Executive Summary

 An historic environment appraisal was carried out for Blueprint Planning and Development in order to determine the potential heritage impacts of a proposed single wind turbine on land at Great Wedlock Farm, , . The proposed wind turbine location is to the south of the farm buildings and would be 34m high to the blade tip.

 Data was gathered from a range of primary and secondary sources including a search of the Archaeological Trust Historic Environment Record, aerial photographs, historic mapping, and published and online sources.

 There is limited recorded activity from the prehistoric period within the search area, although there are important prehistoric cave deposits at Hoyle’s Mouth Cave on the south-eastern limit of the search area, a possible prehistoric log boat from Trefloyne Marsh and possible Iron Age hillforts or enclosures near Carn Rock to the north. A probable defended enclosure of possible Iron Age date has recently been identified on oblique aerial photographs directly to the northwest of the proposed turbine site. Peripheral features associated with this putative monument may extend into the proposed turbine site. The enclosure is not recorded on the Dyfed Historic Environment Record but has been recorded by the Royal Commission on the Historical and Ancient Monuments in .

 There is only a single DHER entry for each of the Roman and early medieval periods. Medieval remains are more widely represented and include the regionally important tower house at West Tarr, although this is screened from the site by intervening woodland.

 The post-medieval landscape within the search area is characterised by enclosed fields with scattered farmsteads and is bisected by a watercourse, The Ritec, and the associated Trefloyne Marsh. A number of cottage and farms, either still extant or known from documentary sources, attest to the agricultural nature of the area, with numerous designated and non- designated heritage assets of this date clustered in and around St. Florence.

 There are a total of sixteen Listed Buildings and three Scheduled Monuments within the study area.

 Designated and non-designated heritage assets of regional significance have been identified in the wider study area but the proposed development will for the most part have a negligible impact upon these assets. However there is a moderate potential for direct and indirect impacts upon an adjacent defended enclosure that may be of regional significance.

Pembrokeshire County Council

1 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Allen Archaeology Limited (hereafter AAL) was commissioned by Blueprint Planning and Development Limited to undertake an historic environment appraisal of the potential impact on the historic environment of the construction and use of a single wind turbine on land at Great Wedlock Farm, Gumfreston. The appraisal has been undertaken in support of an application for planning permission for the turbine.

1.2 The document has been completed with reference to current national guidelines, as set out in the Institute for Archaeologists ‘Standard and guidance for archaeological desk- based assessments’ (IfA 1994, revised 2001, 2009, 2011 and 2012).

2.0 Site Location and Description

2.1 The proposed site of the turbine is located approximately 1.8km east-northeast of the centre of and approximately 3.6km to the north of . The site is located to the southeast of Great Wedlock Farm, above the 75m contour line. It is centred on NGR SN 09815 01715.

2.2 The bedrock geology comprises mudstone, siltstone and sandstone of the Bishopstone Formation. No superficial deposits are recorded (http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/ home.html).

3.0 Planning Background

3.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared to inform a planning application that will be submitted for a single wind turbine, the height of the turbine measuring 34m to blade tip.

3.2 Legislation to protect historic remains is provided by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and protection to buildings of special architectural or historic interest is provided by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

3.3 Chapter 6 of Planning Policy Wales (PPW) provides the policy framework to ensure the protection of the historic environment in Wales.

3.4 PPW draws attention to the importance of nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and the desirability of preserving a Listed Building which is set out in paragraph 6.5.1: The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in determining a planning application, whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled. Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings are Pembrokeshirelikely to be affected by proposed County development, Council there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation in situ. In cases involving lesser archaeological remains, local planning authorities will need to weigh the relative importance of archaeology against other factors, including the need for the proposed development.

2 3.5 PPW also draws attention to the responsibilities of developers where preservation in situ is not justified in paragraph 6.5.3: Where local planning authorities decide that physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the case, and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, before granting planning permission the authority needs to be satisfied that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the archaeological investigation and subsequent recording of the remains and the publication of the results. Archaeological investigations should be carried out before development commences, working to a project brief prepared by the planning authority.

3.6 PPW also offers guidance over Listed Buildings, in this case paragraph 6.5.9 states that: Where a development proposal affects a listed building or its setting, the primary material consideration is the statutory requirement to have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building, or its setting, or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses.

3.7 More detailed advice is given in Technical Advice Notes and Welsh Office Circulars, specifically circular 60/96 ‘Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology, Circular 61/96 ‘Planning and Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas’ and Circular 1/98 ‘Planning and the Historic Environment: Directions by the Secretary of State for Wales’.

3.8 In particular, paragraph 10 of Circular 60/91 states that: The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in determining a planning application whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled.

3.9 Circular 60/91 stresses the importance of taking into account archaeological considerations at an early stage of development, often with the first stage being early consultation and the undertaking of an archaeological assessment in order to identify the archaeological sensitivity of a site.

