DOCSLIB.ORG

The Use of Geo-Targeting During Elections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Use of Geo-Targeting During Elections 978-9934-564-55-0 THE USE OF GEO-TARGETING DURING ELECTIONS PREPARED BY THE NATO STATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE 1 ISBN: 978-9934-564-55-0 Authors: Nora Biteniece, Kristina Zina-Joy Van Sant Contributors to the Project: Linda Curika, Tetiana Marchenko Copy-editing: Anna Reynolds NATO STRATCOM COE 11b Kalciema Iela Riga LV1048, Latvia www.stratcomcoe.org Facebook/stratcomcoe Twitter @stratcomcoe This monograph was completed in September 2019, and draws on source material that was available by August 2019. This publication does not represent the opinions or policies of NATO or NATO StratCom COE. © All rights reserved by the NATO StratCom COE. Reports may not be copied, reproduced, distributed or publicly displayed without reference to the NATO StratCom COE. The views expressed here do not represent the views of NATO. 2 978-9934-564-55-0 THE USE OF GEO-TARGETING DURING ELECTIONS PREPARED BY THE NATO STATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE 3 Table of Contents Introduction...............................................................................4 Methodology...........................................................................13 Inferring Targeting............................................................................ 17 Data Collection................................................................................. 17 Framework....................................................................................... 18 Case Study: Indonesia...............................................................................19 Facebook.......................................................................................... 20 Instagram......................................................................................... 22 YouTube........................................................................................... 24 Google.............................................................................................. 25 Case Study: Finland..................................................................................29 Facebook.......................................................................................... 31 Instagram......................................................................................... 32 YouTube........................................................................................... 33 Google.............................................................................................. 34 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................38 Endnotes.................................................................................40 4 Introduction Geo-targeting is a common tool for targeting information to a specific geographical area and is widely used in digital marketing, which uses geolocation, in combination with information gleaned from available user data about consumer preferences, to deliver location-specific content. It is a cost- effective way to match information with consumers. We set out to examine geo-targeting of information in the context of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary and Indonesian presidential elections. Finland and Indonesia are socioeconomically very different and their internet penetration and adaptation of technology also vary significantly. However, both faced an important election, thus, are good targets for analysis. 5 5 Internet users around the globe demand dif- In the wake of the 2016 US Presidential elec- ferent information and experiences that corre- tion, it was discovered that the Internet Re- spond to their geography. The most immedi- search Agency, a Russian company engaged ate difference is language: people want news, in influence campaigns, used geo-targeting entertainment and services in their own lan- in conjunction with other parameters, such as guage. Other things that vary by geography interest, to promote groups, pages and events. are culture, currency, climate and consumer Similarly, Cambridge Analytica, a British polit- 1 norms. Geo-targeting is a common tool for ical consulting firm, used geo-targeting, cou- targeting information to a specific geograph- pled with their developed psychographics, to ical area and is widely used in digital market- target voters in swing states ahead of the US ing, in combination with information gleaned presidential election. from available user data about consumer pref- erences, to deliver location-specific content. It One of the challenges faced by governments is a cost-effective way to match information is to understand when and whether a poten- with consumers. tially harmful information campaign is target- ing its citizens. The ability to recognise hostile The majority of services online, including so- information targeted towards people inside the cial networking, photo and video-sharing plat- geographical boundaries of a certain country or forms, allow the display and targeting of ad- area could be one way of tackling this problem. vertisements based on users location, among The three main challenges with achieving this, many other criteria. Additionally, search en- are the lack of robust methods for capturing gine algorithms display a different rank of content displayed to people in a particular sources based on the users’ location. This is location, classifying it as hostile or non-hos- one reason why two users who enter the same tile and inferring targeting based on location. search terms into the same search engine but Content targeting determines, at least partial- are in