The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

Institute of Space Sciences DE SANKT PETERSBURG A SANT CUGAT: CLOENDA D’UN ANY ATÍPIC DE CONFERÈNCIES IMPORTANTS

Emili Elizalde

AASCV, CONFERÈNCIA CIENTÍFICA DE CLOENDA 17 Desembre 2020

Activitat de la celebració IAU100 Sant Cugat V., 17.12.2020

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences VI Cosmology and the Quantum Vacuum

In Honor of Professor Emilio Elizalde’s 70th Birthday 5th-8th March 2020, Barcelona, Spain

• Enrique Alvarez (Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain) • Manuel Asorey (University of Zaragoza, Spain) • Stefano Bellucci (Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy) • Michael Bordag (University of Leipzig, Germany) • Mariam Bouhmadi-Lopez (University of the Basque Country, Spain) • Iver Brevik (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) • Ioseph L. Buchbinder (Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Russia) • Alvaro de la Cruz-Dombriz (University of Cape Town, South Africa) • Valerio Faraoni (Bishop's University, Canada) • Enrique Gaztañaga (Institute of Space Sciences CSIC/IEEC, Barcelona, Spain) • Joaquim Gomis (University of Barcelona, Spain) • Jaume Haro (Politechnic University of Barcelona, Spain) • Sergei D. Odintsov (Institute of Space Sciences CSIC/IEEC and ICREA, Barcelona, Spain) • Irina Pirozhenko (Dubna, Russia) • Diego Rubiera-García (University Complutense of Madrid, Spain) • Diego Sáez-Chillón Gómez (University of Valladolid, Spain) • Aram A. Saharian (Yerevan State Univervisity, Armenia) • Sergey Vernov (Moscow State University, Russia)

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences ______17th RUSSIAN GRAVITATIONAL CONFERENCE — INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GRAVITATION, COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS (RUSGRAV-17)

ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA JUNE 28 – JULY 4, 2020______

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences 1912 Year 1912

The Beginning of Modern Cosmology

 Distances Henrietta S. Leavitt (Cepheids)  Velocities Vesto M. Slipher (redshifts) Carl Wirtz (later) 7 April 1912: Victor Hess discovers cosmic rays

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences 1917  Universe: eternal  Universe = Milky Way  Universe: static why? Einstein field equations with Λ “Die Gröβte Eselei meines Lebens...” (Gamov)

Beginning of (Theoretical) Modern Cosmology

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

E Gaztañaga 2003.11544

 Case of Newton's gravitation, same phenomenon, tries to find a solution introducing, next to the Laplacian of Poisson’s equation, a “universal constant” λ  And proceeding analogously, p 151 he introduces the same type of universal constant, “eine vorläufig unbekannte universelle Konstante” (“a universal constant, unknown for the moment”), the cosmological constant

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Heber D. Curtis Harlow Shapley (1872-1942). (1885-1972)

Baird Apr 26, 1920 Auditorium

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington DC., USA Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences THE GREAT DEBATE "The scale of the universe"

Name or Title or Xtra Table 1: Distances in Mpc of spiral nebulae published by E Hubble in 1929

Table 1: Radial velocities in km/s of 25 spiral nebulae published by VM Slipher in 1917

“… your velocities and my distances”. Letter of E.P. Hubble to V.M. Slipher, Mar 6, 1953. Biographical Memoirs, Vol 52, National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) Institute of Space Sciences A. Einstein, “Zum kosmologischen Problem” (On the cosmological problem) prob. Jan, 1931 Note, Archives of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem A failed attempt at constructing a steady state model Hoyle, Bondi, Gold, 1948 "If you consider a physically limited volume, the particles of matter will continually leave it. In order for the density to remain constant, it is necessary for new particles of matter to be continuously produced in the volume, from the space itself”.

O’Raifeartaigh, et al. Einstein’s steady-state model of the universe, ArXiv 1402.0132;

