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Possible Proteomic Biomarkers for the Detection of Pancreatic Cancer in Oral Fuids O

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Possible Proteomic Biomarkers for the Detection of Pancreatic Cancer in Oral Fuids O www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Possible proteomic biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer in oral fuids O. Deutsch1,7, Y. Haviv2,7, G. Krief1, N. Keshet2, R. Westreich3,4, S. M. Stemmer5, B. Zaks1, S. P. Navat1, R. Yanko2, O. Lahav1, D. J. Aframian2,7 & A. Palmon1,6,7* The 80% mortality rate of pancreatic-cancer (PC) makes early diagnosis a challenge. Oral fuids (OF) may be considered the ultimate body fuid for non-invasive examinations. We have developed techniques to improve visualization of minor OF proteins thereby overcoming major barriers to using OF as a diagnostic fuid. The aim of this study was to establish a short discriminative panel of OF biomarkers for the detection of PC. Unstimulated OF were collected from PC patients and controls (n = 30). High-abundance-proteins were depleted and the remaining proteins were analyzed by two- dimensional-gel-electrophoresis and quantitative dimethylation-liquid-chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry. Label-free quantitative-mass-spectrometry analysis (qMS) was performed on 20 individual samples (n = 20). More than 100 biomarker candidates were identifed in OF samples, and 21 had a highly diferential expression profle. qMS analysis yielded a ROC-plot AUC value of 0.91 with 90.0% sensitivity and specifcity for a combination of fve biomarker candidates. We found a combination of fve biomarkers for PC. Most of these proteins are known to be related to PC or other gastric cancers, but have never been detected in OF. This study demonstrates the importance of novel OF depletion methodologies for increased protein visibility and highlights the clinical applicability of OF as a diagnostic fuid. Abbreviations OF Oral fuids PC Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer (PC) ofen remains undetected until the late stages of the disease. Each year approximately 37,000 Americans are diagnosed with PC, furthermore, 33,000 Americans and more than 42,000 Europeans die from pancreatic cancer annually1. PC was the 4th leading caner type for estimated deaths in the USA in 2012 and 20132–4. Te median survival time for PC is nine to 12 months with an overall 5-year survival rate of 3%. Te high mortality rate is due in part to the fact more than 50% of patients with PC have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Te 50% recurrence of PC following surgical removal, suggests that PC is relatively refractory to current treatments. No specifc tumor marker for the diagnosis of PC has been identifed, complicating early diagnosis. Terefore, extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies are being performed to identify candidate markers by employing high-throughput systems capable of large cohort screening. Currently, early detection of pancreatic cancer in high-risk patients is done using highly invasive means (Endoscopic ultrasound combined with fne- needle-aspiration). Tese methods cause discomfort, require an expert team and are very expensive, making them useless as screening tools. Te lack of a single diagnostic marker suggests that only a combination of biomarkers 1Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. 2Salivary Gland Clinic and Saliva Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sjogren’s Syndrome Center, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. 3Department of Internal Medicine B, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. 4Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. 5Rabin Medical Center, Davidof Center, Petach Tiqwa, Afliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 6Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Imaging, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University – Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel. 7These authors contributed equally: O. Deutsch, Y. Haviv, D. J. Aframian and A. Palmon *email: [email protected] Scientifc Reports | (2020) 10:21995 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78922-x 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ will be able to provide the appropriate combination of high sensitivity and specifcity. Biomarker discovery using novel technologies can improve prognostic upgrading and pinpoint new molecular targets for innovative therapy. Over the last decade OF have been recognized as a "diagnostic window to the body"5. Tis is due to the fact that despite the apparent low degree of overlap between OF and plasma, the distribution found across Gene Ontological categories, such as molecular function, biological processes, and cellular components, is very similar6. Many centers, including our department, have taken advantage of the non-invasive access to this readily available body fuid. Furthermore the composition of OF is known and therefore fuctuations can be used to monitor diseases and physiological changes 7. Te positive aspects of OF compared to serum as a diagnostic fuid for practitioners include simple collection (of adequate volumes), storage and shipment. Procurement is also safer than venipuncture, limiting exposure to infectious agents. Te non-invasive, painless collection reduces fear and enhances compliance when repeated samples are needed over time. Te non-clotting nature of the fuid makes it ideal for diagnostic purposes8. Analysis of OF using proteomics has been hindered by the presence of high abundant proteins such as salivary alpha amylases (sAA)9–12 albumins (alb)13 and immunoglobulins (Ig)12,13 which conceal or reduce the separation sensitivity of other proteins. Tere are two main advantages to high abundant protein depletion followed by 2DE: (i) gel resolution is increased because the levels of the low abundant proteins in the proteomic map are relatively higher and (ii) important low abundant proteins are revealed when the overlapping high abundant protein spots are removed. Low abundant proteins can also be exposed by using qMS. We have developed and successfully used techniques to remove the high abundant proteins in OF, thereby improving protein visualization 14–16. We hypothesize that OF composition will be altered by pancreatic cancer. Te similarity of the structure of the salivary and pancreatic glands may cause the salivary glands to function as a biological amplifer and to produce proteins in response to PC which will be detectable in OF. Tis phe- nomenon has been reported in breast cancer patients, (the structure of the mammary glands is also similar to the salivary glands). C-erb-b2 a breast cancer marker was produced by the salivary glands and detected in the saliva of breast cancer patients 17. Te aim of this study was to identify and develop an early detection assay for PC based on OF, to characterize OF proteins following removal of the high abundance proteins, and to identify candidate biomarkers for PC. Materials and methods Ethical approval. Te OF accumulation protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee, Rabin Medi- cal Center, Beilinson Hospital, Request No. 0053-09-RMC. Informed consent was obtained according to the instructions of the Ethical Committee. All procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. OF collection, patients and healthy volunteers. Unstimulated OF fow was collected for 5 min using the spitting method18 into pre-calibrated tubes. All participants refrained from eating, drinking and brushing their teeth 1 h prior to saliva collection. Patients did not take their medications, including sialagogues, before saliva collection. Volunteers rested for 10 min before saliva collection, sitting in an upright position and in a quiet room and were asked not to speak or leave the room until afer the saliva was collected. Saliva samples were immediately placed on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 g for 20 min at 4 °C to remove insoluble materials, cell debris and food remnants. Te supernatant of each sample was collected and protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) as previously described 19. OF were collected from 31 males; 15 PC patients and 16 healthy, age matched controls. Controls did not take any medications known to cause xerostomia (supplementary data A), had no complaints of oral dryness and no evidence oral mucosal diseases was detected following examination. 2 patients in the PC group were undergoing chemotherapy at the time of collection and were therefore excluded from the OF pool. Salivary fow rate was calculated. OF samples were divided into two groups: (1) for to 2DE and Demethylation MS analysis (described below), samples were pooled according to the amount of total protein in each individual sample. 2) For label-free qMS, individual samples were used. sAA afnity removal. Amylase was removed from the pooled OF using an amylase removing device. 600 µL of water was hand pressed (20 s) through the device to moisturize the substrate. Tereafer, 1 mL of pooled OF (in two aliquots of 500 µL) was hand pressed and fltered (120 s) through the amylase removing device. Te resultant 1 mL of fltrated OF was amylase-free, as previously described14. Alb and IgGs removal, capturing and elution. In order to remove alb and IgGs the ProteoPrep Immu- noafnity alb and IgG Depletion Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) were used as previously described15 Protein concentration was measured again as before, using the Bio-Rad Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad, Her- cules, CA, USA)19. Te triple depleted OF were divided to 2 tubes for 2DE and quantitative MS analysis and frozen at − 80 °C and lyophilized overnight. Sediments (products (deposits) of lyophilization processes) for 2DE were dissolved in 7M urea, 2M thiourea and 4% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS) and stored at − 20 °C until analysis. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE). For ana- lytical gels, 100 µg of protein were rehydrated then subjected to isoelectrofocusing in 18 cm long second dimen- Scientifc Reports | (2020) 10:21995 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78922-x 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ sion gels, pH 3–10 NL as previously described20.
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