3.10 Circular 61/91 deals with historic buildings and conservation areas. Of particular relevance is paragraph 11 which concerns the settings of Listed Buildings and states: The setting is often an essential part of a building’s character especially if a park, garden or grounds have been laid out to complement its design or function. Also, the economic viability as well as the character of historic buildings may suffer and they can be robbed of much of their interest and of the contribution they make to townscape or the countryside if they become isolated from their surroundings.

3.11 Pembrokeshire adopted a Local Development Plan in February 2013 and sets out the framework for decisions to be made up until 2021. Policy GN.38 concerns the historic environmentPembrokeshire and states: County Council Development that affects sites and landscapes of architectural and/or historical merit or archaeological importance, or their setting, will only be permitted where it can be demonstrated that it would protect or enhance their character and integrity.

3 3.12 Further to this, paragraph 6.158 gives information on what criteria will be used when assessing the impact of development on archaeological remains: In assessing development that may affect archaeological remains the Council will take into account: 1, Information (including from the Historic Environment Record (HER), held by Dyfed Archaeological Trust) on the character, extent and importance of the remains; 2, The extent to which the proposed development is likely to impact upon them; 3, The means of mitigating the effect of the proposed development by redesign to achieve physical preservation in situ.

4.0 Methodology

4.1 A range of primary and secondary archaeological and historical sources were consulted in the preparation of this document. The sources consulted were as follows:

 Dyfed Historic Environment Record (hereafter DHER) – a database of archaeological sites and artefacts, listed buildings and Scheduled Monuments. A search of this resource was undertaken for a study area extending 2km from the central NGR.

 Aerial Photographs – A search was undertaken of the collection of aerial photographs (vertical and oblique) held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Aerial photographs can be used to identify buried features, such as ditches, pits or walls, which appear as cropmarks or soilmarks. Aerial photographs were consulted and are discussed where relevant features on the site were identified.

 Historic Mapping – Historic mapping was consulted at the National Library of Wales and online sources. Mapping is discussed and reproduced where relevant features on the site were identified.

 Allen Archaeology’s own reference library – secondary sources pertaining to the archaeology and history of the region.

 Historic Wales Portal – searchable online resource allowing access to the National Monuments Record of Wales, the Archaeology Collection of Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, the Welsh Historic Environment Records and CADW. A search was conducted of these resources to identify any significant buildings, sites or findspots not covered by the DHER search, and to highlight other major sites within a wider study area.

 A site visit was carried out on Tuesday 30th April 2013 in order to assess the present situation of the development area, to identify any areas where the potential archaeological resource may be particularly well preserved or Pembrokeshiredamaged by recent development, Countyand to observe the Council site in its landscape context.

4.2 Each archaeological and historical site and Listed Building identified in the study has been allocated a ‘Site’ number and described in the Archaeological and Historical Background section (see Section 5.0 below). Further details are provided for each site in Appendix 2, and where applicable the sites are depicted on Figure 3. Each identified

4 Heritage Asset has been evaluated and described in terms of its significance and value in relation to local, regional and national frameworks.

5.0 Archaeological and Historical Background (Figure 3)

5.1 A search of the DHER, Listed Building and Scheduled Monument lists and the National Monument Record has revealed a number of heritage assets within a 2km radius of the proposed turbine site. These range in date from the Upper Palaeolithic to the post- medieval period and are discussed below. Numbers in brackets within the descriptions relate to the location of each site or monument and are shown on Figure 3.

5.2 There is limited evidence of prehistoric activity within the search area. Hoyles Mouth cave (Site 1), close to the south-eastern limit of the search area, has been subject to several excavations from the mid 19th century through to the 1960s. Prehistoric remains dating from the Upper Palaeolithic through to the Iron Age have been recovered from the cave which is now a Scheduled Monument (list entry PE427), and Roman and post- medieval remains have also been recovered from the site (Sites 8 and 73).

5.3 There is a Bronze Age round barrow (Site 2) on the Ridgeway close to the southern limits of the search area at Palmerslake Farm. The barrow is one of a group of prehistoric monuments that follow the line of the Ridgeway north of and may be an outlier of a barrow cemetery which extends further to the west. The name ‘Carn Rock’ on the parish Tithe Map, and later maps may hint at the former presence of a cairn or barrow 1.2km to the north of the proposed turbine site (Site 3). Place name evidence for further prehistoric monuments may be represented by the field names ‘Longstone’ (Site 4) and ‘Stone Park’ (Site 5) on the parish tithe map, which may be indications of the locations of former Bronze Age standing stones.

5.4 The DHER has two entries for possible Iron Age hillforts (Sites 6 and 7) within the search area, both in the vicinity of Carn Rock. One of the sites has been quarried for clay and destroyed.

