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Structure and Composition OXIDATION ZONE
OXIDATION ZONE Structure and Composition The first scanty information on the oxidation zone of the Rubtsovskoe deposit was obtained as a result of drilling in the early 1970s. Three major subzones were distinguished downward: (1) a leached oxidized ore zone largely composed of iron hydroxides and kaolinite; (2) a secondary oxide enrichment subzone with cuprite, native copper, malachite, azurite, cerus - site; and (3) a secondary sulfide enrichment subzone (that transitions to an underlying zone of mixed ores) with chalcocite and covellite (Stroitelev et al. , 1996). As a result of our observation in underground workings, the structure, min - eralogy, and genetic features of the oxidation zone of the deposit were spec - ified substantially. The top of the orebody is supergene altered to the highest degree at the WSW flank, where it is located higher in altitude. The upper boundary of the orebody gently plunges ENE and the oxidation zone (we do not discuss the mixed ores) gradually pinches out; the oxidation zone extends along the strike of the orebody for approximately 300 m. In the WSW part of the ore - body, the oxidized ores occur in the altitude interval from +137–138 to +163 m. The lower boundary of the oxidized ores rise toward the ESE and the main part of the oxidation zone occurs in the range of +144–145 to +153–157 m. The oxidized part of the orebody varies from 2 to 8 m in thickness, reaching 15–17 m in swells and occasionally more than 20 m. Both underlying and overlapping rocks are dominated by clayey minerals; these are wall-rock argillaceous alterations, frequently altered as a result of ore oxidation especially adjacent to the contact of the orebody. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
MAMMOTHITE: a Pb-Sb-Cu-Al OXY-HYDROXIDE-SULFATE — HYDROGEN ATOM DETERMINATION LOWERS SPACE GROUP SYMMETRY
canmin.52.4.00048 04-03-15 10:50 687 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 52, pp. 687-698 (2014) DOI: 10.3749/canmin.1400048 MAMMOTHITE: A Pb-Sb-Cu-Al OXY-HYDROXIDE-SULFATE — HYDROGEN ATOM DETERMINATION LOWERS SPACE GROUP SYMMETRY § JOEL D. GRICE Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Stn D, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6P4, Canada MARK A. COOPER Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada ABSTRACT The crystal structure of mammothite, Pb6Cu4AlSbO2(SO4)2Cl4(OH)16, is monoclinic in acentric space group C2, with a 18.959(4), b 7.3398(19), c 11.363(3) Å, β 112.428(9)˚, V 1461.6(1.0) Å3, and Z = 2. It has been refined to an R index of 0.019 on the basis of 3878 observed reflections. There are three crystallographically distinct Pb sites with two different co-ordinations: [Pb1O8Cl1] is a mono-capped square antiprism polyhedron, while [Pb21O7Cl2] and [Pb22O7Cl2] are tri- capped trigonal prisms. Both Cu2+ sites have distorted [4 + 2] octahedral coordination due to the Jahn-Teller effect. The Al and Sb sites are regular-octahedral co-ordination with oxygen atoms. The [SO4] tetrahedron is quite distorted, with S–O bond lengths varying from 1.45 to 1.52 Å and subtended O–S–O angles varying from 106 to 113˚. In the structure there are eight (OH)– anions. All eight H atoms pfu were located, and it is these structure sites that reduce the symmetry from centric to acentric. Although mammothite is classified as a framework structure, it has a distinct layering. -
Hidalgoite from the Tsumeb Mine, Namibia, and Hydrogen 2+ 3+ 5+ Bonding in the D G3 (T O4)(TO3OH)(OH)6 Alunite Structures
Mineralogical Magazine, August 2012, Vol. 76(4), pp. 839–849 Refinement of the crystal structure of zoned philipsbornite– hidalgoite from the Tsumeb mine, Namibia, and hydrogen 2+ 3+ 5+ bonding in the D G3 (T O4)(TO3OH)(OH)6 alunite structures M. A. COOPER AND F. C. HAWTHORNE* Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada [Received 19 January 2012; Accepted 19 March 2012; Associate Editor: G. Diego Gatta] ABSTRACT The crystal structure of zoned philipsborniteÀhidalgoite, hexagonal (rhombohedral), R3¯m, Z =3:a= ˚ ˚ 3 7.1142(4), c=17.0973(9) A, V=749.4(1) A , from the Tsumeb mine, Namibia, has been refined to R1 = 1.68% for 301 unique reflections collected on a Bruker D8 three-circle diffractometer equipped with a rotating-anode generator, multilayer optics and an APEX-II CCD detector. Chemical analysis by electron microprobe showed zoned crystals with a rim enriched in S and Fe relative to the core. The core composition is SO3 3.31, As2O5 30.57, Al2O3 23.05, FeO 1.44, PbO 33.94, H2Ocalc 9.58, total 2+ 2+ 101.79 wt.%, corresponding to Pb0.98(Al2.92Fe0.13)(AsO4)[(As0.72S0.27)O3.14(OH)0.85](OH)6; and the rim composition is SO3 8.88, As2O5 22.63, Al2O3 22.90, FeO 2.57, PbO 34.91, H2Ocalc 9.27, total 2+ 2+ 101.16 wt.%, corresponding to Pb0.99(Al2.85Fe0.23)(AsO4)[(As0.25S0.70)O3.30(OH)0.50](OH)6. PhilipsborniteÀhidalgoite has the alunite-type structure, sheets of corner-sharing octahedra, decorated on top and bottom by [(As,S)O4]and(AsO3OH) tetrahedra, that are linked into a three-dimensional structure by [12]-coordinated Pb2+ cations and hydrogen bonds. -
Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given. -
1 Revision 1 Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Minerals and Related
Revision 1 Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Minerals and Related Materials with Cubic Symmetry Thomas S. Duffy Department of Geosciences Princeton University Abstract The single-crystal elastic moduli of minerals and related materials with cubic symmetry have been collected and evaluated. The compiled dataset covers measurements made over an approximately seventy year period and consists of 206 compositions. More than 80% of the database is comprised of silicates, oxides, and halides, and approximately 90% of the entries correspond to one of six crystal structures (garnet, rocksalt, spinel, perovskite, sphalerite, and fluorite). Primary data recorded are the composition of each material, its crystal structure, density, and the three independent nonzero adiabatic elastic moduli (C11, C12, and C44). From these, a variety of additional elastic and acoustic properties are calculated and compiled, including polycrystalline aggregate elastic properties, sound velocities, and anisotropy factors. The database is used to evaluate trends in cubic mineral elasticity through consideration of normalized elastic moduli (Blackman diagrams) and the Cauchy pressure. The elastic anisotropy and auxetic behavior of these materials are also examined. Compilations of single-crystal elastic moduli provide a useful tool for investigation structure-property relationships of minerals. 1 Introduction The elastic moduli are among the most fundamental and important properties of minerals (Anderson et al. 1968). They are central to understanding mechanical behavior and have applications across many disciplines of the geosciences. They control the stress-strain relationship under elastic loading and are relevant to understanding strength, hardness, brittle/ductile behavior, damage tolerance, and mechanical stability. Elastic moduli govern the propagation of elastic waves and hence are essential to the interpretation of seismic data, including seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle (Bass et al. -
The Albert Silver Mine and Trippkeite Occurrence, Mpumalanga, South Africa
The Albert silver mine and trippkeite occurrence, Mpumalanga, South Africa Paul M.P.B. Meulenbeld, Department of Water Affairs PO Box 1675 Bronkhorstspruit South Africa, [email protected]. Wiebke Grote, Department of Geology University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, [email protected] Sabine Verryn, XRD Analytical & Consulting, Pretoria, 75 Kafue street Lynnwood Glen, 0081, [email protected] Dr. Paul M.P.B. Meulenbeld is a scientific manager with the Department of Water Affairs, a trained geophysicist and mineral collector. He has a sound knowledge about southern Africa’s mineral deposits and visits abandoned mines in his spare time. One of his last remarkable discoveries was the occurrence of chapmanite at the old Argent silver and lead deposit, Delmas, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Wiebke Grote is responsible for XRD analysis at the Department of Geology, University of Pretoria where prior to this position she was the curator of the geological museum at the same institution. Dr. Sabine Verryn is the owner of XRD Analytical & Consulting. She is the current Vice chair of the Mineralogical Association of South Africa. INTRODUCTION Around 1885 the ore deposit of the Albert Silver mine was discovered and production continued intermittently until 1914 (Robb, Robb, and Walraven 1994). The Albert Silver mine is situated on the farm Roodepoortjie 250JR, north of Bronkhorstspruit, some 80 km east-northeast of Pretoria in Mpumalanga, South Africa (Figure 1) (Robb, Robb, and Walraven 1994). No detailed description of the mine is known to have been published, but a layout plan and a plan indicating the extent of the underground workings (Figure 2), amongst a surface geophysical study of the ore bodies was given by Van Zijl (1965). -
General Index
CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States -
Journal of the Russell Society, Vol 4 No 2
