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An In-Depth Study of the Tell Brak Eye Idols in the 4Th Millennium BCE: with a Primary Focus on Function and Meaning
1 The Eyes Have It An In-Depth Study of the Tell Brak Eye Idols in the 4th Millennium BCE: with a primary focus on function and meaning Honours Thesis Department of Archaeology The University of Sydney Arabella Cooper 430145722 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sydney, Australia, 2016. 2 “In the present state of our knowledge there are very few archaeological discoveries which can be described as unique, but one class of objects from Brak is unique-the eye-idols or images which turned up in thousands in the grey brick stratum of the earlier Eye-Temple" M.E.L Mallowan, 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, 33. Cover Image: Figures 1-5. M.E.L Mallowan, 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, 33. 3 Statement of Authorship The research described in this thesis, except where referenced, is the original work of the author and was a discrete project supervised by Dr Alison Betts. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other individual’s work has been used without accurate referencing and acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. Arabella Cooper, November 2016 4 Acknowledgments As with any major study or work, you do not toil in isolation and the writing of this thesis is no different. I first would like to thank my supervisor Professor Alison Betts, and even more so the wonderful staff at the Nicholson Museum Candace Richards and Karen Alexander for their patience and advise. -
The Architecture and Pottery of a Late 3Rd Millennium BC Residential Quarter at Tell Hamoukar, Northeastern Syria
The Architecture and Pottery of a Late 3rd Millennium BC Residential Quarter at Tell Hamoukar, Northeastern Syria The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Colantoni, C., and J. A. Ur. 2011. The Architecture and Pottery of a Late 3rd Millennium BC Residential Quarter at Tell Hamoukar, Northeastern Syria. Iraq 73:21-69 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5342153 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA VOLUME LXXIII • 2011 CONTENTS Editorial iii Obituaries: Dr Donny George Youkhanna, Mrs Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop v Jason Ur, Philip Karsgaard and Joan Oates: The spatial dimensions of early Mesopotamian urbanism: The Tell Brak suburban survey, 2003–2006 1 Carlo Colantoni and Jason Ur: The architecture and pottery of a late third-millennium residential quarter at Tell Hamoukar, north-eastern Syria 21 David Kertai: Kalæu’s palaces of war and peace: Palace architecture at Nimrud in the ninth century bc 71 Joshua Jeffers: Fifth-campaign reliefs in Sennacherib’s “Palace Without Rival” at Nineveh 87 M. P. Streck and N. Wasserman: Dialogues and riddles: Three Old Babylonian wisdom texts 117 Grégory Chambon and Eleanor Robson: Untouchable or unrepeatable? The upper end of the Old Babylonian metrological systems for capacity -
The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: the Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003-2006
The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003-2006 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ur, Jason, Philip Karsgaard, and Joan Oates. 2011. The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003-2006. Iraq 73: 1-19. Published Version http://www.britac.ac.uk/INSTITUTES/IRAQ/journal.htm Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5366597 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA VOLUME LXXIII • 2011 CONTENTS Editorial iii Obituaries: Dr Donny George Youkhanna, Mrs Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop v Jason Ur, Philip Karsgaard and Joan Oates: The spatial dimensions of early Mesopotamian urbanism: The Tell Brak suburban survey, 2003–2006 1 Carlo Colantoni and Jason Ur: The architecture and pottery of a late third-millennium residential quarter at Tell Hamoukar, north-eastern Syria 21 David Kertai: Kalæu’s palaces of war and peace: Palace architecture at Nimrud in the ninth century bc 71 Joshua Jeffers: Fifth-campaign reliefs in Sennacherib’s “Palace Without Rival” at Nineveh 87 M. P. Streck and N. Wasserman: Dialogues and riddles: Three Old Babylonian wisdom texts 117 Grégory Chambon and Eleanor Robson: Untouchable or unrepeatable? The upper end of -
Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad
Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad Edited by Harvey Weiss 2012 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden ISSN 1869-845X ISBN 978-3-447-06823-9 Contents Preface . VII Harvey WEISS Quantifying Collapse: The Late Third Millennium Khabur Plains . 1 Augusta MCMAHON Post-Akkadian ceramic assemblages of the central Upper Khabur: What can pottery tell us about political and climate change? . 25 Carlo COLANTONI Touching the void. The Post-Akkadian Period viewed from Tell Brak . 45 Geoff EMBERLING, Helen MCDONALD, Jill WEBER, and Henry WRIGHT After Collapse: The Post-Akkadian Occupation in the Pisé Building, Tell Brak . 65 Valentina ORSI Tell Barri before Kahat. 89 Rafał KOLIŃSKI Generation Count at Tell Arbid, Sector P. 109 Christophe NICOLLE Pre-Khabur Occupations at Tell Mohammed Diyab (Syrian Jezirah) . 129 Peter PFÄLZNER Household Dynamics in Late Third Millennium Northern Mesopotamia . 145 Harvey WEISS, Sturt W. MANNING, Lauren RISTVET, Lucia MORI, Mark BESONEN, Andrew MCCARTHY, Philippe QUENET, Alexia SMITH, and Zainab BAHRANI Tell Leilan Akkadian Imperialization, Collapse and Short-Lived Reoccupation Defi ned by High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating . 163 Philippe QUENET and Lauren RISTVET Late Third Millennium Ceramics from the Akkadian Administrative Building (AAB), Tell Leilan, Syria. 193 Andrew MCCARTHY The End of Empire: Akkadian and post-Akkadian glyptic in the Jezirah, the evidence from Tell Leilan in context . 217 Alexia SMITH Akkadian and post-Akkadian Plant Use at Tell Leilan . 225 Lauren RISTVET The Development of Underdevelopment? Imperialism, Economic Exploitation and Settlement Dynamics on the Khabur Plains, ca. 2300-2200 BC. 241 Monica ARRIVABENI Post-Akkadian Settlement Distribution in the Leilan Region Survey . 261 Clemens REICHEL, Tate PAULETTE, and Kathryn GROSSMAN Early Bronze Age Hamoukar: “Akkadian” – and Beyond? . -
Hamoukar. Clemens Reichel
oi.uchicago.edu hamoukar hamoukar Clemens reichel The current situation in Syria has not allowed us to undertake field seasons at Hamoukar for the past two years. Our focus during the past year, therefore, has been on the processing and publication of data excavated since 2005. In addition to the human tragedies that continue to unfold, Syria’s archaeological heri- tage also has been put into danger; in some cases it has already suffered badly. On May 16, 2012, a report called “Damage to the Soul: Syria’s Cultural Heritage in Conflict” (http:// globalheritagenetwork.ning.com/profiles/blogs/new-report-on-damage-to-syria-s-cultural -heritage), compiled by Emma Cunliffe (Durham University) in cooperation with the Global Heritage Fund, was published, which details not only numerous instances of illegal digging and looting, but also a direct impact of military actions on archaeological sites. The most dis- turbing images were recorded between January and March 2012 on several videos (also linked to on the Global Heritage Fund website), which show the citadel mound of Qalaʾat al-Mudiq, the citadel mound of Apamea, being subjected to prolonged shelling and suffering heavy damage. Even Apamea’s world-famous colonnaded streets that traverse this city — once one of the largest cities in the eastern Roman Empire — have suffered damage in these attacks. But other major sites don’t seem to fare any better: at the Roman/Nabatean site of Bosra in southern Syria, famous for its fully preserved theater, bomb damage to ancient houses and vaults has been reported. In summer 2011, armed gunmen stormed the Krak des Chevaliers in western Syria, evicted the staff, and looted it. -
Urbanism in the Northern Levant During the 4Th Millennium BCE Rasha El-Endari University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 Urbanism in the Northern Levant during the 4th Millennium BCE Rasha el-Endari University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation el-Endari, Rasha, "Urbanism in the Northern Levant during the 4th Millennium BCE" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 661. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/661 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. URBANISM IN THE NORTHEN LEVANT DURING THE 4TH MILLENNIUM BCE URBANISM IN THE NORTHEN LEVANT DURING THE 4TH MILLENNIUM BCE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Rasha el-Endari Damascus University Bachelor of Science in Archaeological Studies, 2005 December 2012 University of Arkansas Abstract The development of urbanism in the Near East during the 4thmillennium BCE has been an important debate for decades and with recent scientific findings, a revival of this intellectual discussion has come about. Many archaeologists suggested that urban societies first emerged in southern Mesopotamia, and then expanded to the north and northwest. With recent excavations in northern Mesopotamia, significant evidence has come to light with the finding of monumental architecture and city walls dated to the beginning of the 4th millennium BCE, well before southern Mesopotamian urban expansion. -
Uruk 08:Uruk 08