5.5 There is a single entry of Roman date pertaining to finds from the Hoyle’s Mouth Cave site (Site 8).

5.6 A possible early medieval church site, Eccluis Guiniau (Site 9), is recorded on the DHER and may be located at a field marked ‘Castell Gmynne’ on the parish Tithe Map, near to the south-eastern limit of the search area and now part of a golf course. Eccluis Guiniau has also been associated with the site of Gumfreston church however.

5.7 There are seven entries of medieval date on the DHER. Carswell House (Site 10), located 650m to the south of the proposed turbine site, is a ruined 15th century house which may have had a 14th century predecessor. It has a vaulted undercroft and is set within a complex of more modern farm buildings. The house is Grade II* listed (list entry 6005) and is also a scheduled monument (list entry PE373). St Lawrence’s church at Gumfreston,Pembrokeshire which is located 1.25km toCounty the southeast o f Councilthe proposed turbine site, is also Grade II* listed (Site 11, list entry 5958) and is of at least 13th century date. A group of three holy wells (Site 12) are located in the churchyard, each based on a natural spring surrounded by stone walls. The wells are Grade II listed (list entry 17130) and their presence may be an indication that the church was deliberately sited to absorb a pre- Christian holy site centred on the wells.

5 5.8 A medieval tower house (Site 13) is located at West Tarr, 1.3km to the southwest of the proposed turbine site. It has a vaulted first floor hall and may be of at least 14th century date. The house is Grade I listed (list entry 16920) as an exceptionally well preserved small medieval tower house and is the most complete surviving example of its type. It is also a scheduled monument (list entry PE423). The 12th century parish church at St Florence (Site 14) is Grade II* listed (list entry 6008) and is located 1.7km to the southwest of the proposed turbine site in the centre of the settlement. There is a medieval well located a short distance to the north of West Tarr is reputed to have wart curing properties (Site 15) and the final DHER entry of medieval date is documentary evidence for a medieval settlement at the site of Penhoyle Farm (Site 16) 1.5km to the southeast of the turbine site.

5.9 Post-medieval sites are the most numerous entries on the DHER within the search area totalling 57 entries. There is a ruined Grade II listed building (Site 17, list entry 16915), to the east of Carswell medieval house, which may be of 16th century date. The building may be a completely separate dwelling to the nearby medieval house or it may have functioned as a later addition as service accommodation. The DHER also records a Grade II listed building (Site 18, list entry 16921) at West Tarr Farm which may have been a storage building associated with the medieval tower house, but its date is uncertain.

5.10 The Grove, a former 19th century farmhouse and public house (Site 19), is a Grade II listed building (list entry 17129) at St Florence. There is also a Grade II listed house (Site 20, list entry 6009) called Old Chimneys in St Florence, which was rebuilt in the 17th century but is of medieval origin. Nearby is a freestanding round chimney (Site 21) which is Grade II listed (list entry 6010) and was originally part of a 17th century cottage demolished in the early 20th century. Palmerslake (Site 22) is a Grade II listed farmhouse (list entry 6006) of possible 17th century origin which was much altered in the 19th century and is located towards the south-western limit of the search area.

5.11 Further listed buildings in the study area include the Grade II Listed Bethel Congregational Chapel (Site 23, list entry 6011) (now a private residence), the Grade II listed farmhouse at East Jordeston on the western limit of the search area (Site 24, list entry 6012), and Ivy Tower (Site 25, list entry 6013) a Grade II listed 17th and 18th century house, which is now the head office of a wildlife park 1km to the northwest of the proposed turbine site. A farmhouse near St Florence (Site 26) and a house near Longbury Bank (Site 27) are Grade II listed although it is not apparent from a search of records available through the Historic Wales portal what the list entries are.

5.12 A number of post-medieval, non-designated cottages, houses and lodges are recorded on the DHER either as surviving buildings or from map evidence and are widely spread within the search area (Sites 28 – 44). The post-medieval church cross at St Florence church (Site 45) is also recorded, as is a chapel (Site 46) and a rectory (Site 47) at separate locations on the edge of St Florence.

5.13 Also within St. Florence are St Florence School (Site 48), The New Inn (Site 49) and The SunPembrokeshire (Site 50) public houses. A gallows atCounty Warrentree Hill ParkCouncil in noted (Site 51) but the location given is only a general one.

5.14 There are a small number of industrial sites within the search area, recorded as surviving structures and from documentary or map evidence. These comprise a series of lime kilns (Sites 52 – 56), mills and associated structures (Sites 57 – 59), windmills (Sites 60 and

6 61), quarries (Sites 62 and 63) and mines (Sites 64 and 65) and attest to fairly small scale but widespread industrial activity within the search area during the post-medieval period.

5.15 Communication features of this date recorded in the DHER include the Pembroke and Tenby, (Site 66) but this lies further to the south beyond the study area. A road bridge, Knightston Bridge (Site 67) is located close to the south-eastern limit of the search area.

