of an estimated research aimed at developing the genus as a 250 000 species of angiosperms, no more than new temperate oilseed crop [8J. 3% have received even a cursory analysis of Among other genera of the Lythraceae, fatty seed composition. The United States acid composition has been reported for only Department of Agriculture, in its search for new one, Lawsania [9J and the percentage of oil and industrial oils, has surveyed approximately 8000 protein in seeds is known for just three, species to date [2]. Lagerstroemia, Heimia, and Lythrum [10, llJ. We In general, the major fatty acid produced by report here the fatty acid composition for 29 oil seeds is linoleic acid [3J. Many unusual fatty species in 21 of the approximately 26 genera acids and lipid groups are also known, most of comprising the family. Among the 16 monotypic these having been identified only in recent or ditypic genera, 12 are reported in this study. years. A few taxa have been found to pro­ Data are not available for the monotypic Didiplis duce common fatty acids at levels much higher and Kaehneria, ditypic Crenea and Haitia, or for than normal [4J. One of these is Cuphea Hionanthera, a little known genus of four species (Lythraceae), a genus unique in the plant that is possibly synonymous with Ammannia [12]. Ammannia is reported here. The (R&eived5 September 1986) percentage of seed oil and protein is 433 SHIRLEY A. GRAHAM AND ROBERT KLEIMAN summarized for nine genera. Results reveal Diplusodon and Adenaria, patterns of composi­ whether other members of the family, besides tion are unique in their emphasis of other Cuphea, possess unusual patterns of seed oil secondary fatty acids. composition, and whether seed lipids offer new The most common pattern among the genera evidence, or corroborate earlier data from other surveyed emphasizes linoleic acid as the sources, in suggesting evolutionary relationships primary fatty acid and palmitic acid as the only among the taxa. secondary component constituting 10% or more of total fatty acid composition (Table 2). The Results pattern occurs in nine species of eight genera; Linoleic acid (18:2) is the dominant fatty acid in Ammannia auriculata and A. latifolia, Galpinia the seed lipids of all genera surveyed (Table 1). It transvaalica, Ginoria nudiflora, Heimia myrtifolia, ranges from 41.0% to 81.7% of total fatty acid Ne,saea cordata, Peplis erecta, Pleurophora composition with a mean of 70.5%. Second saccocarpa and Tetrataxis salicitolia. In the most important components are palmitic acid second most common pattern, 18:2 predomi­ (16:0) (x - 10.6%) and oleic acid (18:1) (x­ nates, with oleic and palmitic fatty acids more or 10.1 %). As in most other seed oils, stearic acid less comparably represented as fatty acids (18:0) does not accumulate in any quantity but second in importance to linoleic acid. Eight functions primarily as the substrate for the first species in seven genera have this pattern; desaturation step [13]. In three genera, Decodon, Lafoensia nummulariitolia, Lawsonia inermis, TABLE 1. FATTY ACID COMPQsmON OF SEED UPtOS AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FATlY AOO CONTeNT IN GENERA OF THE LYTHRACEAE Fatty acid Genus and spei:ies 10:0 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 20:0 Others- Adenans flonoundll1/1t B.O 0.5 7.2 2.6 B.5 64.B 0.6 7.6 AmmlJlJnia auricuJaca 25/2 tr 10.8 1.3 7.2 78.6 0.5 1.6 Ammsnnia Jarifolill 11.4 3.2 B.5 72.7 1.1 .3.0 0.1 Capuronill madagsscanen$i!$1/1 tr tr 7.B '.B . .. 11.2 76.2 Decodon wmicilJsCU:t 1/1 7.6 1.9 7.' 64.9 15.7 0.7 1.6 Diplusodon glaucl!scen!J 57/1 10.0 5.B 3.1 9.1 2.3 7.5 41.0 O.B 3.5 16.5 Galpinia rnm:1V88/ie8 1/1 1.1 D.• 11.8 3.5 6.6 70.4 0.3 1.5 '.0 Ginons nudiflora 15/1 18.6 2.9 9.1 65.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 Htlimia myrtifolia (aj 2/2 D.• 03 12.4 2.9 6.B 75.3 1.0 0.7 0.2 Heimia sa/icifolia 9.' 3.' 6.5 n.3 0.9 1.3 1.0 Lsfo4nsia nummuiIJnffolia 10/1 13,2 ••• 11.9 69.' 0.3 0.9 0.1 Lagel'$tJ'Oemis indica (aj 5312 B.6 1.6 9.7 79.7 0.1 LsgM'!JtTOemia tomt!l'lLO~ tr 6.9 3.B 7.2 n.3 1.6 0.9 2.3 Lawsonia inermi:lll1 0.1 12.7 3.1 7.9 74,5 0.1 1.2 D•• Lythrum ecurangulum 35/3 tr 10.3 2.1 .15.7 71.3 0.5 0.1 Lythrum hy$$Cpifolia tr 0.2 10.2 2.5 11,7 68.3 0.5 1.7 '.9 Lythrom saJic8ris (a) 6.1 1.2 10.7 81.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 Lythrum salicsria (bl tr 5.B 1.5 14.5 75.s 0.3 0.9 1.1 NtI!S8etJ a~ SO/2 9.2 2.6 7.3 78.6 0.7 1.7 0.1 N8S8etJ cordata 10.0 1.7 6.B 76.9 1.2 L7 1.. Pehris compaetlJ 1/1 0.2 0.1 B.6 '.0 B.l 75.9 0.3 O.B 2.0 Pemphi$ aciduJa 1/1 1.0 0.2 15.s 3.' 14.6 59.3 0.3 3.s 1.1 Pep& altemi/olia 3/3 7.1 1.1 15.8 73.2 O.s 1.0 0.3 PepIi:t ereem 0.3 13,0 1.7 9.2 73.6 1.s 0.1 Pep/CJ ".,..,,,, 11.9 1.0 14.1 73.0 Physocalyrnma scaberrims 111 1.5 14.8 7.1 22.5 48.6 1.6 2.0 1.5 Pfeurophora $lIccOCJJrps 11/1 13.1 1.6 B.s 71,0 D.• 3.6 0.9 Rosla ramosior4411 0.6 B.5 2.3 10,7 76.4 0.5 O.B Tetrllsxi:J salicifolia 1/1 14.2 2.7 9.5 68.1 1.0 2.3 1.B 'lrborifordia fruticO$1J 2/1 a.' 0.1 11.2 3.3 12.7 70.0 0.7 O.B -Components other- than fany acid methyl esters eluting from the GC columns. tEach name followed by the number of species in the genus/number of species.sampled in this study. SEED UPIOS OF THE LYTHRACEAE 435 TABLE 2. FATTY ACID· PAmANS IN LYTHRACEAE SEeD UPIOS.
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