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond LambdaCDM Adam G. Riess, Stefano Casertano, Wenlong Yuan, Lucas M. Macri, Dan Scolnic (Submitted on 18 Mar 2019 (v1), last revised 27 Mar 2019 (this version, v2)) We present an improved determination of the Hubble constant (H0) from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of 70 long-period Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud. These were obtained with the same WFC3 photometric system used to measure Cepheids in the hosts of Type Ia supernovae. Gyroscopic control of HST was employed to reduce overheads while collecting a large sample of widely-separated Cepheids. The Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation provides a zeropoint-free link with 0.4% precision between the new 1.2% geometric distance to the LMC from Detached Eclipsing Binaries (DEBs) measured by Pietrzynski et al (2019) and the luminosity of SNe Ia. Measurements and analysis of the LMC Cepheids were completed prior to knowledge of the new LMC distance. Combined with a refined calibration of the count-rate linearity of WFC3-IR with 0.1% precision (Riess et al 2019), these three improved elements together reduce the full uncertainty in the LMC geometric calibration of the Cepheid distance ladder from 2.5% to 1.3%. Using only the LMC DEBs to calibrate the ladder we find H0=74.22 +/- 1.82 km/s/Mpc including systematic uncertainties, 3% higher than before for this particular anchor. Combining the LMC DEBs, masers in NGC 4258 and Milky Way parallaxes yields our best estimate: H0 = 74.03 +/- 1.42 km/s/Mpc, including systematics, an uncertainty of 1.91%---15% lower than our best previous result. Removing any one of these anchors changes H0 by < 0.7%. The difference between H0 measured locally and the value inferred from Planck CMB+LCDM is 6.6+/-1.5 km/s/Mpc or 4.4 sigma (P=99.999% for Gaussian errors) in significance, raising the discrepancy beyond a plausible level of chance. The Astrophysical Journal, 876:85, 2019 May 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1422

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters Planck Collaboration (Submitted on 17 Jul 2018) We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6- parameter ΛCDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base ΛCDM" in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density Ωch2=0.120±0.001, baryon density Ωbh2=0.0224±0.0001, scalar spectral index ns=0.965±0.004, and optical depth τ=0.054±0.007 (in this abstract we quote 68% confidence regions on measured parameters and 95% on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to 0.03% precision, with 100θ =1.0411±0.0003. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming∗ the base-ΛCDM cosmology, the inferred late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant H0=(67.4±0.5)km/s/Mpc; matter density parameter Ωm=0.315±0.007; and matter fluctuation amplitude σ8=0.811±0.006. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-ΛCDM model. (Abridged) Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

The Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program. VIII. An Independent Determination of the Hubble Constant Based on the Tip of the Red Giant Branch Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, Dylan Hatt, Taylor J. Hoyt, In-Sung Jang, Rachael L. Beaton, Christopher R. Burns, Myung Gyoon Lee, Andrew J. Monson, Jillian R. Neeley, Mark M. Phillips, Jeffrey A. Rich, Mark Seibert (Submitted on 12 Jul 2019) We present a new and independent determination of the local value of the Hubble constant based on a calibration of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) applied to Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa). We find a value of Ho = 69.8 +/- 0.8 (+/-1.1\% stat) +/- 1.7 (+/- 2.4\% sys) km/sec/Mpc. The TRGB method is both precise and accurate, and is parallel to, but independent of the Cepheid distance scale. Our value sits midway in the range defined by the current Hubble tension. It agrees at the 1.2-sigma level with that of the Planck 2018 estimate, and at the 1.7-sigma level with the SHoES measurement of Ho based on the Cepheid distance scale. The TRGB distances have been measured using deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) imaging of galaxy halos. The zero point of the TRGB calibration is set with a distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud of 18.477 +/- 0.004 (stat) +/-0.020 (sys) mag, based on measurement of 20 late-type detached eclipsing binary (DEB) stars, combined with an HST parallax calibration of a 3.6 micron Cepheid Leavitt law based on Spitzer observations. We anchor the TRGB distances to galaxies that extend our measurement into the Hubble flow using the recently completed Carnegie Supernova Project I sample containing about 100 well-observed SNeIa. There are several advantages of halo TRGB distance measurements relative to Cepheid variables: these include low halo reddening, minimal effects of crowding or blending of the photometry, only a shallow (calibrated) sensitivity to metallicity in the I-band, and no need for multiple epochs of observations or concerns of different slopes with period. In addition, the host masses of our TRGB host-galaxy sample are higher on average than the Cepheid sample, better matching the range of host-galaxy masses in the CSP distant sample, and reducing potential systematic effects in the SNeIa measurements. The Astrophysical Journal, 882:34, 2019 Sep 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f73 Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

The Astrophysical Journal, 882:34, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f73 Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences arXiv:2006.12913

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Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences HAPP NOBEL LAUREATE DISCUSSION PANEL The Greatest Physics Discoveries of the 20th C. Location: Online via Zoom Date: Friday 31 July 2020 The panellists are: Professor Steven Weinberg ForMemRS (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979) Professor William Phillips (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1997) Professor Sir Anthony Leggett FRS (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003) Professor John Mather (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006) The discussants are: Professor Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell FRS FRSE (University of Oxford) Professor S. James Gates Jr (Brown University) Professor Chung-Pei Ma (University of California, Berkeley) Session Chair: Brian Greene (Columbia University)

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences Dues revolucions cosmològiques s. XX • Primera (1912-1931): Univers petit, etern, estàtic ------immens, origen (quasi res), expansió • Segona (1998-99): expansió accelerada (!?)

