DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyprinus Carpio </Emphasis> Linn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cyprinus Carpio </Emphasis> Linn Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Vol. 85 B, No. 5, 1977, pp. 351-363. The development of the ehondroeranium of Cyprinus carpio Linn. R. G. PASHINE AND V. B. MARATHE Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Nagpur440001 MS received 29 April 1975; in revised form 20 September 1976 ABSTRACT The common carp, Cyprinuscarpio Lian. has been studied for the deve- lopment of the chondrocranium. A large number of early developmental stages of the embryos were fixed at regular intervals of time. The develop- meat of the cartilage has been traced from the serial sections which were cut at 10 micra. These sections were stained with Delafield's haematoxylin and eosin. Waxo model and graphic reconstructions were prepared. For some stages, bulk stained preparations were also made. Eleven stages have been investigated and described. 1. INTRODUCTION NUSBAUM (quoted by De Beer 1) has studied the development of the skull of the carp, Cyprinus carpio, only so far as the Weberian ossicles al'e con- cerned. What little knowledge exists is, therefore, practically restricted to the posterior region. A perusal of the literature reveals very little information concening the structure and development of the chondrocranium of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linn., belonging to the family Cyprinidae. In order to fill up this lacuna, the development of the chondrocranium of this food fish has been studied. 2. MATERIALAND METHODS A larger number of fertihzed eggs of Cyprinus carpio were collected from a local fish farm. The fertilized eggs were reared in the laboratory and a large number of stages were fixed at regular inte,vals of time. The fixatives used were 70% alcohol, 5% formalin, picro-formal and acetic-alcohoL The serial sections of the alevins were cut at 10 micra and were stained with Delafield's haematoxylin and eosin. The stages in which the bones had already developed, were decalcified and the bulk stained preparations were made by van Wijhe's technique) Wax model and graphic reconstructions were prepared in several cases. 351 B12--May 77 352 R.G. PASHINE AND V. B. MARATHE 3. OBSERVATIONS STAGE 1: TOTAL LENGTH--3.73 MM (60 HR) (figure 1) The foundation of the cartilaginous skull has been laid down in the form of a pair of independent procartilages, the trabeculae (tc), measuring about 60-70 microns in length. The notochord (n) is well represented. STAGE 2: TOTAL LENGTH--4.28 MM (66 HR) (figure 2) The trabeculae (tc) are cartilaginous and have increased in size extending upto about 90-100 microns in length. The parachordals (pc) are noticed as procartilages. STAGE 3: TOTAL LENGTH----4"4 MM (69 HR) (figures 3 and 4) The trabeculae (tc) extend.further in the ethmoid region and anteriorly they join to form a small ethmoid plate (ep), extending for over 30 microns. The trabeculae and the parachordals together enclose a hypophysial fenestra (hf) which extends to over 300 microns. The occipital arches (oa) have appeared and extend to over 20 to 30 microns. The capsular cartilages (ac) are laid down in the anterior part of the auditoiy sac (as). The notochord (n) extends for about 100 microns into the hypophysial fenestra (hf). Meckel's cartilage (me), quadrate (qu), hyosymplectic (hs), ceratohyal (ch) and the first two branchial arches (ba 1-2) have appeared. STAGE 4: TOTAL LENGTH---4.52 UU (72 nR) (figure 5) The anterior end of the auditory capsule (ac) is better chondritied. An anterior basicapsular commissure (abc), connecting the anterior part of the auditory capsule to the anterolateral border of the pa:tachordal has appeared. The hyosymplectic articulates with the anterolateral side of the auditory capsule. STAGE 5: TOTAL LENGTR--4"7 MM (81 I-IR) (figures 6 and 7) The ethmoid plate (ep) is slightly better represented. The palachordals (pc) extend behind to join the occipital arch elements. The quadrate (qu) has increased in size. The hyosymplectic (hs) is well formed and extends underneath the posterior part of the quadrate. The third and fourth bran- chial arches (ba-3 and ba-4) have appeared. The fifth inch (ba-5) is in proeartilaginous stage. STAGE 6: TOTAL LENGTH--5"0 MM (90 rig) (figures 8 to 10) The parachordals (pc) have broadened at the posterior end. The lateral wall of the auditory capsule (rac) is appearing. Meckel's cartilage (mc), CHONDROCRANIUM OF Cyprinus carpio INN. 353 -(15 E P ~ep "k'nC /~r., -~ ctbe ctbc ~ -. pc pc ...pc ,:." .~btt-s 1-1/ ep~ ~ 'h t% , f raC ( b~c '3u" ch bb-i s sh__.b,~ ~ I ? " (1.C pc pc E z.._g oa -rl I o.3 mrn.J bg.8 Figure~ 1-10. 1. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of Cyprinus carpio, stage 1 (3.73 ram). 2. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 2 (4.28 ram). 3. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 3 (4" 4 ram). 4. Dorsal view of the visceral arches of stage 3. 5. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 4 (4.52mm). 6. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 5 (4" 7 man). 7. Dorsal view of the visceral arches of stage 5. 8. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 6 (5.0ram). 9. Dorsal view of the mandi- bular arches of stage 6. I0. Dorsal view of the hyoid arch and five branchial arches of stage 6. (Explanations for the abbreviations in figures are given in p. 363 ) 354 R.G. PASHINE AND V. B. MARATHE quadrate (qu) and hyosymplectic cartilage (hs) are better represented A small basihyal (bh) is noticed and it measures about 60 miclons in length• The head of the basihyal is broad. A small cartilaginous stylohyal (sh) appears between the ceratohyal and the hyosymplectic cartilage. All the five branchial arches (ba 1-5) are distinct. Thee is a cartilaginous first basi- branchial (bb-1), supporting the first and the second pair of branchial arches. STAGE 7: TOTAL LENGTH--5"4 MM (102 Ha) (figures 11 to 13) The ethmoid plate (ep) has increased in size and is continued behind as the trabecula communis (tcom). In front of the anterior basicapsular commis- sure (abe) a thin, lateral commissure (lcm) is formed. Between these two commissures, is noticed a trigemino-facialis chamber (tfc) through which ..: ep hb-1 bh ch ~com mc r'}P 'i 2: '. ~¢ c~ ~ du,~ ~, bvc ~ i ....--~,_~,-ep mcu . bh co ::"~ 1.cm +,+ hb-+ ~ cb-1 bp ifi/:::: i, to.3 mm! 18 Figures 11-16. 11. Dorsal view of the chondrocranlurn of C. carpio, stage 7 (5"4 ram). 12. Dorsal view of the mandibular arch of stage 7. 13. Dorsal view of the hyoid and branchial arches of stage 7. 14. Dorsal view of the chondrocranium of stage 8 (6.0ram). 1~, Dors~ view of the mandibular arch of stage 8. 16. Dorsal view of the hyoid and branchial arches of stage 8. (Explanations for abbreviations in figures are giver in p. 363) CHONDROCRANIUM OF Cyprinus carpio LINN. 355 pass the V and VII cranial nerves. Posteriorly a small basivestibular commis- sure (bye) is noticed, which is not yet connected with the auditory capsule. The orbital cartilages (ore) have appeared as small cartilaginous rods, located between the trabecula communis and the auditoly capsules. A pterygoid process (,ptp) of the pterygo-quadrate bar is formed. The basihyal (bh) supports two broad ceratohyals (eh). The first two pairs of hypobranchials (hb 1-2) are noticed. A small independent cartilaginous second basibranchial (bb-2) is formed. It supports the third and fourth branchial arches. STAGE 8: TOTAL LENGTH--6"0 MM (129 HR) (figmes 14 to 16) The ethmoid plate (ep) has further increased in size and it is broad in the middle. The parachordals (pc) form the basal plate (bp). Each orbital cartilage (orO extends behind to join the auditory capsule (ac). The side wall of the capsule (rac) is slightly better formed. The original large basi- capsular fenestra (bcf) is invaded by cartilage and is restricted to about 80 microns in length. The basivestibular commissure (bvc) is complete. The metotic foramen (free), is formed which serves for the exit of IX and X cranial nerves. Meckel's cartilages (mc) fuse anteriorly to form a symphysis (mcu). Meckel's cartilage articulates with the pterygoquadrate cartilage. The basihyal and the first and second basibranchials have fused to form a common copula (cop). The first four branchial arches are represented by paired hypobranchials (hb 1-4) and ceratobranchials (cb 1-4). The first two epibranchials are noticed in the form of procartilages. STAGE 9: TOTAL LENGTH--6"8 MM (195 HR) (figures 17 to I9) Anteriorly the ethmoid plate (ep) shows a distinct notch. The trabecula communis (tcom) is thin and plate-like. Lamina orbitonasales (lon) develop as small upgrowths from the postero-lateral sides of the ethmoid plate. Epiphysial cartilage (epb) is being formed. Its middle part is still pro- cartilaginous. The floor of the auditory capsule (ac) is thickened. Meckel's cartilages (mc) posteriorly show a small retroarticular process (ra). The pterygoid process (ptp) has increased in size and is attached ante- riorly to the ethmoid plate by connective tissue. The hypohyals (hh) are differentiated from the ceratohyals (ch). The common copula noticed in the previous stage breaks up into two copulae. The first copula (cop-l) supports the hypohyals (hh) and the first three pairs of hypobranchials (hb 1-3). The second copula (cop -2) supports the third and fourth pair of hypo- branchials (hb 3-4) and the fifth branchial arch (ha-5). The first four epi- branchia.Is (ep 1-4) have appeared as small rod-like cartilages, which are connected with their respective ceratobranchials.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Morphology and Biomechanics of Jaw Structures in Chondrichthyes
