DOCSLIB.ORG

For Review Only

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For Review Only Canadian Journal of Plant Science The Biology of Canadian Weeds. [#]. Daphne laureola L. Journal: Canadian Journal of Plant Science ManuscriptFor ID CJPS-2017-0247.R1 Review Only Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 15-Feb-2018 Complete List of Authors: Strelau, Matthew; Trinity Western University, Biology Clements, David; Trinity Western University, Biology Webb, Conan; Parks Canada, Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site of Canada Prasad, Raj; Natural Resources Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre Keywords: Daphne laureola L, Thymelaeaceae, toxicity, coumarins, mezerein https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Page 1 of 35 Canadian Journal of Plant Science The Biology of Canadian Weeds. [#]. Daphne laureola L. M. Strelau1, D.R. Clements1, C. Webb2, and R. Prasad3 1Department of biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC V2Y 1Y1 (e-mail: [email protected]) 2Parks Canada, Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site of Canada, Victoria, BC, V9C 2W8 3Natural Resources Canada,For Pacific Review Forestry Centre, 506Only Burnside Rd., Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5 Strelau M., Clements D.R., Webb, C. and Prasad, R. 2017. The biology of Canadian weeds. #. Daphne laureola L. Can. J. Plant Sci. xx: xxx-xxx. Daphne (Daphne laureola L.) is a perennial evergreen shrub native to Eurasia and Northern Africa. Introduced to North America as an ornamental shrub, the plant has readily absconded gardens and can now be found throughout suitable habitats on both the east and west coasts of the continent. In Canada, daphne has naturalized in southwestern British Columbia including Vancouver, southern Vancouver Island, and the Gulf Islands. Daphne is of particular concern to the endangered Garry oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) because it invades shady woodland areas, forming dense mono-specific stands that can suppress and inhibit native vegetation. The berries and all other parts of the daphne plant contain a mixture of toxic chemicals that can be fatal to humans or animals if ingested. Removal teams suggest using gloves for elimination and handling of daphne because of its corrosive sap and oil. Widespread planting combined with a lack of public knowledge regarding the species’ invasiveness has created great concern over its potential to spread. Various methods of control (chemical, manual, and biological) have been developed. The most commonly applied approach in Canada is manual control, but care must be taken to avoid contact 1 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Canadian Journal of Plant Science Page 2 of 35 with skin and follow-up monitoring and control is advised. A promising biocontrol agent is the fungus Phomopsis sp. Nov., which has been observed to cause high levels of mortality in D. laureola under both laboratory and field conditions. Key Words: Daphne laureola L., Thymelaeaceae, toxicity, coumarins, mezerein 1. Names For Review Only Daphne laureola L.; daphne, spurge-laurel, daphne-laurel, laurel-leafed daphne, olive-spurge, dwarf bay, false-laurel, daphné lauréole, laurier des bois, laurier purgatif, laurier des anglais, laurier épurge, auréole, zwart peperboompje (GOERT 2007; USDA GRIN 2008) Thymelaeaceae, Mezereon family, Thyméléacées. Bayer Code: DAPLA. (GOERT 2007; NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management 2016). The Thymelaeaceae family encompasses more than 400 species including the Daphne L. genus which contains 95 species primarily located in Asia (Noshad 2007; Rogers 2009). Though no native species exist within Canada, Daphne × mantensiana Manten ex T.M.C. Taylor & Vrugtman is a cultivated hybrid in British Columbia (Tropicos.org undated). Variation within the species has led to taxonomic debate with several intraspecific divisions being recognized (Feliner 1996 and Castilla et al. 2012). 