Name or Title or Xtra PhysicsInstitute of the of Impossible Revisited FridaySpace 20 November Sciences Online via Zoom

St Cross Centre for the History and Philosophy of Physics Physics of the Impossible Revisited Professor Michio Kaku (City College of New York)

Friday 20 November Online via Zoom

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Ciència: el possible Humanitats: concebible La ciència pot anar més enllá, doncs alguns descobriments fets no haurien pogut ser mai imaginats per cap pensador

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 8 October 2019 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos” with one half to James Peebles Princeton University, USA “for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology” and the other half jointly to Michel Mayor University of Geneva, Switzerland and Didier Queloz University of Geneva, Switzerland, University of Cambridge, UK “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 6 October 2020 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 “for the discoveries about one of the most exotic phenomena in the universe, the black hole” with one half to Roger Penrose University of Oxford, UK “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity” and the other half jointly to Reinhard Genzel Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany and University of California, Berkeley, USA and Andrea Ghez University of California, Los Angeles, USA “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy”

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Agujeros negros primordiales, materia oscura y ondas gravitacionales

Ponente: Juan García-Bellido (Instituto Física Teórica UAM) Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia 08/10/2020 https://www.fundacionareces.es/fundacionareces/es/cargarAplicacionMediateca.do?identificador=6817

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE ANDALUCÍA, IAA-CSIC

El Centro Galáctico: un laboratorio único para el estudio de los agujeros negros

Andrea Ghez, premio Nobel de Física 2020, impartirá una conferencia online sobre el centro de la Vía Láctea el próximo jueves 29 de octubre

Join the meeting at https://rediris.zoom.us/j/5884758913 ID for the meeting: 588 475 8913

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

The center of the Milky Way galaxy, imaged by the Spitzer Space Telescope's infrared cameras on October 9. NASA, JPL-Caltech, Susan Stolovy (SSC/Caltech) et al.

Name or Title or Xtra - InstituteK- and L- bandof adaptive optics image of the Galactic The positions and motions of the SiO maser stars in the nedSpace with Sciences NACO on the VLT. The image is 30'' across. Galactic Center.

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/www.mpg.de-streaming- eu/de/institute/mpe/orbitMovie2015_v2.mp4

https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6590570/Stellar-Orbits

Name or Title or Xtra Big Bang Darreres entrades al blog: Divulgació científica en català OBRINT ELS ULLS...

• Les dues revolucions cosmològiques del segle XX — L’univers s’expandeix i va tenir un origen; i encara més, l’expansió de l’univers s’accelera • Una història d’harmonia i de misteri — Sobre músiques sublims i paradoxes, i les sèries divergents, la funció zeta • Un brindis per Pere Menal — Matemàtic. Lleida, 17.7.51 - Cervera, 4.4.91 — Tota una vida resumida en un Teorema • El gran debat de 1920: “Sobre l'escala de distàncies de l'Univers” — Commemorant l’històric debat Shapley vs Curtis del dia 26 d’abril de 1920 • La constant cosmológica — “...la burrada més gran de la meva vida” Albert Einstein, 1931 • El Gènesi segons la ciència del nou mil·lenni — No hi va haver cap explosió en l'origen de l’Univers Institute of Space Sciences

El Gènesi segons la ciència del nou mil·lenni No hi va haver cap explosió en l'origen de l’univers OBRINT ELS ULLS...

https://www.enciclopedia.cat/divulcat/el-genesis-segons-la-ciencia-del-nou-millenni

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences ASSOCIACIÓ ASTRONÒMICA SANT CUGAT-VALLDOREIX Gràcies a tots i a totes: • A na Carme Mas, en Carlos Gozalvo, els membres de les juntes, tècnics, etc. d’aquests catorze anys. • A l’Ajuntament de SC, a DAMM i els altres sponsors que ha tingut l’Associació. • Als tan generosos i qualificats conferenciants/tes • I, sobre tot, als socis que tan heu contribuït a mantenir-la viva.

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

ASSOCIACIÓ ASTRONÒMICA SANT CUGAT-VALLDOREIX Molt llarga vida !

Name or Title or Xtra Institute of Space Sciences

Gràcies !

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