different locations will receive different ly, the success of online platforms. However, results. Geo-targeting differs from censorship platforms rarely disclose their mechanisms in the digital environment because sources are for targeting. not made unavailable. Rather, selected sourc- es are suggested to users, featured higher on This report examines information related search rankings or displayed in ad spaces on to elections presented in certain geograph- websites. It is a legitimate and effective meth- ical locations across four platforms (Goo- od of online marketing. However, it can be gle, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook), and misused to disrupt or influence the informa- aims to unveil any targeted content. Further tion space, public discussions or even demo- analysis of the information and sources pre- cratic processes. sented is done using qualitative and quan- titative means. The following section intro- duces the case studies of the 2019 Finnish 6 parliamentary election and Indonesian presi- dential election, as well as the methodology used to collect data and obtain results. The third section describes the results we ob- tained for both countries on each platform. Conclusions and recommendations are present- ed in the final section. 7 Timeline of 2019 Presidential Elections in Indonesia April 2019 May 2019 June 2019 Indonesia’s election commission Accusations of corruption and Indonesia’s Constitutional orders an investigation into fraud culminate in protests and Court rejects Prabowo’s claim reports of overseas voter fraud riots fuelled by disinformation. that he was the victim of after videos circulated online systematic election fraud, feature thousands of ballots citing lack of evidence. 21 May 2019 that had been marked in favour of Widodo days before the The election commission elections took place. announces Joko Widodo has secured his re-election as 19 April 2019 Indonesia’s president with Indonesia holds a general 55.5% of the vote. Prabowo election. For the first time rejects this result, alleging presidential, parliamentary that ‘widespread cheating’ and regional elections all had taken place to ensure his take place on the same day. defeat. Around 192 million people The official declaration of cast their vote in an election Joko Widodo’s victory trig- involving 245,000 candidates gers protests by opposition running for more than 20,000 supporters. national and local legislative 23 May 2019 seats. During protests, eight civilians die and hundreds are injured. The violent protests are motivated by false informa- tion about the election spread through social media plat- forms, particularly WhatsApp. 888 2019 Presidential Elections in Indonesia With a population of 264 million, Indonesia is tial contest was the main focus of the Indo- the 4th most populous country in the world. It nesian electorate. Incumbent president Joko is ethnically and religiously very diverse, con- Widodo faced opposition candidate Prabowo sisting of 1,300 ethnic groups and containing Subianto, a former military general. the largest Muslim population in the world. Indonesians are avid social media and smart- The central issue of this election was Indo- phone users with an increasing number of in- nesia’s national identity and whether it should ternet users every year. In 2018, 64.8 percent adopt an increasingly Islamic political course. of the total population were already connect- Joko, a religious moderate, chose Ma’ruf Amin, ed to the internet, an increase by 10 percent a powerful Muslim cleric, as his running mate from the previous year. According to We Are to attract the votes of conservative Muslims. Social, the top visited websites in Indonesia Prabowo, who was endorsed by the country’s were Google, YouTube and Facebook, and the largest Islamist party, promised to protect Is- most used social media platforms were You- lamic leaders and to increase funding for reli- 2 Tube, Facebook and Instagram. gious schools. Despite its image as a country with a tolerant On 21
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parliamentary Elections 2011, Preliminary Data
    Elections 2011 Parliamentary elections 2011, preliminary data True Finns the biggest winner in the elections. Coalition Party the largest party in the Parliamentary elections 2011 Corrected on 27 April 2011. The correction is indicated in red. The True Finns emerged as the winner of the elections as the other parliamentary parties lost their support compared with the previous Parliamentary elections. The True Finns increased their support by 14.9 percentage points, thus gaining 19.0 per cent of the country's votes, which raised it from the smallest parliamentary party into the third largest party in Finland. The number of votes cast for the True Finns gave it 34 additional seats in Parliament. In total, the True Finns got 39 MPs and a total of 559,000 votes in the whole country, which is over 447,000 votes more than in the Parliamentary elections 2007. Support for parties in Parliamentary elections 2011 and 2007 The Centre Party of Finland lost most in the elections, as it dropped from the largest party to the fourth biggest party. The Centre Party gained 15.8 per cent of all the votes cast. When compared with the previous Parliamentary elections, its support went down by 7.3 percentage points. The Centre Party received 463,000 votes and 35 MPs into Parliament. The number of seats for the party fell by 16 and the number of votes by over 177,000 compared with the 2007 Parliamentary elections. Helsinki 18.4.2011 Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland is acknowledged as the source. The National Coalition Party emerged as the largest party.