2. Description and Account of Variation (a) Species Description Daphne laureola is a perennial evergreen shrub 0.4 to 1.5 m tall (Figs. 1 and 2) (Alonso and Herrera 1996). See also photographs in the Electronic Atlas of the 2 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Page 3 of 35 Canadian Journal of Plant Science Flora in British Columbia (<http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Daphne%20laureola>). Stems are brown, flexible, erect, but often prostrate for a portion of their length. Stem branching can vary and lead to different architectural shapes (Alonso et al. 2004). Leaves are alternate oval to oblanceolate, tapering towards the base, 4-13 cm long and 1-3 cm wide, evergreen, dark green on top and light on the underside, glossy and clustered in distinct whorls at the distal end of branches (Alonso and Herrera 2003; Ramdani et al. 2015). Leaf size has been demonstrated to double in size from AprilFor to June (AlonsoReview and Herrera 2003).Only Flowers are formed in an almost sessile axillary raceme, tubular yellowish-green, and 6-12 mm long. These odourless, uninviting or slightly fragrant flowers are clustered close to the stem at tips of branches (Fig. 2a). The calyx forms a tubular structure with four spreading lobes; eight yellow stamens are inserted in 2 rows on the tube, the filaments are short; the ovary is one-celled, short or with almost no style, stigma is large, capitate (Fig. 1). Fruits ripen in early June and are black, fleshy, single-seeded ovoid drupes, 8-11 mm long (Fig. 1). Spurge laurel has been observed to grow up to 600 fruits per plant, on average 19.4 fruits per stem (Byrne and Robinson 2005; Castilla et al. 2011). The fruit is frequently disseminated by birds and mice, as well as toxic to most mammals, including humans (Barton 1989; Diogo 2009). Fig. 2A displays juvenile daphne seedlings. The sporophyte chromosome number from live D. laureola specimens has been reported to contain a single cytotype; a diploid chromosomal base number of 9 (2n=2X=18) (Goldblatt and Johnson 1981; Ivanova and Vladimirov 2007; Ramdani et al. 2015). The close relative of spurge laurel, Daphne mezereum L., contains the same chromosomal cytotype (Ramdani et al. 2015). Additionally, the physical chromosome length ranges from 2.0-3.0 µm (Kamari et al. 2003). However, no literature exists on the chromosomal number determined for locations in Canada. 3 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Canadian Journal of Plant Science Page 4 of 35 (b) Distinguishing Features Daphne is easily distinguishable from most other members of the genus by its black drupes, entire glabrescence, and reduced lateral inflorescences with 3-7 greenish-white flowers (Feliner 1996). Daphne resembles Pacific rhododendron, Rhododendron macrophyllum, with the distinct broadleaf whorls on branched stems; yet daphne does not produce bright pink flowers like Pacific rhododendron. For this reason, spurge laurel is a common gardening favourite (Invasive Council of BC 2014). Daphne laureola is furthermore differentiated from FebruaryFor Daphne Review (Daphne mezereum Only) due to the color of the fruit and deciduous leaf habit; D. laureola containing dark black drupes and entire glabrescence. The flowers of February Daphne are lilac-purple or white in clusters (Nelson et al. 2007). Daphne has been more frequently observed in shaded areas, ranging from large bushes to single juvenile stems (Lei 2014; Strelau Pers. Obs.). Refer to Figure 1 for an illustration of the unique architecture in an adult daphne plant. (c) Intraspecific variation Variation amongst D. laureola plants has led to a debate over taxonomic divisions within the species. In the western Mediterranean, three intraspecific taxa have been described. These include subspecies Philippei (Gren) Nyman from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, var. cantabrica (Wilik). Wilik from the upper elevations of the Cantabrian Mountains, and subspecies Latifolia (Cross.) Rivas-Mart from Southern Spain and North Africa. Also, from North Africa, D. laureola f. kabylica (Chabert) Pau from Algeria and D. laureola var. hosmariensis Ball from Morocco have been described, albeit less commonly (Feliner 1996). There also exists Daphne laureola subsp. laureola, var. laureola, var. philippei (Gren.) Meisn, and latifolia Cross. In the Baetic ranges in Spain, the central core daphne 4 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Page 5 of 35 Canadian