Angola, August 2001
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Business Success, Angola-Style
J. of Modern African Studies, 45, 4 (2007), pp. 595–619. f 2007 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0022278X07002893 Printed in the United Kingdom Business success,Angola-style: postcolonial politics and the rise and rise of Sonangol RICARDO SOARES DE OLIVEIRA Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper investigates a paradoxical case of business success in one of the world’s worst-governed states, Angola. Founded in 1976 as the essential tool of the Angolan end of the oil business, Sonangol, the national oil company, was from the very start protected from the dominant (both predatory and centrally planned) logic of Angola’s political economy. Throughout its first years, the pragmatic senior management of Sonangol accumulated technical and mana- gerial experience, often in partnership with Western oil and consulting firms. By the time the ruling party dropped Marxism in the early 1990s, Sonangol was the key domestic actor in the economy, an island of competence thriving in tandem with the implosion of most other Angolan state institutions. However, the grow- ing sophistication of Sonangol (now employing thousands of people, active in four continents, and controlling a vast parallel budget of offshore accounts and myriad assets) has not led to the benign developmental outcomes one would expect from the successful ‘capacity building’ of the last thirty years. Instead, Sonangol has primarily been at the service of the presidency and its rentier ambitions. Amongst other themes, the paper seeks to highlight the extent to which a nominal ‘failed state’ can be successful amidst widespread human destitution, provided that basic tools for elite empowerment (in this case, Sonangol and the means of coercion) exist to ensure the viability of incumbents. -
Politics, Commerce, and Colonization in Angola at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century
Politics, Commerce, and Colonization in Angola at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century John Whitney Harvey Dissertação em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos Orientador: Professor Doutor Pedro Cardim Setembro, 2012 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Pedro Cardim e a coorientação científica do Professor Doutor Diogo Ramada Curto. I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Charles A. Harvey Jr. (1949-2009), whose wisdom, hard work, and dedication I strive to emulate. The last thing he knew about me was that I was going to study at FCSH, and I hope that I have made him proud. Acknowledgements There are so many people that were instrumental to the production of this dissertation that it would be impossible to include everyone in this space. I want to take the opportunity to thank everyone that supported me emotionally and academically throughout this year. Know that I know who you are, I appreciate everything done for me, and hope to return the support in the future. I would also like to thank the Center for Overseas History for the resources and opportunities afforded to me, as well as all of my professors and classmates that truly enriched my academic career throughout the last two years. There are some people whom without, this would not have been possible. The kindness, friendship, and support shown by Nuno and Luisa throughout this process I will never forget, and I am incredibly grateful and indebted to you both. -
Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟S Center on Applied Feminism for Its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference
Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟s Center on Applied Feminism for its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference. “Applying Feminism Globally.” Feminism from an African and Matriarchal Culture Perspective How Ancient Africa’s Gender Sensitive Laws and Institutions Can Inform Modern Africa and the World Fatou Kiné CAMARA, PhD Associate Professor of Law, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, SENEGAL “The German experience should be regarded as a lesson. Initially, after the codification of German law in 1900, academic lectures were still based on a study of private law with reference to Roman law, the Pandectists and Germanic law as the basis for comparison. Since 1918, education in law focused only on national law while the legal-historical and comparative possibilities that were available to adapt the law were largely ignored. Students were unable to critically analyse the law or to resist the German socialist-nationalism system. They had no value system against which their own legal system could be tested.” Du Plessis W. 1 Paper Abstract What explains that in patriarchal societies it is the father who passes on his name to his child while in matriarchal societies the child bears the surname of his mother? The biological reality is the same in both cases: it is the woman who bears the child and gives birth to it. Thus the answer does not lie in biological differences but in cultural ones. So far in feminist literature the analysis relies on a patriarchal background. Not many attempts have been made to consider the way gender has been used in matriarchal societies. -