    [Show full text]
  • Europeanparliamentelections2009
    Elections 2009 European Parliament elections 2009, nomination of candidates Nomination of candidates in European Parliament elections 2009 Elections of the Members of the European Parliament will be held in 27 European Union countries between 4 and 7 June 2009. In Finland the election day is 7 June 2009. Advance voting takes place in Finland on 27-30 May and 1-2 June 2009 and abroad on 27-30 May 2009. Elections for the Members of European Parliament (European Parliament elections) are held in each Member State in accordance with national election legislation. A total of 736 Members of the European Parliament will be selected for the five-year electoral period 2009-2014 and thirteen of them will be Finnish. In Finland candidates for the European Parliament elections can be nominated by registered parties and voters’ associations set up by eligible voters. Parties may establish electoral alliances and voters’ associations can form joint lists. Each party or electoral alliance may nominate at most 20 candidates and all of these candidates are nominated nationwide. One voters’ association was set up for these elections. All but one of the 14 registered political parties and one voters’ association nominated candidates in the elections (the Communist Workers’ Party did not nominate candidates). The total number of candidates is 241. Of the candidates 139 are men and 102 are women. The National Coalition Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Left Alliance nominated equal numbers of women and men. Women are in the majority among the Green League’s nominations; 11 of the nominated candidates are women and 9 men.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finnish Election System. Overview
    Publica� ons of the Opera� ons and 2020:3 Ministry of Jus� ce Finland administra� on The Finnish Election System Overview Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Operations and administration 2020:3 The Finnish Election System Overview Ministry of Justice, Finland, Helsinki 2020 Ministry of Justice, Finland ISBN: 978-952-259-792-2 Layout: Government Administration Department, Publications Helsinki 2020 Description sheet Published by Ministry of Justice, Finland 21 January 2020 Authors Arto Jääskeläinen The Finnish Election System Title of publication Overview Series and publication Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Operations and administration number 2020:3 Operations and Register number VN/12138/2019 Subject administration ISBN PDF 978-952-259-792-2 ISSN (PDF) 2490-208X Website address http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-792-2 (URN) Pages 38 Language English Keywords elections, election system Abstract General presentation of the Finnish election system. Publisher Ministry of Justice, Finland Distributed by/ Online version: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi Publication sales Publication sales: vnjulkaisumyynti.fi Kuvailulehti Julkaisija Oikeusministeriö 21.1.2020 Tekijät Arto Jääskeläinen Suomen vaalijärjestelmä Julkaisun nimi Yleisesitys Julkaisusarjan nimi Oikeusministeriön julkaisuja, Toiminta ja hallinto ja numero 2020:3 Diaari/hankenumero VN/12138/2019 Teema Toiminta ja hallinto ISBN PDF 978-952-259-792-2 ISSN PDF 2490-208X URN-osoite http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-792-2 Sivumäärä 38 Kieli englanti Asiasanat vaalit, vaalijärjestelmä
    [Show full text]
  • Parliament of Finland 2017
    parliament of finland 2017 arliament convened for its first 2017 plenary In addition to the formation of the new parliamentary session on 1 February on the substitute premises group, Parliament gained several new MPs in 2017 to P in the Sibelius Academy, where it still operated replace the MPs leaving Parliament. for the spring term due to the renovation of the Olli Rehn (Centre Party) was granted a release Parliament Building. The honorary speaker of from the office of Member of Parliament as of 1 Parliament by age, MP Pertti Salolainen (National February. Rehn was replaced by Pekka Puska (Centre Coalition Party), chaired the opening session until Party). the election of the Speaker and two Deputy Speakers. Nasima Razmyar (Social Democratic Party) was Parliament re-elected Maria Lohela (Finns Party) as released from the office of Member of Parliament as Speaker, Mauri Pekkarinen (Centre Party) as First of 9 June. Razmyar was replaced by Pilvi Torsti (Social Deputy Speaker and Arto Satonen (National Coalition Democratic Party). Party) as Second Deputy Speaker. The opening Hanna Mäntylä (New Alternative) left Parliament ceremonies of the parliamentary session took place at on 30 June. She was replaced on 3 July by Matti Finlandia Hall on 2 February. Torvinen (New Alternative). Alexander Stubb (National Coalition Party) Many changes in the composition of Parliament was granted a release from the office of Member of Parliament as of 30 July. As of 2 August, he was There were exceptionally large changes in the replaced by Pia Kauma (National Coalition Party). composition of Parliament during the parliamentary The government parties, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Sairaanhoitajat Protestoivat Eduskuntatalon Edessä