JOURNAL OF THE RUSSELL SOCIETY The journal of British Isles topographical mineralogy EDITOR: George Ryba.:k. 42 Bell Road. Sitlingbourn.:. Kent ME 10 4EB. L.K. JOURNAL MANAGER: Rex Cook. '13 Halifax Road . Nelson, Lancashire BB9 OEQ , U.K. EDITORrAL BOARD: F.B. Atkins. Oxford, U. K. R.J. King, Tewkesbury. U.K. R.E. Bevins. Cardiff, U. K. A. Livingstone, Edinburgh, U.K. R.S.W. Brai thwaite. Manchester. U.K. I.R. Plimer, Parkvill.:. Australia T.F. Bridges. Ovington. U.K. R.E. Starkey, Brom,grove, U.K S.c. Chamberlain. Syracuse. U. S.A. R.F. Symes. London, U.K. N.J. Forley. Keyworth. U.K. P.A. Williams. Kingswood. Australia R.A. Howie. Matlock. U.K. B. Young. Newcastle, U.K. Aims and Scope: The lournal publishes articles and reviews by both amateur and profe,sional mineralogists dealing with all a,pecI, of mineralogy. Contributions concerning the topographical mineralogy of the British Isles arc particularly welcome. Not~s for contributors can be found at the back of the Journal. Subscription rates: The Journal is free to members of the Russell Society. Subsc ription rates for two issues tiS. Enquiries should be made to the Journal Manager at the above address. Back copies of the Journal may also be ordered through the Journal Ma nager. Advertising: Details of advertising rates may be obtained from the Journal Manager. Published by The Russell Society. Registered charity No. 803308. Copyright The Russell Society 1993 . ISSN 0263 7839 FRONT COVER: Strontianite, Strontian mines, Highland Region, Scotland. 100 mm x 55 mm. -
General Index Vols. XLI-L, Third Series
GENERAL INDEX OF VOLUMES XLI-L OF THE THIRD SERIES. WInthe references to volumes xli to I, only the numerals i to ir we given. NOTE.-The names of mineral8 nre inaerted under the head ol' ~~IBERALB:all ohitllary notices are referred to under OBITUARY. Under the heads BO'PANY,CHK~I~TRY, OEOLO~Y, Roo~s,the refereuces to the topics in these department8 are grouped together; in many cases, the same references appear also elsewhere. Alabama, geological survey, see GEOL. REPORTSand SURVEYS. Abbe, C., atmospheric radiation of Industrial and Scientific Society, heat, iii, 364 ; RIechnnics of the i. 267. Earth's Atmosphere, v, 442. Alnska, expedition to, Russell, ii, 171. Aberration, Rayleigh, iii, 432. Albirnpean studies, Uhler, iv, 333. Absorption by alum, Hutchins, iii, Alps, section of, Rothpletz, vii, 482. 526--. Alternating currents. Bedell and Cre- Absorption fipectra, Julius, v, 254. hore, v, 435 ; reronance analysis, ilcadeiny of Sciences, French, ix, 328. Pupin, viii, 379, 473. academy, National, meeting at Al- Altitudes in the United States, dic- bany, vi, 483: Baltimore, iv, ,504 : tionary of, Gannett, iv. 262. New Haven, viii, 513 ; New York, Alum crystals, anomalies in the ii. 523: Washington, i, 521, iii, growth, JIiers, viii, 350. 441, v, 527, vii, 484, ix, 428. Aluminum, Tvave length of ultra-violet on electrical measurements, ix, lines of, Runge, 1, 71. 236, 316. American Association of Chemists, i, Texas, Transactions, v, 78. 927 . Acoustics, rrsearchesin, RIayer, vii, 1. Geological Society, see GEOL. Acton, E. H., Practical physiology of SOCIETYof AMERICA. plants, ix, 77. Nuseu~nof Sat. Hist., bulletin, Adams, F. -
Unusual Mineral Diversity in a Hydrothermal Vein-Type Deposit: the Clara Mine, Sw Germany, As a Type Example
427 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 57, pp. 427-456 (2019) DOI: 10.3749/canmin.1900003 UNUSUAL MINERAL DIVERSITY IN A HYDROTHERMAL VEIN-TYPE DEPOSIT: THE CLARA MINE, SW GERMANY, AS A TYPE EXAMPLE § GREGOR MARKL Universitat¨ Tubingen,¨ Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tubingen,¨ Germany MAXIMILIAN F. KEIM Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Munich School of Engineering, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany RICHARD BAYERL Ludwigstrasse 8, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany ABSTRACT The Clara baryte-fluorite-(Ag-Cu) mine exploits a polyphase, mainly Jurassic to Cretaceous, hydrothermal unconformity vein-type deposit in the Schwarzwald, SW Germany. It is the type locality for 13 minerals, and more than 400 different mineral species have been described from this occurrence, making it one of the top five localities for mineral diversity on Earth. The unusual mineral diversity is mainly related to the large number and diversity of secondary, supergene, and low- temperature hydrothermal phases formed from nine different primary ore-gangue associations observed over the last 40 years; these are: chert/quartz-hematite-pyrite-ferberite-scheelite with secondary W-bearing phases; fluorite-arsenide-selenide-uraninite- pyrite with secondary selenides and U-bearing phases (arsenates, oxides, vanadates, sulfates, and others); fluorite-sellaite with secondary Sr- and Mg-bearing phases; baryte-tennantite/tetrahedrite ss-chalcopyrite with secondary Cu arsenates, carbonates, and sulfates; baryte-tennantite/tetrahedrite ss-polybasite/pearceite-chalcopyrite, occasionally accompanied by Ag6Bi6Pb-bearing sulfides with secondary Sb oxides, Cu arsenates, carbonates, and sulfates; baryte-chalcopyrite with secondary Fe- and Cu- phosphates; baryte-pyrite-marcasite-chalcopyrite with secondary Fe- and Cu-sulfates; quartz-galena-gersdorffite-matildite with secondary Pb-, Bi-, Co-, and Ni-bearing phases; and siderite-dolomite-calcite-gypsum/anhydrite-quartz associations. -
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point.