5.16 Landscape features recorded as being of post-medieval date include a general location for a field system (Site 68) in the southern part of the search area, and place name evidence from the parish Tithe Map for church land at ‘Church Meadow’ (Site 69) near Minerton Farm 1.5km to the northwest of the proposed turbine site, and at Glebe Farm (Site 70) near Gumfreston. Documentary evidence also suggests that there was common land (Site 71) at Ivy Tower to the west of the turbine site and at St Florence (Site 72).

5.17 There are cropmarks of unknown significance and date (Sites 74 and 75) at Island Gate Farm 1.2km to the north of the proposed turbine site and further cropmarks of unknown date and significance (Site 76) at The Folly, close to the north-eastern limit of the search area. A cropmark enclosure at Big Castle Hill (Site 77) is recorded close to the south- eastern limit of the search area but again its date and significance are unclear.

5.18 There is a cave (Site 78) recorded on the DHER close to Ivy Tower to the northwest of the proposed turbine site but it is not certain that it has ever been occupied. A log boat (Site 79) was discovered in Trefloyne Marsh which is recorded as of unknown date but may be of prehistoric origin. Quoting Laws’ Little England Beyond Wales, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire placed it near Hoyle’s Mouth (RCAHMWM 192, 295) but the DHER has it somewhat further west, south of the proposed turbine site. The place name ‘The Palace’ (Site 80) is recorded on the DHER and given a general location north of Carswell Farm. The significance of the name is uncertain. The place name ‘Castle Gwynne’ (Site 81) is similarly recorded at Trefloyne golf course on the south-eastern limit of the search area. It has been associated with the early medieval site of Eccluis Guiniau (see Site 9).

5.19 A probable defended enclosure (Site 82) of unknown but most likely Iron Age date has been identified on aerial photographs directly to the northwest of the proposed turbine site. An oblique aerial photograph (File ref. AP_2006_0111) clearly shows what appears to be an enclosure, visible partly as an earthwork and partly fossilised in the hedges of field boundaries. There is a slight indication of a low bank or ridge extending on a northeast to southwest orientation in the area of the proposed turbine location although this could be a natural feature. There is no evidence on the photograph of internal or extramural features associated with the enclosure but this does not preclude their presence.

6.0 Cartographic Information

6.1 HistoricPembrokeshire maps for the area were consulted County at the National LibraryCouncil of Wales and through published and online sources.

6.2 The area appears on the Gumfreston tithe map of 1840. This shows an agricultural landscape during this period with a patchwork of small fields. There are no features of archaeological significance within the field in which the proposed turbine site would be

7 located but the proposed turbine site is close to a field boundary. The apportionment schedule lists nearby field names as ‘Lower Kiln Park’ and ‘Upper Kiln Park’, possibly suggesting the former presence of lime kilns in the near vicinity to the proposed turbine site.

6.3 The 1:2,500 Ordnance Survey map of 1890 shows the area much altered, with a reorganisation of local fields into fewer but larger units. The proposed turbine location is within a large field with no archaeologically significant features within it apart from the possible extension of former quarry into the eastern edge of this large field. The Ordnance Survey series shows little alteration to the landscape in the immediate vicinity of the proposed turbine site from 1890 through the late 20th century.

7.0 Aerial Photographs

7.1 A search of the aerial photographic collection at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales was carried out. The search returned nine vertical images and seven oblique images.

7.2 An oblique photograph taken in January 2006 (File ref. AP_2006_0111, Catalogue number C859761) shows a probable defended enclosure of possible Iron Age date adjacent to Great Wedlock Farm, which is recorded on the Coflein database of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW PRN 404461) but is not recorded on the DHER. The enclosure is visible as an earthwork and is also partly fossilised in existing field boundaries. It does not appear to extend as far as the proposed turbine location although a barely discernible ridge which extends beyond the enclosure may run adjacent to the proposed turbine site.

8.0 Site Visit (Appendix 1)

8.1 The site was visited by the author on Tuesday 30th April 2013. Selected photographic images taken during the site visit are included in Appendix 1, and their locations are indicated on Figure 2.

8.2 The turbine location sits within part of a large rectangular shaped field which was under pasture at the time of the site visit (Plate 1). The site is located c.70m to the west of a farm track.

8.3 The turbine is located on a spur of ground which overlooks a wide valley to the southwest. There are extensive ground level views to all directions except to northeast and east due to the rising ground (Plates 2 and 3).

8.4 No archaeological material was visible on the surface and there is no visible evidence for any archaeological remains within the development area.

9.0 SignificancePembrokeshire of Impacts County Council

9.1 This section will be used to assess the archaeological potential of the proposed development area on a period by period basis, and the likely impact of the proposed development on each aspect of the identified archaeological resource. The tool used for this purpose is the significance of impact table, which combines the receptor sensitivity

8 and magnitude of impact, summarised in Tables 1 to 3. Table 4 summarises the results on a period-by-period basis.