    PerusSuomalainen 10/2007 12. vuosikerta - Poliittinen lehti - Irtonumero 3 e - Perussuomalaiset - Sannfi nländarna rp:n äänenkannattaja KKuva:uva: JJussiussi NNiinistöiinistö Sairaanhoitajat protestoivat eduskuntatalon edessä Sisällöstä: - Soini: tavoitteena henkinen markkinajohtajuus 3 - Haastattelussa Veltto Virtanen 6 - Suomessa on nyt töitä ja tekijöitä omasta takaa 7 - Kotimaisen hunajan hankinnassa 8 Kansanedustajat Pirkko Ruohonen-Lerner, Pentti Oinonen ja Pertti Virtanen osoittamassa tukeaan hoitajille - PerusSuomalaisten tehoisku Lohjalla 9 mielenosoituksessa eduskunnan edessä 11.9.2007. Kuva: Jussi Niinistö - Vielä kuulee suomea ”Äänislinnassa” 15 PerusSuomalaisten pikkujoulut lähestyvät, lisää tietoa sivulla 20 PerusSuomalainen 10/2007 Internet-sivut: www.perussuomalaiset.fi Sähköposti: peruss@perussuomalaiset.fi 1 Päätoimittaja Harri Lindell [email protected] Muhamettilaisuudesta kääntyneet pois uskonnos- raha puolestaan noudatte- ajattelutavan välillä, pyr- Pahimmillaan tämä mer- taan, joka sortaa naisia ja lee samaa linjaa kuin ame- kivät tosiasiassa estämään kitsee yhteiskuntamme laki- Toistuvasti nousee esille asettaa heidät länsimaisen rikkalaiset ovat luvanneet islamin esiinmarssin länsi- en, ja kansalaisten asentei- pilapiirtäjiä, jotka haluavat ajattelutavan mukaan hal- Al-Qaida -verkoston johta- maissa. den muuttumista yhä tiu- ärsyttää ja herättää keskus- paan asemaan. jista. Veriraha verirahasta. Pelkona on Turkin ja en- kempaan Koraanin mää- telua. Tähän tarkoitukseen tisten Neuvostoliiton tasa-
    [Show full text]
  • FSD2653 Finnish National Election Study 2011 Codebook
    FSD2653 Finnish National Election Study 2011 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Finnish National Election Study 2011 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [pro- ducer and distributor], 2020. This codebook has been generated from the version 4.0 (28.10.2020) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN-33014 University of Tampere FSD User Services: asiakaspalvelu.fsd@uta.fi +358 40 190 1442 Aila Data Service Portal: https://services.fsd.uta.fi/ Finnish Social Science Data Archive http://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/ $ Koodikirjoitin.py v37 @ 2020-11-10 16:04:38.424000 $ To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD2653 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If neces- sary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Borg, Sami (University of Tampere) & Grönlund, Kimmo (Åbo Akademi Uni- versity): Finnish National Election Study 2011 [dataset]. Version 4.0 (2020-10- 28). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T- FSD2653 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Systems in Context Finland
    OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Thu Nov 30 2017, NEWGEN Chapter 29 Electoral Systems in Context Finland Åsa von Schoultz (née Bengtsson) Placing the Electoral System in Context In the family of proportional electoral systems, Finland makes a rare flower by com- bining a proportional formula and multimember districts1 with fully open lists and mandatory preferential voting. Open- list proportional representation (OLPR) provides the Finnish electoral system with two levels of competition. In line with Duverger’s law (1954), the proportional formula applied in multimember districts has generated a mul- tiparty system, which in turn involves a high degree of interparty competition. Finnish elections, as elections in most Western European countries, are fought between parties (or alliances of parties), and the allocation of seats across parties determines how power is distributed and used in the parliament. The open lists and mandatory preferential vot- ing features do, however, also provide the system with a high degree of intraparty com- petition. Alongside the constituency- based battle between parties, candidates within the same party compete over the seats that the party collectively will win. This inherent duality has a multitude of effects on how elections are played out at different levels of the political system. It has consequences for thenomination of can- didates, for how campaigns are fought and elections won, and for the behavior and atti- tudes of voters, politicians, and parties, just to name a few. The effects of this duality and in particular how the high degree of intraparty competition influences the political logic of Finnish politics will be explored later on in this chapter after a thorough presentation of the basic features of the electoral system.