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235403781.Pdf W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 The structure of the holocephalan head and the relationships of the Chondrichthyes Eileen D. Grogan College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Morphology Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Grogan, Eileen D., "The structure of the holocephalan head and the relationships of the Chondrichthyes" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616674. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-15e2-0c22 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandardm argins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of theof the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without permission.without permission. Order Number 9414197 The structure of the holocephalan head and the relationships of the Chondrichthyes Grogan, Eileen D., Ph.D. The College of William and Mary, 1993 Copyright ©1994 by Grogan, Eileen D. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of theof the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without permission.without permission. THE STRUCTURE OF THE HOLOCEPHALAN HEAD AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CHONDRICHTHYES A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Eileen D. Grogan 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy l 7). ^ r . c a - c Eileen D'■! GYoganG?b Approved, November 1993 ______ ^ -Uohn A. Musick Committee Chairman/Advisor Beverly A./Weeks-Perkins, Ph.D. Richard Lund, Ph.D. Adelphi University Garden City, New York \ / D . - U- Charles Rice, Ph.D. College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University Mississippi 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... vi ABSTRACT ............................................... INTRODUCTION .......................................... 2 MATERIALS, METHODS, AND RESULTS ...................... 7 DISCUSSION Chapter 1 ........................................ 27 Chapter 2 ........................................ 101 Chapter 3 ........................................ 164 Chapter 4 ........................................ 193 Chapter 5 ........................................ 221 CONCLUSIONS ........................................... 229 APPENDICES ............................................ 231 LITERATURE CITED ...................................... 236 VITA ................................................... 241 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the years, there have been many people involved in the varous aspects of this research, too many to elucidate here. To all of you, I offer heartfelt thanks for your efforts and concern. To my earlier mentors, Donald A. Munson and Sarah V. Otto, I can only say I have tried to keep that promise to myself and my research. Special thanks to the Chair of my committee, Jack Musick as well as all other individuals on this committee for their support and encouragement. Showers of appreciation are bestowed on Dick Lund for the endless, energetic debates, and provocative theoretical discussions. Your patience and unquestionable faith in my efforts, dating back to the inception of my chondrichthyan research program, has made the completion of this phase of my studies possible. I will strive to live up to the responsibility of carrying on the tradition of Morris Skinner's Sunday school. In the field, the success of my sampling program would not have come to pass without the assistance of my colleagues and fellow "Sharkers" from Jefferson Hall. "Turtle People" John and Deb Keinath have always been there for me professionally and personally. The sea-going comradship and sampling efforts of Captain Anthony Penello, the crew of the Anthony Anne, Captain Derek Kruge, and the crew of the RS Africana are also acknowleged. The hospitality of the South African Museum and Sea Fisheries Research Institute and the tremendous efforts and cooperation of Len Compagno and Michelle van der Merve dearly impressed and enriched my studies. I also express tremendous gratitude for Rachael Alexander's (South African Museum/University of Cape Town) and Norma Feinberg's (American Museum of Natural History, N.Y.) technical assistance in performing critical radiographic studies. Virtually all of my analytical studies were carried out at Adelphi University through the magnanimous cooperation and support of Dr. Carol Diakow (Biology Dept. Chairperson) and with the approval of Dean William Eidsen and Associate Dean Allan Metherell of the School of Arts and Sciences. Major portions of this work would not have been possible without their assistance and willingness to provide both laboratory space and facility priveleges. Finally, I would like to formally recognize the blind faith and support of my family. The smiles, kisses, and hugs of all my nieces and nephews helped me through the difficult times while my parents gave me the faith to overcome temporary setbacks and the courage to focus on the day I could return to my work. This work is dedicated to the memory of Mary Ellen Crehan. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Features Considered in the Morphocline........... 68 2. Identifications of Foramina in Fossel and Extant. Fish Exhibiting Holocephaly.................... 92 3. Comparative Features of the Selachian Versus Holocephalan Character Complex.................. 100 4. Equivalent Cranial Vessels of Chondrichthyes 216 5. Characters of the Cladistical Analysis............ 222 6. Character Matrices................................. 224 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Elasmobranch Hyostyly and Modified Hyostyly..... 28 2. Elasmobranch Amphistyly.......................... 29 3. Morphology of the Holocephalan Cranium.......... 31 4. Comparative Analysis of Visceral Arch Element Homologies......................................... 37 5. Model for Jaw Derivation from Archaic Arches 38 6. DeBeer's (1935) Hierarchical Analysis of Suspensorial Forms................................ 45 7. "Autostylic" Placoderms........................... 48 8. Schauinsland's Embryonic Callorhynchus Heads 54 9. DeBeer's 95mm Callorhynchus embryo with Cranial Nerves and Blood Vessels Noted.................... 55 10. Dean's Embryonic Chimaera Cranium................ 57 11. A Morphoclinal Analysis of Bear Gulch and Bear Gulch Related Suspensoria............................... 70 12. The Major Body Types Reflected in the Morphoclinal Analysis Based on Suspensoria..................... 71 13. Transition Series of Bear Gulch Suspensoria..... 80 14. A Comparative Morphology of
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