Sumário Da Situação De Insegurança Alimentar Aguda IPC 2019/20
Sumário da Situação de Insegurança Alimentar Aguda IPC 2019/20 Partes do Sul de Angola enfrentam grave insegurança alimentar aguda. Insegurança Alimentar Aguda Actual Projectado Fase 5 0 0 422 00o Catástrofe actualmente (Julho a Fase 4 222 000 290 000 Set/19) Emergência Fase 3 562 000 200 000 272 000 projetadas (Out/19 a Crise Fev/20) Fase 2 267 000 193 000 é o número de pessoas na Estresse Fase 3 ou 4 que necessitam Fase 1 215 000 149 000 de intervenções urgentes Mínima Visão geral A seca foi o choque que causou a actual situação de insegurança alimentar aguda. A zona sul de Angola onde se situam as três provincias visitadas (Cuando Cubango, Cunene e Huila) ao longo do inquérito foi severamente afectada pela seca. Como resultado, nota-se a fraca produção agrícola, perda de animais, escassez de água para o consumo humano e abeberramento do gado, perda de bens, deslocamentos de pessoas e animais, tendo afectado os modos de vida. No período actual (Julho a Setembro de 2019), cerca de 422 000 pessoas sao classificadas em IPC fase 3 e 4. As familias en essa fase estão a enfrentar dificuldades no acesso a alimentos ou são capazes de satisfazer apenas as necessidades alimentares mínimas por meio de estratégias de crise e emergência. No período projectado (Outubro de 2019 a Fevereiro de 2020), estima-se que cerca de 562 000 pessoas estarao em IPC fase 3 e 4, e as familias enfrentarão dificuldades no acesso a alimentos ou serão capazes de satisfazer apenas as necessidades alimentares mínimas por meio de Insegurança Alimentar estratégias de crise e emergência. -
Introduction
Introduction The cover image of a wire-and-bead-art radio embodies some of this book’s key themes. I purchased this radio on tourist-thronged Seventh Street in the Melville neighborhood of Johannesburg. The artist, Jonah, was an im- migrant who fled the authoritarianism and economic collapse in his home country of Zimbabwe. The technology is stripped down and simple. It is also a piece of art and, as such, a representation of radio. The wire, beadwork, and swath of a Coca-Cola can announce radio’s energy, commercialization, and global circulation in an African frame. The radio works, mechanically and aesthetically. The wire radio is whimsical. It points at itself and outward. No part of the radio is from or about Angola. But this little radio contains a regional history of decolonization, national liberation movements, people crossing borders, and white settler colonies that turned the Cold War hot in southern Africa. Powerful Frequencies focuses on radio in Angola from the first quarter of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Like a radio tower or a wire-and-bead radio made in South Africa by a Zimbabwean im- migrant and then carried across the Atlantic to sit on a shelf in Bloomington, Indiana, this history exceeds those borders of space and time. While state broadcasters have national ambitions—having to do with creating a com- mon language, politics, identity, and enemy—the analysis of radio in this book alerts us to the sub- and supranational interests and communities that are almost always at play in radio broadcasting and listening. -
The Botanical Exploration of Angola by Germans During the 19Th and 20Th Centuries, with Biographical Sketches and Notes on Collections and Herbaria
Blumea 65, 2020: 126–161 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.06 The botanical exploration of Angola by Germans during the 19th and 20th centuries, with biographical sketches and notes on collections and herbaria E. Figueiredo1, *, G.F. Smith1, S. Dressler 2 Key words Abstract A catalogue of 29 German individuals who were active in the botanical exploration of Angola during the 19th and 20th centuries is presented. One of these is likely of Swiss nationality but with significant links to German Angola settlers in Angola. The catalogue includes information on the places of collecting activity, dates on which locations botanical exploration were visited, the whereabouts of preserved exsiccata, maps with itineraries, and biographical information on the German explorers collectors. Initial botanical exploration in Angola by Germans was linked to efforts to establish and expand Germany’s plant collections colonies in Africa. Later exploration followed after some Germans had settled in the country. However, Angola was never under German control. The most intense period of German collecting activity in this south-tropical African country took place from the early-1870s to 1900. Twenty-four Germans collected plant specimens in Angola for deposition in herbaria in continental Europe, mostly in Germany. Five other naturalists or explorers were active in Angola but collections have not been located under their names or were made by someone else. A further three col- lectors, who are sometimes cited as having collected material in Angola but did not do so, are also briefly discussed. Citation: Figueiredo E, Smith GF, Dressler S. -
Foreign Military Studies Office