Receptor Examples sensitivity High A legally protected site, including: Listed Buildings (I, II* and II); Scheduled Monuments; World Heritage Sites.

Internationally and nationally significant sites that are not currently legally protected Grade I and II* Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields; Major Settlements (e.g. Villas, Deserted Medieval Villages); Burial Grounds; Standing Historic Buildings (non-listed).

Moderate Regionally significant site Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens; Some settlements; Find Scatters and find spots; Roman Roads; Sites of significant historic buildings. Low Locally significant site Field systems; Ridge and furrow earthworks; Trackways; Wells; Non-archaeological sites held by data source e.g. natural mound or palaeochannel. Negligible Site of limited significance Finds or features of a type common or abundant in the local area; Locally important features significantly damaged or altered. Table 1: Receptor Sensitivity

Magnitude Examples

High PembrokeshireTotal or near total destruction Countyof the remains or sufficientCouncil change to result in a fundamental and irreparable reduction in the ability to understand the archaeological resource, its context and setting. Moderate Substantial destruction of the remains resulting in an appreciable reduction in the ability to understand the archaeological resource, its context and setting.

9 Low Small-scale destruction of the remains resulting in a slight reduction in the ability to understand the archaeological resource, its context and setting. Negligible Very little or no substantive change to the remains with marginal reduction in the ability to understand the archaeological resource, its context and setting. Table 2: Magnitude of Impact

Receptor Sensitivity Negligible Low Moderate High Magni Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible tude Low Negligible Negligible Low Moderate of Moderate Negligible Low Moderate High Impac High Negligible Moderate High High t Table 3: Significance of Impact

Period Description Receptor Magnitud Significan Sensitivit e of ce of y impact impact Prehistoric There is limited evidence for High Low Moderate (c.500,000 BC prehistoric activity within the search – AD 43) area as a whole. However, the proposed turbine site is adjacent to a possible defended enclosure visible on recent aerial photographs. The proposed turbine will potentially have a limited impact on the visual amenity of the setting of the defended enclosure and a potential impact on any extramural features associated with the putative enclosure Romano- There is a single DHER entry for Moderate Negligible Negligible British Roman finds recovered from the (AD 43 – c.AD prehistoric site at Hoyles Mouth 410) Cave Early Medieval There is only one early medieval Moderate Negligible Negligible (c.AD 410 – site recorded within the search 1066) area, which is at some distance from the proposed turbine site and its location is far from certain Medieval Medieval settlement is relatively High Negligible Negligible (1066 – 1485) sparse within the search area. There is however a regionally Pembrokeshiresignificant medieval tower house County at Council West Tarr Farm, although this is largely screened from the site by trees

10 Post-medieval There are a number of locally and High Negligible Negligible (1485 – 1900) regionally important buildings in the search area but none in the immediate vicinity of the proposed turbine site, and are unlikely to be adversely affected by the turbine Early modern The site continued in agricultural Negligible Negligible Negligible (1901 – 2011) use during this period Table 4: Summary of Impacts

10.0 Conclusions

10.1 There is limited evidence of prehistoric activity recorded within the search area as a whole. The excavations at Hoyle’s Mouth cave uncovered important finds dating from a broad range of dates within this extended period but this site is on the limits of the search area, and the setting of the site will not be adversely affected by the proposed turbine.

10.2 More locally to the proposed turbine site a log boat of probable prehistoric date has been recovered from Trefloyne Marsh, but of most significance to the proposed turbine site is a an adjacent possible defended enclosure, most likely of Iron Age date, visible on aerial photographs. The proposed turbine will affect the setting of the enclosure although it is unlikely to significantly reduce our ability to understand the remains and their context. The extent of extramural features associated with the enclosure is unknown and such remains are generally poorly understood on Iron Age sites. The construction work associated with the proposed turbine may therefore directly impact on any buried remains, although the nature and extent of the proposed groundworks is not currently known, and as such the potential impacts cannot be fully assessed at this stage.

10.3 There is a single DHER entry each of Roman and early medieval date recorded within the search area and as such the potential impacts to heritage assets of these dates is considered to be negligible.

10.4 There a number of medieval sites recorded within the search area, including the regionally important medieval tower house at West Tarr Farm and a number of churches. None of these are in the immediate vicinity of the proposed turbine site however and the impact of the turbine on these sites would be low. The tower house at West Tarr Farm is largely screened by trees and is unlikely to have any intervisibility with the proposed turbine.

10.5 Post-medieval remains are broadly scattered across the search area with a concentration of sites at St Florence on the south-western edge of the search area including a number of listed buildings. It is considered that the proposed turbine will not adversely affect the setting or significance of the designated and non-designated heritage assets of this date. Pembrokeshire County Council 11.0 Acknowledgements

11.1 Allen Archaeology Limited would like to thank Blueprint Planning and Development for this commission, and Charles Hill and Zoe Bevans-Rice at Dyfed Archaeological Trust for feedback and advice.