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2013 THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOMECHANICS OF JAW STRUCTURES IN CHONDRICHTHYES Jordan Balaban University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Balaban, Jordan, "THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOMECHANICS OF JAW STRUCTURES IN CHONDRICHTHYES" (2013). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 130. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/130 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOMECHANICS OF JAW STRUCTURES IN CHONDRICHTHYES BY JORDAN BALABAN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS OF JORDAN BALABAN APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor____Dr. Cheryl Wilga________________ ____Dr. Adam P. Summers____________ _____Dr. Holly Dunsworth_____________ ____Dr. Nasser H. Zawia______________ DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 ABSTRACT The skeletons of chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimeras) are composed entirely of cartilage, yet must still provide the skeletal support that bone does in other vertebrates. There is also an incredible range of diversity in the morphology of the cartilaginous skeleton of the feeding apparatus in Chondrichthyans. The goal of this research is to provide insight into the morphological evolution and biomechanical function of the cranial skeleton in chondrichthyans. Feeding style changes can occur with morphological changes in the skeletal elements of the shark feeding apparatus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Braincase and Other Skeletal Remains of Oligocene Angel Sharks (Chondrichthyes, Squatiniformes) from Northwest Belgium, with Comments on Squatinoid Taxonomy
    Contributions to Zoology, 85 (2) 147-171 (2016) A partial braincase and other skeletal remains of Oligocene angel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Squatiniformes) from northwest Belgium, with comments on squatinoid taxonomy Frederik H. Mollen1, 5, Barry W.M. van Bakel2, 3, John W.M. Jagt4 1 Elasmobranch Research, Rehaegenstraat 4, 2820 Bonheiden, Belgium 2 Oertijdmuseum De Groene Poort, Bosscheweg 80, 5283 WB Boxtel, The Netherlands 3 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 4 Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, de Bosquetplein 6-7, 6211 KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands 5 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: chondrocranium, CT scanning, neurocranium, Pristiophorus, Squatina, vertebrae Abstract Orbital region (i.e., orbito-temporal or sphenoid region) ....................................................................................... 151 A detailed redescription of a chondrocranium from the basal Otic region (i.e., labyrinth or auditory region) ............... 152 Boom Clay Formation (Rupelian, Upper Oligocene) at the SVK Occipital region ...................................................................... 155 clay pit, Sint-Niklaas (province of Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium), Results ............................................................................................. 157 previously assigned to the sawshark Pristiophorus rupeliensis, is Re-identification of chondrocranium ................................ 157 presented. The chondrocranium is re-identified as that of an an- Other angel shark skeletal
    [Show full text]
  • Connecting the Chondrocranium: Biomechanics of the Suspensorium in Reptiles
    70 (3): 275 – 290 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2020. 2020 VIRTUAL ISSUE on Recent Advances in Chondrocranium Research | Guest Editor: Ingmar Werneburg Connecting the chondrocranium: Biomechanics of the suspensorium in reptiles Alec T. Wilken 1, *, Kaleb C. Sellers 1, Ian N. Cost 2, Rachel E. Rozin 1, Kevin M. Middleton 1 & Casey M. Holliday 1 1 Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, M263, Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA — 2 Department of Biology, Albright College, 13th and Bern Streets, Reading, PA, 19612, USA — * Corresponding author; atwxb6@ mail.missouri.edu Submitted February 07, 2020. Accepted June 8, 2020. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/vertebrate-zoology on June 16, 2020. Published in print on Q3/2020. Editor in charge: Ingmar Werneburg Abstract Gnathostomes all share the common challenge of assembling 1st pharyngeal arch elements and associated dermal bones (suspensorium) with the neurocranium into a functioning linkage system. In many tetrapods, the otic and palatobasal articulations between suspensorium and neurocranial elements form the joints integral for cranial kinesis. Among sauropsids, the otic (quadratosquamosal) joint is a key feature in this linkage system and shows considerable variability in shape, tissue-level construction and mobility among lineages of reptiles. Here we explore the biomechanics of the suspensorium and the otic joint in fve disparate species of sauropsids of different kinetic capacity (two squamates, one non-avian theropod dinosaur, and two avian species). Using 3D muscle modeling, comparisons of muscle moments, joint surface areas, cross-sectional geometries, and fnite element analysis, we characterize biomechanical differences in the resultants of protractor muscles, loading of otic joints, and bending properties of pterygoid bones.
    [Show full text]
  • FIPAT-TA2-Part-2.Pdf
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART II Contents: Systemata musculoskeletalia Musculoskeletal systems Caput II: Ossa Chapter 2: Bones Caput III: Juncturae Chapter 3: Joints Caput IV: Systema musculare Chapter 4: Muscular system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput II: OSSA Chapter 2: BONES Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 351 Systemata Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal musculoskeletalia systems systems
    [Show full text]
  • Ncomms6661.Pdf
    ARTICLE Received 11 May 2014 | Accepted 24 Oct 2014 | Published 1 Dec 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6661 OPEN Evolutionary innovation and conservation in the embryonic derivation of the vertebrate skull Nadine Piekarski1,*, Joshua B. Gross1,*,w & James Hanken1 Development of the vertebrate skull has been studied intensively for more than 150 years, yet many essential features remain unresolved. One such feature is the extent to which embryonic derivation of individual bones is evolutionarily conserved or labile. We perform long-term fate mapping using GFP-transgenic axolotl and Xenopus laevis to document the contribution of individual cranial neural crest streams to the osteocranium in these amphibians. Here we show that the axolotl pattern is strikingly similar to that in amniotes; it likely represents the ancestral condition for tetrapods. Unexpectedly, the pattern in Xenopus is much different; it may constitute a unique condition that evolved after anurans diverged from other amphibians. Such changes reveal an unappreciated relation between life history evolution and cranial development and exemplify ‘developmental system drift’, in which interspecific divergence in developmental processes that underlie homologous characters occurs with little or no concomitant change in the adult phenotype. 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work. w Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.H. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 5:5661 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6661 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Development of the Chondrocranium of Polypterus Senegalus
    Notes on the Development of the Chondrocranium of Polypterus Senegalus. By J. A. Moy-Thomas, B.A. Demonstrator in Zoology, the University, Leeds. With 16 Text-figures. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION . 209 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS . 210 EXPLANATION OF LETTBBING . 211 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ...... 226 SUMMARY ...... 228 LIST OF LITERATURE ....... 228 INTRODUCTION THE chondrocranium of Polypterus is far better known in the later stages than in the earlier stages. Pollard (1892) described the cranial anatomy of a half-grown specimen, Budgett (1902) described a 30-mm. larva, and Lehn (1918) gave a detailed account of the neurocranium of a 55- and a 76-mm. specimen. The skull of the adult was first described by Traquair (1871); his description was added to by Bridge (1888), and finally an exhaustive description was given by Allis (1922). The chondrocranium of younger stages is, however, far less well known. The three existing young stages were briefly described by Graham Kerr (1907), and the mandibular and hyoid bars with their associated muscles of the same specimens were described by Edgeworth (1929). De Beer (1926) drew atten- tion to the important morphological characters in the chon- drocranium of Polypterus. Thus it can be seen that existing accounts of the development of the chondrocranium of P2 210 J. A. MOY-THOMAS Polypterus are mainly confined to the older stages, and the development of the young stages is only poorly known. At the suggestion of my friend and former tutor, Dr. G. R. de Beer, I determined to re-examine Budgett's material and to give a description of the chondrocranium, which would embody all the available information.