Journal of Plant Science populations have a slightly higher genetic diversity compared to marginal populations (Castilla et al. 2012). An extensive range of architectural types in this species exists because of the ability to varying height, length, and degree of stem branching (Alonso et al. 2004). Studies have demonstrated variation in the concentration of coumarins (vanilla scented flavouring) (Alonso et al. 2004). Daphne laureola, as a gynodioecious species, has a higher concentration of coumarins in females and populations at higher altitudes; following optimal theory (Alonso et al. 2004). This can lead to a variationFor in sex ratiosReview depending on theOnly environment. However, the cost of male function may be context dependent (Alonso et al. 2005). Although gynodioecy and resulting sex ratios of D. laureola has not been studied in Canada, this is an important area for future research as it would improve our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of D. laureola in its native and introduced ranges. In British Columbia there seems to be a distinction between plants growing in the sun and those growing in the shade. Plants with low irradiant sunlight generally have thinner, darker green, healthy looking leaves, whereas those growing under high irradiant sunlight have thicker, slightly down curled, chlorotic leaves (pers. Obs. J. Sargent, C. Webb). Leaves have been observed to contain higher leaf mass to area ratio (LMA) and fewer nitrogen levels in open sites compared to Douglas-fir understory locations (Lei 2014). (d) Illustrations Fig. 1 illustrates the anatomy of the plant; Fig. 2 provides some photographs to assist with the identification of D. laureola. The distribution in Canada and the adjoining Pacific Northwest is illustrated in Fig. 3. 3. Economic Importance 5 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cjps-pubs Canadian Journal of Plant Science Page 6 of 35 (a) Detrimental Daphne is native to Eurasia and North Africa but has recently been introduced as an invasive plant in North America (Alonso and Herrera 1996; Lei 2014; EFlora BC 2016).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thymelaeaceae)
    Origin and diversification of the Australasian genera Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae) by MOLEBOHENG CYNTHIA MOTS! Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr Michelle van der Bank Co-supervisors: Dr Barbara L. Rye Dr Vincent Savolainen JUNE 2009 AFFIDAVIT: MASTER'S AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This serves to confirm that I Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi Full Name(s) and Surname ID Number 7808020422084 Student number 920108362 enrolled for the Qualification PhD Faculty _Science Herewith declare that my academic work is in line with the Plagiarism Policy of the University of Johannesburg which I am familiar. I further declare that the work presented in the thesis (minor dissertation/dissertation/thesis) is authentic and original unless clearly indicated otherwise and in such instances full reference to the source is acknowledged and I do not pretend to receive any credit for such acknowledged quotations, and that there is no copyright infringement in my work. I declare that no unethical research practices were used or material gained through dishonesty. I understand that plagiarism is a serious offence and that should I contravene the Plagiarism Policy notwithstanding signing this affidavit, I may be found guilty of a serious criminal offence (perjury) that would amongst other consequences compel the UJ to inform all other tertiary institutions of the offence and to issue a corresponding certificate of reprehensible academic conduct to whomever request such a certificate from the institution. Signed at _Johannesburg on this 31 of _July 2009 Signature Print name Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi STAMP COMMISSIONER OF OATHS Affidavit certified by a Commissioner of Oaths This affidavit cordons with the requirements of the JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND COMMISSIONERS OF OATHS ACT 16 OF 1963 and the applicable Regulations published in the GG GNR 1258 of 21 July 1972; GN 903 of 10 July 1998; GN 109 of 2 February 2001 as amended.