11 Pembrokeshire County Council

12 12.0 References

AAL, 2013, Specification for Archaeological Appraisals of ten proposed wind turbines, Allen Archaeology Ltd. Unpublished project document

IfA, 1994 (revised 2001, 2009, 2011 and 2012), Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments, Institute for Archaeologists, Reading

Dyfed Archaeological Trust, 2013, Generic Brief for the preparation of an Historic Environment Appraisal, Unpublished Dyfed Archaeological Trust document

Pembrokeshire County Council, 2013, Local Development Plan, Pembrokeshire County Council

Welsh Government, 2012, Planning Policy Wales, Edition 5

RCAHMWM, 1925, An inventory of the ancient monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire. VII – County of Pembroke. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions in Wales and Monmouthshire

Cartographic Sources

1840 Gumfreston tithe map

1890 Ordnance Survey map 1:2,500

1907 Ordnance Survey map 1:2,500

1967 Ordnance Survey map 1:2,500

1987-88 Ordnance Survey map 1:10,000

Pembrokeshire County Council

13 Appendix 1: Colour Plates – Site Visit Plate 1: View towards the site of the turbine from the south, looking northwest

Plate 2: View to the south from the location of the turbine, showing the Scheduled Monument at Carswell Farm Carswell Farm

Plate 3: View to the southwest from the location of the turbine, showing the location of St Florence Village. Also showing the location of the Scheduled Monument at West Tarr which is obscured by trees West Tarr St Florence Pembrokeshire County Council

14 Appendix 2: List of Dyfed HER Entries, Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings within a 2km Study Area

Fig. 3 HER Listed Scheduled Easting Northing Description Date Receptor Site Referenc Buildin Monument s s Sensitivity Number e g Grade Number and Number 1 3682-86, PE427 211190 200330 Hoyle’s Mouth Cave. Natural cave from which Prehistoric High 4309, excavations, from 1862-1878/9 and 1968 revealed 11975, 'Later Upper Palaeolithic' to earlier Iron Age material. 11997 Material recovered from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age periods 14209 2 4211 209160 199860 Round Barrow. A low, spread mound, c.14m in diameter Bronze Age High and 0.2m high, located on the Ridgeway near Palmerslake Farm. This barrow could be an easterly out- marker for barrow cemetery PRN 47443 located further along the Ridgeway to the west 3 4429 209950 202950 Carn Mountain, Carn Rock Farm. A "Carn" field name on Bronze Age Moderate the parish tithe map, which may show that a cairn or round barrow formerly existed in the vicinity 4 4419 209570 202490 Longstone Park. "Longstone" field name on the parish Bronze Age Moderate tithe map, which may show that a standing stone formerly stood in the vicinity 5 14979 211700 201600 Stone Park. Field name 'Stone Park' occurring on the Bronze Age Moderate tithe apportionment for the parish of St Mary (Tenby) dated 1840. No evidence for the existence of a standing stone or stone structure of any kind was discovered during fieldwork 6 3530 209840 203130 Carn Rock Hillfort. Earthwork Iron Age High 7 3505 209610 202800 Carn Rock Hillfort. Later used as a clay pit. Earthwork Iron Age Negligible destroyed 8 7630 Pembrokeshire211190 200320 Hoyle's Mouth County Cave. Roman Finds CouncilRoman High

15 9 46847 210600 199900 Eccluis Guiniau, Castell Gwynne. Early medieval church Early Moderate site, mentioned in an entry in the Llandaff Charters, from Medieval c.1025. It may have occupied the field named 'Castell Gwynne' on the tithe map, which is now a golf course, or may be associated with the site of Gumfreston Church 10 7657 and Grade PE 373 209802 201058 Carswell Medieval House. A building here can be traced Medieval High 60042 II*, 6005 back in the documents to the 14th century. The current ruined structure may be of 15th century date with a vaulted undercroft and a single upper room of course rubble limestone. Stands within a complex of more modern farm buildings 11 3687 and Grade 210925 201102 Gumfreston parish church. Medieval parish church, Medieval High 3688 II* 5958 comprising chancel, nave with bapistry, south chapel, north transept with tower, and west porch. Listed in the Taxatio of 1291. Square/?circular churchyard, associated with springs. Sometimes identified with ‘Eccluis Guiniau’ 12 3668 and Grade II 210931 201088 Gumfreyston Wells. A group of natural springs with Medieval High 59451 17130 carefully formed stonework around each within the churchyard of Gumfreston church. Suggestive of the site of an earlier medieval pagan well-cult. The wells were well known through to the 19th century when some attempt was made to make them fashionable for visitors from Tenby 13 6651 and Grade I, PE423 208896 200800 West Tarr Medieval House. A vaulted first floor hall and Medieval High 59446 16920 tower house, in ruinous condition. A house here is mentioned in a document of 1324 14 3539 Grade 208231 201159 St Florence parish church. Medieval parish church. Medieval High II* 6008 Large, cruciform church comprising chancel, with choir- recess/organ chamber, nave, north chapel, south chapel north transept, south transept with tower, and south porch 15 7977 Pembrokeshire208900 201100 Pinwell Holy Well.County A well with reputed cura tiveCouncil qualities Medieval Low for curing warts