    [Show full text]
  • New Terminologia Anatomica: Cranium and Extracranial Bones of the Head P.P
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 477–486 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0129 R E V I E W A R T I C L E Copyright © 2021 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 eISSN 1644–3284 journals.viamedica.pl New Terminologia Anatomica: cranium and extracranial bones of the head P.P. Chmielewski Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland [Received: 12 October 2019; Accepted: 17 November 2019; Early publication date: 3 December 2019] In 2019, the updated and extended version of Terminologia Anatomica was published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This new edition uses more precise and adequate anatomical names compared to its predecessors. Nevertheless, numerous terms have been modified, which poses a challenge to those who prefer traditional anatomical names, i.e. medical students, teachers, clinicians and their instructors. Therefore, there is a need to popularise this new edition of terminology and explain these recent changes. The anatomy of the head, including the cranium, the extracranial bones of the head, the soft parts of the face and the encephalon, poses a particular challenge for medical students but also engenders enthusiasm in those of them who are astute learners. The new version of anatomical terminology concerning the human skull (FIPAT 2019) is presented and briefly discussed in this synopsis. The aim of this article is to present, popularise and explain these interesting modifications that have recently been endorsed by the FIPAT. Based on teaching experience at the Division of Anatomy/Department of Anatomy at Wroclaw Medical University, a brief description of the human skull is given here.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Skeletal Development in Body Size Evolution of Two North American Frogs
    Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Spring 2010 The role of skeletal development in body size evolution of two North American frogs Sarah Beth Havens Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Biology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Department: Recommended Citation Havens, Sarah Beth, "The role of skeletal development in body size evolution of two North American frogs" (2010). Masters Theses. 6732. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/6732 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i THE ROLE OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT IN BODY SIZE EVOLUTION OF TWO NORTH AMERICAN FROGS by SARAH BETH HAVENS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010 Approved by Anne M. Maglia, Advisor Jennifer Leopold Melanie Mormile ii 2010 Sarah Beth Havens All Rights Reserved iii PUBLICATION THESIS OPTION This thesis consists of the following articles that are intended for submission for publication as follows: Pages 1-39 are intended for submission to the JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY Pages 40-114 are intended for submission to the JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY iv ABSTRACT In order to better understand the evolution of miniaturization in Acris blanchardi, a North American Hylid with a unique life history and of ecological interest in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Skeleton Anterior View
    45 Forensic Anthropology The human skeleton anterior view cranium clavicle mandible scapula sternum rib humerus vertebra innominate radius sacrum ulna carpals metacarpals phalanges femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals Forensic Anthropology 46 The human skeleton posterior view cranium clavicle mandible scapula humerus vertebra ulna innominate sacrum cocyx radius carpals metacarpals phalanges femur fibula tibia 47 Forensic Anthropology The human skeleton The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones which vary in size from the almost microscopic ossicles of the inner ear to femora which may exceed 450 mm in length. This great variation in size is accompanied by similar variation in shape which makes identification of individual bones relatively straightforward. Some bones, however, are more difficult to identify than others, with the bones of the hands, feet, rib cage and vertebral column requiring closer scrutiny than the rest. This is true both within our species and between our species and other mammals. While it is very difficult to confuse a human femur with that from a large kangaroo, phalanges, metatarsals and metacarpals require greater expertise. Prior to epiphyseal union infant and juvenile skeletal elements may also prove problematic. This is particulary true where the infant bones are fragmentary and missing their articular surfaces. In part this is a reflection of experience as osteological collections contain relatively few subadult skeletons and they are less frequently encountered in forensic and anthropological investigations. There are a number of excellent texts on human osteology and several of the more general texts on physical anthropology have a chapter devoted to the human skeleton and dentition. Reference books on human anatomy, for instance Warwick and Williams’s (1973) “Gray’s Anatomy”, and dental anatomy, for example Wheeler (1974), are a good source of information although often aimed at a specialist audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental and Evolutionary Significance of the Zygomatic Bone Yann Heuzé, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Tobias Schwarz, Jeffrey Schoenebeck, Joan Richtsmeier