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Elections 2021
    Elections 2021 Municipal elections 2021 Nomination of candidates and background analysis of candidates A total of 35,627 candidates in Municipal elections 2021 Altogether 35,627 candidates were nominated for the 2021 Municipal elections, which is 2,009 (5.6 per cent) more than in the previous Municipal elections. Nineteen of the registered parties nominated candidates, while the number of candidates nominated by constituency associations was 1,126. Of the candidates, 21,480 are men and 14,147 women. Of the candidates nominated, 176 are current Members of Parliament and 6,520 are current municipal councillors. Of the parties, the most candidates were nominated by the Centre Party of Finland, 6,871 candidates and the least candidates were nominated by the Citizens’ Party, two candidates. The data are based on Statistics Finland's statistics on the nomination of candidates for the Municipal elections 2021. Women's and men’s proportions of candidates in Municipal elections 1953–2021 In Municipal elections, candidates can be nominated by registered political parties and constituency associations established by persons entitled to vote. Parties may form electoral alliances and constituency associations may form joint lists. Each party or electoral alliance may nominate at most 1.5 times the number of candidates as the number of councillors elected in the municipality. Of all candidates, 95.6 per cent were nominated by the current parliamentary parties. Of the candidates, 1.2 per cent were nominated by parties that do not have MPs in the present Parliament. Of such parties, the most candidates Helsinki 04.06.2021 Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland is acknowledged as the source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finnish Political System (5 Ects)
    THE FINNISH POLITICAL SYSTEM (3 ECTS) Tapio Raunio ([email protected]) Background and objectives The objective of the course is to introduce students to the Finnish political system After the course the students should understand how the political system of Finland operates and how the Nordic model of politics differs from other democracies The lecture series focuses on the Finnish political system. In addition, students are expected to read an article about Nordic politics Course organisation The dates and topics of the lectures are: 9.10. Introduction / Political culture 10.10. Voting and elections / Political parties / Parliament / Government / President 11.10. Corporatism and the welfare state / EU and security policies / Swedish-speaking minority / Concluding discussion Course evaluation is based on participation in the lectures and a learning diary. The learning diary (8-10 pages, font size 12, 1½ spacing) must be submitted by email to the teacher by 3 November POLITICAL CULTURE The homogeneity of the population The population of Finland is 5.5 million and is projected to stay at approximately the current level in the near future The official languages are Finnish, spoken by 88 % of the population, and Swedish, the first language of 5.3 % of the citizens 72 % of Finns are Lutherans Culturally Finland is still homogeneous. 6.2 % of the population were of ‘foreign background’ while 4,2 % held foreign passports (2015). Estonians and Russians are the largest groups Nonetheless, Finland has become rapidly more multicultural since the early 1990s Structural change What sets Finland apart in a European comparison is the prolonged predominance of the primary sector (agriculture and forestry) in the economy After the Second World War markets of pulp and paper industry boomed, and war reparations to Soviet Union made it necessary to expand the share of the metal industry in Finland’s industrial output.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Elections 2021