community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ PENDING PUBLIC RELEASE/APPROVAL - QUESTIONS: 757-501-6236 Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 9 Issue #10 OEWATCH October 2019 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT EURASIA 28 New Chinese Aircraft Carrier to Carry 50 Percent More 3 Sinking the Armata? Fighters AFRICA 4 Where is Strelkov Aiming? 30 China and Kazakhstan Upgrade Ties 59 Urban Deployment Reveals South African Military Deficiencies 5 Northern and Eastern Military Districts Get S-300V4 Air 32 China and Russia Sign Heavy Helicopter Deal 60 South Africa’s Xenophobic Violence: Foreigners as Scapegoats Defense Systems 34 China Reports the Launch of Unmanned ‘Mini-Aegis-Class for Failing Economy 7 Russian Ground Forces’ Air Defense: A Look At Russia’s Destroyer’ 61 Somalia’s Newest Military Commander Also Its Youngest Threat-Based Military 35 Contrasting Chinese and Foreign Media Accounts on 62 African Union Raises Concerns Over Foreign Military Bases in 8 The Modernization of Russian Coastal Defense Missiles Xinjiang Africa 10 Mines Seen as Key Capabilities for Russian Naval and Coastal 37 Papuans Hope for Independence, but is it Possible? 63 Regional Rivalries Heat Up as AMISOM Leaves Somalia Defense 39 Another Counter-Terrorism Operation in Palu, Indonesia 64 China’s Investment in African Aviation 12 Russia Developing On-Orbit Fueling Technologies 40 India to Create New Chief of Defence Staff Position 65 International Connections to Guinea-Bissau Drug Trafficking 13 Public Protests and “Hybrid War” 66 Borno Governor -
A Military History of the Angolan Armed Forces from the 1960S Onwards—As Told by Former Combatants
Evolutions10.qxd 2005/09/28 12:10 PM Page 7 CHAPTER ONE A military history of the Angolan Armed Forces from the 1960s onwards—as told by former combatants Ana Leão and Martin Rupiya1 INTRODUCTION The history of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) remains largely unwritten—yet, understanding the FAA’s development is undoubtedly important both for future Angolan generations as well as for other sub- Saharan African countries. The FAA must first and foremost be understood as a result of several processes of integration—processes that began in the very early days of the struggle against Portuguese colonialism and ended with the April 2002 Memorandum of Understanding. Today’s FAA is a result of the integration of the armed forces of the three liberation movements that fought against the Portuguese—the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola). This was a process that developed over more than 30 years. The various phases that characterise the formation and development of the FAA are closely related to Angola’s recent political history, particularly the advent of independence in 1975 and the civil war that ensued. This chapter introduces that history with a view to contributing to a clearer understanding of the development of the FAA and its current role in a peaceful Angola. As will be discussed, while the FAA was formerly established in 1992 following the provisions of the Bicesse Peace Accords, its origins go back to: 7 Evolutions10.qxd 2005/09/28 12:10 PM Page 8 8 Evolutions & Revolutions • the Popular Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and the integration over more than three decades of elements of the Portuguese Colonial Army; • the FNLA’s Army for the National Liberation of Angola (ELNA); and • UNITA’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FALA). -
Retornados” Na Sociedade Portuguesa: Identidade, Desidentificação E Ocultação
ELSA PERALTA A integração dos “retornados” na sociedade portuguesa: identidade, desidentificação e ocultação Análise Social, liv (2.º), 2019 (n.º 231), pp. 310-337 https://doi.org/10.31447/as00032573.2019231.04 issn online 2182-2999 edição e propriedade Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt, 9 1600-189 Lisboa Portugal — [email protected] Análise Social, 231, liv (2.º), 2019, 310-337 A integração dos “retornados” na sociedade portuguesa: identidade, desidentificação e ocultação. Como resultado da descolonização estima-se que entre 500 000 e 800 000 colonos portugueses tenham abandonado a sua residência em África entre 1974 e 1979. Na sua maior parte, estas pes- soas vêm para Portugal, onde foram nomeadas de “retorna- dos”, um nome que adquire uma conotação pejorativa quando usado para identificar uma população, na sua maioria branca, subitamente deslocada devido ao colapso do sistema colonial português. Tendo por base fontes bibliográficas e de arquivo, bem como dados de entrevistas realizadas a esta população, este artigo procura abordar questões associadas a processos de identidade e de desidentificação desencadeados pela chegada dos retornados e pela sua integração na sociedade portuguesa. palavras-chave: descolonização portuguesa; retornados; integração, identidade. Integration of the “retornados” in the Portuguese society: identity, dis-identification, and concealment. It is estimated that as a result of decolonization between 500,000 and 800,000 Portuguese settlers left their residence in Africa between 1974 and 1979. For the most part, these people came to Portugal, where they were called “retornados”, a name that acquired a pejorative connotation used to identify a population of colonial migrants, mostly white, suddenly displaced due to the collapse of the Portuguese colonial system. -
A Drought-Induced African Slave Trade?