    Developmental and Evolutionary Significance of the Zygomatic Bone Yann Heuzé, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Tobias Schwarz, Jeffrey Schoenebeck, Joan Richtsmeier To cite this version: Yann Heuzé, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Tobias Schwarz, Jeffrey Schoenebeck, Joan Richtsmeier. Develop- mental and Evolutionary Significance of the Zygomatic Bone. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD, 2016, 299 (12), pp.1616-1630. 10.1002/ar.23449. hal-02322527 HAL Id: hal-02322527 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02322527 Submitted on 11 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 299:1616–1630 (2016) Developmental and Evolutionary Significance of the Zygomatic Bone YANN HEUZE, 1 KAZUHIKO KAWASAKI,2 TOBIAS SCHWARZ,3 4† 2† JEFFREY J. SCHOENEBECK, AND JOAN T. RICHTSMEIER * 1UMR5199 PACEA, Bordeaux Archaeological Sciences Cluster of Excellence, Universite De Bordeaux 2Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 3Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK 4Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK ABSTRACT The zygomatic bone is derived evolutionarily from the orbital series.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution and Development of the Bird Chondrocranium Evelyn Hüppi1* , Ingmar Werneburg2,3 and Marcelo R
    Hüppi et al. Frontiers in Zoology (2021) 18:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00406-z REVIEW Open Access Evolution and development of the bird chondrocranium Evelyn Hüppi1* , Ingmar Werneburg2,3 and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra1 Abstract Background: Birds exhibit an enormous diversity in adult skull shape (disparity), while their embryonic chondrocrania are considered to be conserved across species. However, there may be chondrocranial features that are diagnostic for bird clades or for Aves as a whole. We synthesized and analyzed information on the sequence of chondrification of 23 elements in ten bird species and five outgroups. Moreover, we critically considered the developmental morphology of the chondrocrania of 21 bird species and examined whether the diversity in adult skull shape is reflected in the development of the embryonic skull, and whether there are group-specific developmental patterns. Results: We found that chondrocranial morphology is largely uniform in its major features, with some variation in the presence or absence of fenestrae and other parts. In kiwis (Apteryx), the unique morphology of the bony skull in the orbito-nasal region is reflected in its chondrocranial anatomy. Finally, differences in morphology and chondrification sequence may distinguish between different Palaeognathae and Neognathae and between the Galloanserae and Neoaves. The sequence of chondrification is largely conserved in birds, but with some variation in most regions. The peri- and prechordal areas in the base of the chondrocranium are largely conserved. In contrast to the outgroups, chondrification in birds starts in the acrochordal cartilage and the basicranial fenestra is formed secondarily. Further differences concern the orbital region, including early chondrification of the pila antotica and the late formation of the planum supraseptale.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    click for previous page Sharks of the World, Vol. 2 1 1. INTRODUCTION his is the second volume of an extensively rewritten, cousins to elasmobranchs within the Chondrichthyes, and revised, and updated version of the original FAO Catalogue may find a higher profile as silver sharks or ghost sharks. Tof Sharks of the World (Compagno, 1984). It covers all the Considering them as ‘sharks’ brings batoids and described species of living sharks of the orders chimaeroids out of the perceptual dark. The batoids and Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes, and Orectolobiformes, chimaeras tend to receive far less attention than nonbatoid including their synonyms as well as certain well-established but sharks in most places. Some of the batoids currently are as currently undescribed species (primarily Australian species important for fisheries or more so than nonbatoid sharks or mentioned by Last and Stevens, 1994). It includes species of chimaeroids, and some are under severe threat from major, moderate, minor, and minimal importance to fisheries overexploitation and habitat modification (i.e. sawfishes, (Compagno, 1990c) as well as those of doubtful or potential use freshwater stingrays). The batoid sharks will hopefully be to fisheries. It also covers those species that have a research, the subject of a forthcoming and much overdue FAO recreational, educational, and aesthetic importance, as well as Catalogue of Batoids of the World; likewise for the those species that occasionally bite and threaten people in the chimaeroids. water and the far more numerous species that are ‘bitten’ and threatened by people through exploitation and habitat modification. The Catalogue is intended to form part of a comprehensive review of shark-like fishes of the world in a form accessible to fisheries workers as well as researchers on shark systematics, biodiversity, distribution, and general biology.
    [Show full text]