    [Show full text]
  • Spurge Laurel Other Common Names: Daphne, Daphne- USDA Symbol: DALA11 Daphne Laureola Spurge, Daphne-Laurel ODA Rating: B
    Spurge laurel Other common names: daphne, daphne- USDA symbol: DALA11 Daphne laureola spurge, daphne-laurel ODA rating: B Introduction: The Daphne family consists of 500 species mostly small shrubs or occasional herbs. Most members of the group produce stem fibers and a few are used for papermaking in Asia. Spurge laurel was planted throughout the Pacific Northwest for decades. It is a native in much of Western Europe and the southern countries of Eastern Europe. Southern British Columbia, especially southern Vancouver island and in the Vancouver area, have well-established populations of spurge laurel. In Washington State, many west-side counties have escaped populations near urban areas. The hard seeds are consumed by birds and transported off-site Distribution: Oregon spurge laurel infestations are increasing. The largest infestations are located in Yamhill, Douglas and Benton counties. The Columbia River Gorge also contains outbreaks of the weed. Deciduous forests are the perfect habitat providing partial shade for the shrubs though conifer forests are equally suitable especially along the edges. Description: Spurge laurel is an attractive ornamental plant known for its spiraling evergreen leaves and greenish-yellow, bitter-fragrant flowers. Larger patches emit an unpleasant odor. Flowering occurs in late winter-early spring, producing clusters of blue berries during the spring. The one-seeded drupes are eaten and dispersed widely by birds and small mammals. Shrubs reach a height of 0.5-1.5 meters. This weed tolerates low light levels from partial to deep shade. It prefers better-drained clay loams and forest loams with neutral to acidic soils. Escaped populations form dense stands mostly under tree canopies.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Dirca (Thymelaeaceae) Based on Its Sequences and ISSR Polymorphisms James A
    Horticulture Publications Horticulture 12-28-2004 Systematics of Dirca (Thymelaeaceae) based on its Sequences and ISSR Polymorphisms James A. Schrader Iowa State University, [email protected] William R. Graves Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/hort_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Horticulture Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ hort_pubs/12. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Horticulture at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Horticulture Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systematics of Dirca (Thymelaeaceae) based on its Sequences and ISSR Polymorphisms Abstract The eg nus Dirca consists of three disjunct species of shrubs. Dirca palustris is found in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada; D, occidcntahs is Umited to six counties near the San Francisco Bay in California; and the recently discovered D, mcxicana is known from one isolated population in northeastern Mexico. The three species have been described and classified according to morphological characters, but the morphological evidence does not provide a clear assessment of the relationships among the species. Morphologically D. mexicana most closely resembles D. occidenlalis., but known biogeographical trends raise doubt regarding how the three species are interrelated.
    [Show full text]
  • Open As a Single Document
    Cercis: The Redbuds by KENNETH R. ROBERTSON One of the few woody plants native to eastern North America that is widely planted as an ornamental is the eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis. This plant belongs to a genus of about eight species that is of interest to plant geographers because of its occurrence in four widely separated areas - the eastern United States southwestward to Mexico; western North America; south- ern and eastern Europe and western Asia; and eastern Asia. Cercis is a very distinctive genus in the Caesalpinia subfamily of the legume family (Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpinioi- - deae). Because the apparently simple heart-shaped leaves are actually derived from the fusion of two leaflets of an evenly pinnately compound leaf, Cercis is thought to be related to -~auhinic~, which includes the so-called orchid-trees c$~~ cultivated in tropical regions. The leaves of Bauhinia are usu- ally two-lobed with an apical notch and are made up of clearly ~ two partly fused leaflets. The eastern redbud is more important in the garden than most other spring flowering trees because the flower buds, as well as the open flowers, are colorful, and the total ornamental season continues for two to three weeks. In winter a small bud is found just above each of the leaf scars that occur along the twigs of the previous year’s growth; there are also clusters of winter buds on older branches and on the tree trunks (Figure 3). In early spring these winter buds enlarge (with the excep- tion of those at the tips of the branches) and soon open to re- veal clusters of flower buds.