8 Indigenous Social Complexity at Hacınebi (Turkey) and the Organization of Uruk Colonial Contact Gil J. Stein …this is an imperialism that weakens at its periphery. At the center are hands on the levers of power, but the cables have, in a sense, been badly frayed or even cut. It is a world system in which minor agents, allies, and even subjects at the periphery often guide the course of empires. —Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 The impact of Mesopotamian expansion during the Middle and Late Uruk periods (ca. 3700–3100 B.C.) on neighboring societies in Iran, Syria, and Anatolia has been the subject of considerable debate (Algaze 1989b, 1993a; Rothman 1993; Schwartz 1988b; Stein 1990, 1998; Wattenmaker 1990). Only recently, however, have researchers broadened their research focus away from the Uruk colonies them- selves towards an examination of the indigenous societies with whom the Mesopotamians interacted (Frangipane 1993; Stein, Bernbeck et al. 1996). It is impossible to determine the degree of Uruk influence on the development of neighboring groups without establishing a baseline for comparison. We can do so by documenting indigenous social and political organization in southeast Anatolia, north Syria, and the Iraqi Jazira in the periods before intensive contact and Mesopotamian colo- nization began ca. 3700 B.C. At the same time, we can best understand the Uruk expansion by studying the organization of economic and political interaction between the Mesopotamians and indigenous poli- ties in these zones of primary contact. In this chapter I examine the Copyrighted Material www.sarpress.org 265 G IL J. -
Durham Research Online
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 08 December 2009 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Wilkinson, T. J. (2002) 'Physical and cultural landscapes of the Hamoukar area, (Syria).', Akkadica., 123 (fasc.1). pp. 89-105. Further information on publisher's website: http://www.akkadica.org/periodical.htm Publisher's copyright statement: Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Physical and Cultural Landscapes of the Hamoukar Area TJ. Wilkinson· The low relief landscape of the Khabur ba'iin and adjacent parts of Upper Mesopotamia is blessed wilh one of the richest archaeological records in the Near East. bUI in order to maximize our interpretation of this record it is necessary 10 understand the geoarchaeological evolution of this terrain. Here I describe key a'ipects of the physical landscape of the NE Khabur basin and how this landscape has developed in conjunction with the cultural land scape. -
Ideology, Social Space & Power in Uruk Societies
IDEOLOGY, SOCIAL SPACE & POWER IN URUK SOCIETIES. – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NORTH AND SOUTH MESOPOTAMIAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE 4th MILLENNIUM B.C. KJETIL SUNDSDAL MASTERTHESIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN MAY 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank my dearest girlfriend Veslemøy for endless listening to wining about social theories, ideology and material culture. Her patience and support has been indispensable. She has been responsible for getting me up in the morning, and without her I would never have made it! I owe a special thanks to Nils Anfinset. His inspiring lesson about the Uruk culture caught my interest in the subject, and his guidance has been most valuable. Without him this thesis would not have been written. I would like to thank Professor of Religion Einar Thomassen for discussions and literature about Mesopotamian religion. I would also like to thank my English teacher Elisabeth Hornemann who has corrected my endless mess of fouls, learned and guided me in use of the English language, and Kari Nordmo at the library, who has helped me with orders of books and articles. To my fellow students, and especially Lars Aas and Kjetil Lofsgaarden, I thank you for useful discussions, help and a pleasant working environment. Mr Aas has also lightened the office with inspiring songs. I will thank the archaeological football association for gymnastic lessons between all the studying, and Tor Arne Waraas for a discussion about Gordon Childe. I will thank Professor Guillermo Algaze at university of California, San Diego, Professor Roger Matthews at UCL, Professor Hans Nissen at Freie Universität Berlin and Whiting Professor Glen Schwartz at the John Hopkins University, who have responded to questions on e-mail, and for their inspiring and essentials works. -
Hamoukar Clemens D