16 16 31028 210577 200427 Penhoyle Farm Settlement. Penhoyle is documented in Medieval Moderate the early 15th century and it is possible that there may have been a settlement established in this area during the medieval period 17 59441 Grade II 209828 201054 Old building east of Carswell Medieval House. Now Post- High 16915 ruinous may have been related to the medieval house medieval 18 59447 Grade II 208927 200802 Old building east of West Tarr Medieval House. Storage Post- High 16921 Building, unknown date, may be related to the adjacent medieval medieval house 19 33735 Grade II 208163 201150 The Grove. 19th century farmhouse with earlier features Post- High and 17129 such as a doorway set in a thick wall and fragments of medieval 59450 thicker walls to rear. Was a farmhouse then the Ball Public House, now a guesthouse 20 33732 Grade II 208271 201151 Old Chimneys. House of medieval origins rebuilt in the Post- High and 6009 17th century, large chimneys added, medieval doorway medieval 60043 surviving 21 60044 Grade II 208233 201096 Chimney beside the old village pound. 17th century Post- High 6010 freestanding large round chimney once attached to a medieval cottage which was demolished in the early 20th century 22 6654 Grade II 209117 200047 Palmerslake Farmhouse. Possibly 17th century but much Post- High 6006 altered in the 19th century medieval 23 4422 Grade II 208271 201048 Bethel Congregational Chapel. 19th century chapel Post- High 6011 building, now private dwelling medieval 24 6460 Grade II 207837 201878 East Jordeston. 17th century farmhouse retaining much Post- High 6012 of its original layout medieval 25 6652 Grade II 208981 202300 Ivy Tower. 17th and 18th century country house with Post- High 6013 some original features. Now headquarters of a wildlife medieval park 26 6653 Grade II 208000 201000 St Florence. Farmhouse, reported as a modernised Post- High no entry farmhouse in 1976 medieval 27 6737 Grade II 211200 200300 Old Quay House. Building described and planned by Post- Moderate no entry Edward Laws in 1887. Name suggests the location of a medieval Pembrokeshirequay nearby County Council

17 28 6459 208000 201000 Dutch Chimney. Ruined high status rural dwelling where Post- High only massive ?16th century chimney stood in 1976. The medieval grid reference for this site is unclear. There are three Flemish chimneys (at least) in St Florence 29 6656 208000 201000 St Florence. Record of house in St Florence. No further Post- Low information medieval 30 20974 208500 201200 Elm Grove. Mansion. No further information Post- Low medieval 31 17302 210280 199890 Old Quay Cottage. Cottage, the name of which shows Post- Low that an Old Quay was located nearby. Documentary medieval evidence 32 18742 210990 201160 The Old Rectory. Building, no further information Post- Low medieval 33 33731 208260 201100 Rock Cottage. Cottage in St Florence village, shown on Post- Low 1907 OS map medieval 34 33736 208230 201110 Rock House. Reading Room. Restored, no further Post- Low information medieval 35 49349 211520 202100 Dwelling identified from historic mapping Post- Low medieval 36 103400 211160 200250 Hoyle Cottage. Hoyle Cottage shown on the 1890 1st Post- Low edition and 1907 2nd ed. Ordnance Survey maps. Shown medieval only in outline on mastermap, presumed abandoned, and now under woodland 37 103404 210920 201210 Building recorded on the 1890 1st edition and 1907 2nd Post- Low ed. Ordnance Survey maps. Not shown on modern medieval mapping 38 103405 210920 201180 Building recorded on the 1890 1st edition Ordnance Post- Low Survey map. Not shown on subsequent mapping medieval 39 103406 210920 201740 Ford Green Cottage. Cottage recorded on the 1890 1st Post- Low edition and 1907 2nd ed. Ordnance Survey maps. Not medieval shown on modern mapping 40 103407 210630 202340 Lane Cottage. Cottage recorded on the 1890 1st edition Post- Low Pembrokeshireand 1907 2 nd ed.County Ordnance Survey maps. NotCouncil shown on medieval modern mapping