Munich Personal RePEc Archive A Drought-Induced African Slave Trade? Boxell, Levi Stanford University 3 March 2016 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/ MPRA Paper No. 69853, posted 06 Mar 2016 12:59 UTC A Drought-Induced African Slave Trade?∗ Levi Boxell† Stanford University First Version: June 6, 2015 This Version: March 4, 2016 Abstract Historians have frequently suggested that droughts helped facilitate the African slave trade. By introducing a previously unused dataset on historical rainfall levels in Africa, I provide the first empirical answer to this hypothesis. I demonstrate how negative rainfall shocks and long-run shifts in the mean level of rainfall increased the number of slaves exported from a given region and can have persistent effects on the level of development today. Using a simple economic model of an individual’s decision to participate in the slave trade, along with observed empirical heterogeneity and historical anecdotes, I argue that consumption smoothing and labor allocation adjustments are the primary causal mechanisms for the negative relationship between droughts and slave exports. These findings contribute to our understanding of the process of selection into the African slave trade and have policy implications for contemporary human trafficking and slavery. JEL Classification: N37, N57, O15, Q54 Keywords: slave trade, climate, droughts, consumption smoothing, human trafficking ∗Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Jiwon Choi, John T. Dalton, James Fenske, Matthew Gentzkow, Namrata Kala, Andres Shahidinejad, Jesse M. Shapiro, and Michael Wong for their comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are mine. †SIEPR, Stanford University (Email: [email protected]) 1 1 Introduction The African slave trade significantly altered modern economic and cultural outcomes (Nunn, 2008). -
A Rebelião Interna No Mpla Em 1977 E As Confusões No Noticiário De Zero Hora E Correio Do Povo
QUEM SÃO OS REBELDES, AFINAL? A REBELIÃO INTERNA NO MPLA EM 1977 E AS CONFUSÕES NO NOTICIÁRIO DE ZERO HORA E CORREIO DO POVO. MAURO LUIZ BARBOSA MARQUES 1 O presente artigo buscar analisar as dicotomias e as abordagens contraditórias dos periódicos gaúchos Zero Hora e Correio do Povo 2 durante a crise interna do MPLA 3, partido governante em Angola no ano de 1977. Angola foi a principal possessão lusitana até 1975 – ano da ruptura colonial angolana -, quando a partir de um cenário marcado por violentas disputas internas e externas, parte do contexto internacional daquele período, houve caminhos e descaminhos na consolidação deste novo Estado Nacional pós colonização, especialmente entre os anos 1975 e 1979 quando Agostinho Neto 4 e o MPLA comandaram o primeiro governo independente contemporâneo de Angola. Um destes fatores de consolidação política de um novo Estado Nacional se deu na disputa da esfera superior de poder no interior do MPLA durante a condução do Estado Nacional, em maio de 1977. Algo tradicional, em especial na tradição africana contemporânea permeada com debilidades nas estruturas estatais e disputas palacianas. 1 Mestre em História pela UFRGS (Porto Alegre/RS) atua na rede pública estadual e municipal na cidade de São Leopoldo (RS). 2 Estes periódicos tinham grande circulação estadual e somados tinham uma tiragem superior a cem mil exemplares no período analisado por esta pesquisa, conforme informado na capa dos mesmos (nota do autor). 3 O médico e poeta Antonio Agostinho Neto formou o MPLA (Movimento Popular para Libertação de Angola), que tinha como referência o bloco socialista e contou com o apoio decisivo da URSS e dos cubanos na hora da ruptura com Portugal em novembro de 1975. -
As Memórias Do 27 De Maio De 1977 Em Angola
As memórias do 27 de maio de 1977 em Angola Inácio Luiz Guimarães Marques 27 de maio de 1977. Há 34 anos aconteceu em Angola um dos episódios mais polêmicos, controversos e violentos de sua história recente. 18 meses após a Independência, proclamada pelo MPLA em 11 de novembro de 1975, a crise nitista evidenciou o alcance das contradições internas no MPLA. A expressão nitista, ou nitismo, refere-se a um dos principais lideres da contestação, Alves Bernardo Baptista, Nito Alves, guerrilheiro da 1ª região Político-militar durante a guerra de libertação, que aparece com mais evidencia no Movimento durante o Congresso de Lusaka, em 1974, defendendo as posições do presidente Agostinho Neto. Como aliado chegou aos altos escalões do Movimento, o que lhe rendeu o cargo de Ministro da Administração Interna no primeiro governo independente, em 1975. Durante o ano de 1976, grosso modo, sua posição político-ideológica – a favor do estabelecimento de um governo marxista- leninista – foi progressivamente conquistando adeptos e, ao mesmo tempo, provocando atritos com o Governo, que ao contrário insistia em uma chamada Revolução democrática e popular que não ameaçasse sua legitimidade. Em outubro deste mesmo ano foi acusado, juntamente com seus principais aliados, José-Van-Dunem e Sita Vales, de traição, o que lhe custou a perda do cargo de Ministro. Apesar disso, não cedeu aos pedidos para que se calasse, o que rendeu a Nito Alves – e também a Van-Dunem – a expulsão formal em 20 de Maio de 1977 dos quadros do Movimento. Apenas uma semana depois, no dia 27, tentaria sem sucesso derrubar o Governo.