    [Show full text]
  • May-June 2016 Green Dragon NL
    GREEN DRAGON TALES · MAY-JUNE 2016 · PAGE 1 IN THIS ISSUE: • Desirable Daphnes • Our May Plant Sale! • Membership Update • Potting Tips • Wurster Garden Update • From the Chair • News from National • Seedling Exchange Report • Upcoming ACNARGS Programs • Trough Workshop May 28 • Calendar of other garden programs • Garden Tour June 18 • Photo of the Month • Daphne Plant List Visit our blog: acnargs.blogspot.com May/June 2016 MAY 14: PARTICIPATE IN THE ACNARGS PLANT SALE! OUR BIGGEST FUNDRAISER OF THE YEAR! David Mitchell, Plant Sales Chair We are participating again in the Cooperative Extension Garden Fair and Plant Sale on May 14. Now is the time to pot up your divisions for our sale tables. Please use only soilless potting mix and remember to label every pot (common name and botanical, if known). The May plant sale will return to the Ithaca High School on May 14. Our tables/booth are located in the new gym, same as last year, exact location TBD, so look for us. Sale hours are 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. (although we may sell out earlier). Set up is Friday beginning at 4 p.m. until about 7 p.m. and Saturday beginning at 8 a.m. You may arrive early Saturday to drop off plants and help complete the setup. This year we appreciate, if you can, to sign-up to help in advance. We most need people for set-up and clean-up. Of course, you are encouraged to jump in to volunteer at any time; there's always something to do.
    [Show full text]
  • Spurge Laurel Management
    Control Options for Spurge Laurel General Information Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola), a shrub native to Western Europe and the Mediterranean, was introduced into North America as a garden ornamental. It has escaped cultivation, invading roadsides, parks and wooded areas. Spurge laurel reproduces both by seed and vegetatively, by sprouting from lateral roots. The berries are eaten by birds, which aids in seed dispersal. All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans, as well as to dogs and cats. Manual/Mechanical Techniques Small infestations of spurge laurel can be hand dug or pulled using a weed-pulling tool, such as a Weed Wrench™. Weed Wrenches and Extractigators™ are available for loan from the Whatcom County Noxious Weed Program. Please call (360)778-6232 or (360)778-6234 for more information. Young plants (3 yrs. or less) will often die after being cut close to the ground. For older plants, control may also be possible by cutting the plant off, but make sure the cut is below the ground surface. The sap of spurge laurel contains irritating toxins. Care should be taken to prevent the sap from coming into contact with the skin or eyes. Respiratory irritation has also been reported from inhaled droplets of sap. Chemical Recommendations Spurge laurel can be managed using specific herbicides. When using herbicides, always read and follow label directions for rates, spraying conditions, personal protective equipment and grazing intervals. If spraying is the chosen option, spray late in the evening to reduce the direct impact on pollinating insects. Do not spray when it is windy or raining, or when rain is forecast.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Benefits from Alternative Host Plants Could Maintain Polyphagy in a Phytophagous Insect
    Immune benefits from alternative host plants could maintain polyphagy in a phytophagous insect Karen Muller, Fanny Vogelweith, Denis Thiéry, Yannick Moret & Jérôme Moreau Oecologia ISSN 0029-8549 Volume 177 Number 2 Oecologia (2015) 177:467-475 DOI 10.1007/s00442-014-3097-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Oecologia (2015) 177:467–475 DOI 10.1007/s00442-014-3097-1 PLANT-MICROBE-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS - ORIGINAL RESEARCH Immune benefits from alternative host plants could maintain polyphagy in a phytophagous insect Karen Muller · Fanny Vogelweith · Denis Thiéry · Yannick Moret · Jérôme Moreau Received: 12 September 2014 / Accepted: 16 September 2014 / Published online: 2 October 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The tritrophic interactions hypothesis, inte- activity) of L. botrana larvae were significantly enhanced grating bottom-up (plant-herbivore) and top-down (her- when they were fed AHPs rather than grape.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices
    Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices PLANT INVASIONS: POLICIES, POLITICS, AND PRACTICES Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Weeds Across Borders Conference Edited by Emily Rindos 1– 4 JUNE 2010 NATIONAL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER SHEPHERDSTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA, USA Suggested citation: Name of author(s). 2011. Paper title. Page(s) __ in E. Rindos, ed., Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices, Proceedings of the 2010 Weeds Across Borders Conference, 1–4 June 2010, National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University, Center for Invasive Plant Management. Design: Emily Rindos Copyright © 2011 Montana State University, Center for Invasive Plant Management Weeds Across Borders 2010 Coordinating Committee Stephen Darbyshire, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Jenny Ericson, US Fish and Wildlife Service Francisco Espinosa García, UNAM–National University of Mexico Russell Jones, US Environmental Protection Agency Cory Lindgren, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Les Mehrhoff, Invasive Plant Atlas of New England Gina Ramos, US Bureau of Land Management www.weedcenter.org/wab/2010 Produced by: Center for Invasive Plant Management 235 Linfield Hall, PO Box 173120 Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-3120 www.weedcenter.org Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................vii Weeds Across Borders 2010 Sponsors .....................................................................................................viii
    [Show full text]
  • Daphne Mezereum L. Mezereon
    Daphne mezereum L. Mezereon Starting references Family Thymelaeaceae IUCN category (2001) Vulnerable Habit Deciduous shrub. Habitat Calcareous woodland, often on steep, sometimes rocky slopes with little ground cover, but rarely in deep shade; also in chalk-pits, and in wet, species-rich fens. Reasons for decline Habitat loss and uprooting. Distribution in wild Country Locality & Vice County Sites Population (10km2 occurences) (plants) Wales Carmarthenshire 2 England Westmorland 1 W Lancashire 1 MW Yorkshire 3 Derbyshire 4 W Norfolk 1 E Gloucestershire 1 Oxfordshire 2 Berkshire 3 Buckinghamshire 1 Surrey 2 N Hampshire 2 W Sussex 1 Dorset 1 Ex situ Collections Gardens close to the region of distribution of the species 1 Holehird Gardens 2 Sizergh Castle (NT) 3 Sheffield Botanical Gardens 4 National Botanic Garden of Wales 5 Swansea Botanic Garden,17 6 Hidcote Manor (NT) 7 Batsford Arboretum 8 Abbotsbury Subtropical Garden 9 University of Oxford Botanic Garden 10 The Harris Garden 11 Windsor Gardens 12 Cliveden (NT) 13 High Beeches Gardens 14 Nymans Garden (NT) 15 Borde Hill Garden 16 RBG Kew 17 RHS Wisley 18 Cambridge University Botanic Garden Gardens with specialisation on genus Daphne Ness Botanic Garden Potential to grow the species in ex situ Collections In the wild, reproduces by seed and is self-fertile. From Plants For A Future • Propagation Seed - best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe with the pot sealed in a polythene bag to hold in the moisture. Remove this bag as soon as germination takes place. The seed usually germinates better if it is harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it dries on the plant) and sown immediately.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradise Plant Daphne Mezereum Reviewer Affiliation/Organization Date (Mm/Dd/Yyyy) Tina Markeson MNDOT 09/087/2011
    MN NWAC Risk Common Name Latin Name Assessment Worksheet (04-2011) Paradise Plant Daphne mezereum Reviewer Affiliation/Organization Date (mm/dd/yyyy) Tina Markeson MNDOT 09/087/2011 Box Question Answer Outcome 1 Is the plant species or genotype Yes- Native to Europe (i.e., Go to box:?) 3 non-native? 2 Does the plant species pose significant human or livestock concerns or has the potential to significantly harm agricultural production? A. Does the plant have toxic Yes – Highly toxic to humans and livestock qualities that pose a significant risk to livestock, wildlife, or people? B. Does the plant cause significant financial losses associated with decreased yields, reduced quality, or increased production costs? 