18 41 49350 210830 202460 South Astridge. Farmstead identified from historic Post- Low mapping medieval 42 17990 209070 202200 Lodge, no further information Post- Low medieval 43 24121 210000 201000 Humphreyston, Cwmphreyston, Gumfreston. Record of a Post- Low post-mediaeval dwelling. Documentary evidence medieval 44 6738 210890 201120 Gumfreston dwelling. Said to have originally been a Post- Low "priests house." Later a school room. Recorded as medieval being ruined or perhaps destroyed. Sited in the NW corner of a churchyard close to the entrance 45 33738 208220 201180 St Florence Church Preaching Cross. A restored three- Post- Low stepped 3.53m square by 1.0m high masonry base medieval surmounted by a 1.14m high simple Latin stone cross is situated some 10m to the north of the NW corner of St. Florence church 46 33737 208450 200950 Chapel, no further information Post- Low medieval 47 15744 208130 200830 The Rectory, no further information Post- Low medieval 48 17991 208090 201180 School, no further information Post- Low medieval 49 33733 208140 201050 New Inn, now dwelling Post- Low medieval 50 33734 208260 201180 The Sun public house, no further information Post- Low medieval 51 17303 210000 200000 Warren Tree Hill Park, Gallow Tree Hill, gallows, Post- Low documentary evidence medieval 52 17994 209030 200650 Lime Kiln, shown on map of 1970, no further information Post- Low medieval 53 17995 209750 200800 Lime Kiln, shown on map of 1970, no further information Post- Low medieval 54 17996 209970 200400 Lime Kiln, shown on map of 1970, no further information Post- Low Pembrokeshire County Councilmedieval 55 15877 208850 200830 Lime Kiln, no further information Post- Low medieval 19 56 103399 210840 200220 Lime kiln, 'Old Limekiln' recorded on the 1890 1st edition Post- Low and 1907 2nd ed. Ordnance Survey maps. Not shown on medieval modern mapping 57 33730 208430 200920 Old Mill, Corn Mill , near destroyed Post- Low medieval 58 15875 208500 200900 Mill Park, Mill, place name Post- Low medieval 59 103403 211480 201230 Causeway Mill, Mill Race. Mill-race associated with Post- Low Causeway corn mill, recorded on the 1890 1st edition medieval and 1907 2nd ed. Ordnance Survey maps. 60 3528 208840 203170 Carew Windmill, near destroyed Post- Low medieval 61 18735 210600 201700 Windmill Park Wood, place name Post- Low medieval 62 18762 210800 200220 Trefloyne Quarry. Earthwork, shown on maps, no further Post- Low information medieval 63 17989 208405 202464 New Inn Quarry. Earthwork on map of 1970s Post- Low medieval 64 23774 211000 203000 Hollybush Mine. Coal mine, Documentary evidence Post- Low medieval 65 23775 211000 203000 Vatson Mine. Coal Mine. Small scale coal mining in the Post- Low late 18th and early 19th centuries. Documentary evidence medieval 66 23843 210000 200000 Pembroke and Tenby Railway Post- Low medieval 67 32114 211560 201020 Knightston Bridge Post- Low medieval 68 3370 210000 200000 Tenby. Field system shown on early 18th century Post- Low mapping medieval 69 4428 208600 202600 Church Meadow. Church land, place name from Tithe Post- Low map medieval 70 12037 210880 201450 Glebe Farm. Glebe land, place name from Tithe map Post- Low medieval 71 14011 Pembrokeshire208400 201900 Ivy Tower Common County Land, documentary evidence CouncilPost- Low medieval

20 72 14012 208350 200870 St Flawrence common land Post- Low medieval 73 7631 211190 200320 Hoyle's Mouth Cave. Post-medieval finds at Hoyles Post- Moderate Cave medieval 74 3671 210310 203020 Island Gate Farm. Cropmark of unknown significance Unknown Low 75 3672 210420 202770 Island Gate Farm. Cropmark of unknown significance Unknown Low 76 8397 211500 202500 The Folly. Cropmark of unknown significance Unknown Low 77 14980 211700 201300 Big Castle Hill. A large rectilinear enclosure in the form Unknown Low of a cropmark is visible on a recent AP. The nature of this site is uncertain and it was not detected during fieldwalking 78 103363 208880 202260 Cave recorded on mapping, unknown date or if utilised Unknown Negligible 79 3681 210900 200300 Trefloyne Marsh log boat – The Ritec Boat Unknown Moderate 80 6655 209800 201200 The Palace. Place name of unknown significance Unknown Low 81 9780 210600 199900 Castle Gwynne. Place name of unknown significance Unknown Low

Appendix 3: List of sites additional to Dyfed HER entries identified from aerial photographs within a 1km Study Area

Fig. 3 RCAHM Listed Scheduled Easting Northing Description Date Receptor Site W Buildin Monument s s Sensitivity Number Referenc g Grade Number e and Number 82 404461 209550 201820 Denuded earthworks of probable defended Unknown High enclosure, possible Iron Age date, encircling low hill to south of Great Wedlock Farm. Aerial photography on 11th January 2006 (AP_2006_0111) identified curving earthwork bank on west side of hillock, appearing to define one side of an oval enclosure preserved elsewhere in field banks. Site measures c. Pembrokeshire240m E –CountyW by 159m N-S Council

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