oi.uchicago.edu EPIGRAPHIC SURVEY and Lawrie Dean; Dr. Gerry Scott, Kathleen Scott, Mary Sadek, Amir Abdel Hamid, and Amira Khattab of the American Research Center in Egypt; Dr. Chip Vincent, Dr. Jarek Dobrolowski, and Janie Azziz of the Egyptian Antiquities Project; Dr. Michael Jones of the Egyptian Antiqui‑ ties Conservation Project; and all our friends and colleagues at the Oriental Institute. I must also express special gratitude to British Petroleum, the Getty Grant Program of the J. Paul Getty Trust, LaSalle National Bank, Mobil Oil, Coca‑Cola Egypt, Vodafone Egypt, and the World Monuments Fund for their invaluable support of our work. Thank you all! —————————— HAMOUKAR Clemens D. Reichel The cell phone rang as I was working in the photo studio. Somewhat unwillingly — I am still not used to this new medium of on‑site communication, in spite of its advantages — I finally picked it up. It was Ali (Alexandra Witsell) — the excitement in her voice cut through the static caused by the generally poor reception on‑site: “Come quickly — I have something to show you — you’ll love it….” No time to wait for the car to return from its shopping run. I walked — although the closest excavation area to the house still a ten minute walk at a brisk page. Ali was waiting for me at the top of Area B, the southern spur of Hamoukar’s high mound that yielded the remains of our burnt buildings, remains of the city destroyed by a violent conflagration around 3500 b.c., described in the 2005 Annual Report. “Have a look,” she said, pointing toward a rectangular room, which had walls preserved up to 1.70 m and which had been the focus of her excavation for the last two weeks. -
HAMOUKAR Mcguire Gibson the First Season of Excavation at Hamoukar Was an Unqualified Success
oi.uchicago.edu ARCHAEOLOGY HAMOUKAR McGuire Gibson The first season of excavation at Hamoukar was an unqualified success. The areas excavated have already shown that this mound contains abundant evidence to address two of the most im- 54 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE oi.uchicago.edu HAMOUKAR portant questions in Near Eastern archaeology: the origins of civilization and the development of the Akkadian state, which is normally considered the world's earliest empire. The expedition is a joint effort of the Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities and the Ori ental Institute. Muhammad Maktash is my co-director, and in the first season he was joined by Abdulillah Salama, an architect, and Mahmoud Fawaz. Amr al-Azm of the University of Dam ascus joined the expedition as environmental specialist, especially dealing with botanical re mains. The Chicago part of the staff included Judith Franke, who worked several seasons at Nippur and now directs the Dickson Mounds Museum in Illinois; Tony Wilkinson, landscape archaeologist; John C. Sanders, architect and computer expert; Peggy Sanders, draftsperson; Clemens Reichel, graduate student and archaeologist; Jason Ur, graduate student and archaeolo gist, specializing in surface survey during this season; Carrie Hritz, archaeologist; and Brigitte Watkins, archaeologist and photographer. Hamoukar, in northeastern Syria, is only eight kilometers from the border with Iraq and is situated on a major east-west route. Just as today's highway links Mosul with Aleppo, in ancient times a similar route joined Nineveh with Aleppo, passing through major sites like Tell Leilan, Tell Beydar, and on an alternate branch, through Tell Brak. Intensive archaeological investigation over the past twenty years in northern Iraq, northern Syria, and southern Turkey has made it clear that there is a large zone of shared culture that is summed up in terms such as Late Chalcolithic (fourth millennium BC) or Ninevite 5 (third mil lennium). -
Sealing Pots in Upper Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium
SEALING POTS IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA IN THE LATE THIRD MILLENNIUM Alejandro Gallego López (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) ABSTRACT Although the practice of sealing is well attested in Mesopotamia due to the numerous finds of cylinder-seals, clay sealings and bullae, when considering sealing impressions on pots the scope of this study dwindles remarkably. Within the last two decades Near Eastern archaeology has paid much more interest to this kind of impressions, specifically in the area of the Khabur basin, where archaeological sites such as Tell Beydar, Tell Arbid and Tell Brak have provided us with good samples of how this administrative device was used. The analysis of typology and the context of the pottery and its respective sealing will help us better understand the administrative schemes in Upper Mesopotamia during the Late Third Millennium, and whether Southern Mesopotamia influence is visible in local styles and shapes. RESUMEN A pesar de que la utilización de sellos está bien documentada en Mesopotamia gracias al hallazgo de un elevado número de cilindro-sellos, cretullae y bullae, si centramos el espectro a las improntas de cilindro- sellos en cerámica éstos merman notablemente. A lo largo de las últimas dos décadas la arqueología próximo-oriental ha intensificado su interés en este tipo de improntas, muy especialmente en la cuenca del Khabur, donde yacimientos como Tell Beydar, Tell Arbid y Tell Brak han proporcionado valiosas muestras de la manera en que dichos instrumentos administrativos eran utilizados. El análisis de la tipología y contexto arqueológico de la cerámica y su correspondiente sello puede ayudarnos a comprender de una manera más amplia las estructuras administrativas en la Alta Mesopotamia a fines del Tercer Milenio a.C.