3 Is the plant species, or a related Southern Ontario (Some of these species have the potential to become invasive exotics in Go to #6 species, documented as being a Ontario. They can reproduce aggressively on occasion but have not been shown to be a problem elsewhere? serious threat to natural areas in Ontario.) http://www.serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf 4 Is the plant species’ life history & Growth requirements understood? 5 Gather and evaluate further (Comments/Notes) information: 6 Does the plant species have the Yes –successfully cultivated within Zone 3 capacity to establish and survive in Minnesota? Box Question Answer Outcome A. Is the plant, or a close Yes – Along TH61 (North Shore Dr.) Go to #7 relative, currently established in Minnesota? B. Has the plant become Yes - Ontario established in areas having a climate and growing conditions similar to those found in Minnesota? 7 Does the plant species have the Seed Germination of Daphne mezereum: Fruit Stages, Cold Treatment, and potential to reproduce and more; D.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring in Southern Portugal
    Spring in Southern Portugal Naturetrek Tour Report 17 - 24 April 2018 Report compiled by Philip Thompson Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Spring in Southern Portugal Tour participants: Philip Thompson & Keith Buchanan (leaders) with 13 Naturetrek clients Day 1 Tuesday 17th April Having arrived safely and gathered the group together, it was then a thankfully quick process to arrange collection of our minibus and get under way. We headed north through the hills that fringe the Algarve. Here the traffic declined and we enjoyed a winding scenic transfer through these little-visited hills. The roadsides held an abundant and diverse range of flowers for the sharp-eyed to pick out. We stopped at a scenic viewpoint Mirador on a hilltop at the halfway point, to stretch our legs and take in a little of the botanical riches to be discovered. Birdlife was unfortunately rather thin for those interested, but the trip ahead would more than make up for it. The most notable plant found were a number of examples of Ornithogalum broteroi: a species confined to Iberia. Having spent rather too long ‘stretching our legs’, we headed on to complete our transfer to Mertola a little later than planned, where we were soon assigned our rooms and arrangements made to meet up later for our evening meal in town. Day 2 Wednesday 18th April Our day today was fully spent within the Castro Verde SPA, looking for the specialised and threatened steppe birds for which the area is renowned.
    [Show full text]
  • Malvales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales
    Amborellales Malvales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Acorales G Eenzaadlobbigen G Alismatales Petrosaviales Huerteales Pandanales Een recente ontwikkeling is het Dioscoreales Dipentodontaceae in een nieuw Liliales Asparagales hout- en anatomische kenmerke 2 geslachten en 5 soorten van b Arecales en samengestelde bladeren, die G Commeliniden G Dasypogonales Poales werden geplaatst. De Dipentod Commelinales sinicus, een boom uit China en Zingiberales die vroeger in de Violales werd Ceratophyllales Malvales Chloranthales De Malvales zijn voor het meren Canellales warme streken. Ze hebben vers Piperales G Magnoliiden G De bast is nogal eens vezelig, st Magnoliales veel voor. De kroonbladen ligge Laurales Ze hebben meestal een lange st Ranunculales De zaden en de binnenkant van Sabiales bezet. Deze orde omvatte al de Proteales Trochodendrales Dipterocarpaceae, Bixaceae, Ne Buxales Sphaerosepalaceae. De Lindefam Gunnerales Bombacaceae zijn nu opgenom Berberidopsidales (Malvaceae). De Muntingiaceae Dilleniales afgesplitst. Nieuwkomers in de Caryophyllales Santalales (Cistaceae), uit de Violales, en d Saxifragales (Thymelaeaceae) uit de Euphorb Cytinaceae (vroeger Rafflesiales G Geavanceerde tweezaadlobbigen G Vitales Crossosomatales ook in deze orde thuis. Geraniales Myrtales Sapindales Zygophyllales De meeste soorten in deze orde Celastrales houtige gewassen, vaak met sam Malpighiales G Fabiden G Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Bixaceae G Rosiden G Cucurbitales Malvaceae Fagales Muntingiaceae Cistaceae Huerteales Dipterocarpaceae G G Malviden Brassicales
    [Show full text]