    Elections 2021 Municipal elections 2021 Review of voting in the Municipal elections Over one-half of voters voted in advance Statistics Finland releases information on the background of persons who voted in the Municipal elections 2021. The voting turnout in the elections was 55.1 per cent, which was the lowest since the 1945 Municipal elections. Clearly over one-half (60.0%) of those who voted cast their votes in advance. Detailed information about unit-level background factors on voting turnout is found in the review: Persons who voted in Municipal elections 2021. Voting percentages in Municipal elections 1984–2021 Clearly over one-half (60.0%) of those who voted did so in advance, the share of advance voters among persons entitled to vote was 33.1 per cent. In main type of activity groups advance voting was most common among pensioners, 45.1 per cent of those belonging to this group voted in advance. Helsinki 13.7.2021 Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland is acknowledged as the source. Share of advance voters among persons entitled to vote by main type of activity group in Municipal elections 2017 and 2021, % Examined by age those aged 75 were the most active advance voters (52.2% of persons entitled to vote), the number of advance voters was in relative terms lowest among those aged 18 (18.1%). In the voting districts where voting data was also available for the election day, the voting turnout was highest for those entitled to vote aged 73, of whom 69.6 per cent voted. The electronic voting register that enables a detailed examination of voting data on the election day was in use in 152 municipalities, of which 99 received data from all voting districts.
    [Show full text]
  • Becoming a 'National' Party? the Greens in the 2019 Finnish
    This is the accepted manuscript of the article, which has been published in Environmental Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1646445 Becoming a ‘national’ party? The Greens in the 2019 Finnish parliamentary elections Tapio Raunio Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland [email protected] The Green League approached the April 2019 election to the Eduskunta, Finland’s unicameral national legislature, with a mixture of high hopes and cautious optimism. Finland had been governed since the 2015 election by a centre-right coalition that brought together the agrarian/liberal Centre Party, the conservative National Coalition, and the populist Finns Party. Led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä, the government had introduced cuts to public sector expenditure and its main project was the reorganization of social and health services (known by its acronym SOTE in Finnish) that sought to combine directly-elected regional councils with a larger role for private companies in delivering the services. While the project ultimately failed, it nonetheless meant that the Sipilä cabinet was seen as an ‘austerity’ government almost exclusively concerned with competitiveness and reducing public debt; the government also downsized the education budget and reduced Finland’s development aid. Moreover, the government almost fell apart in the summer/autumn of 2015 when the European Union agreed to the third Greek bailout package and decided in favour of re-allocating asylum-seekers amongst the member states. These problems provided a window of opportunity for the Greens. Under the leadership of Ville Niinistö the Green League effectively became the leading, or at least the most vocal, opposition party, criticizing the cabinet strongly for its socially conservative policies whilst calling particularly for investment in education.
    [Show full text]
  • The Implementation of the Goals
    Vuosikertomus 2011 english:Vuosikertomus 16.5.2012 08:07 Sivu1 Vuosikertomus 2011 english:Vuosikertomus 16.5.2012 08:07 Sivu2 Financial statements speed up the balancing of the economy € 49 million less than estimated in the budget. Loans per inhabitant amounted to € 1,502, which is € 583 less than the national average. The City’s debt in- creased by € 38 per inhabitant. The very rapid growth of operating costs was the biggest cause for alarm in last year’s development. The budget was re- vised three times during the year. Al- though a net total of € 11.7 million was added to operating costs, they still ex- ceeded the revised budget by € 10 mil- lion. Although the financial status of our Ari Järvelä city is still relatively stable, we must take he implementation of the goals ments showed a deficit for the third time proactive measures to balance revenues determined in the Tampere during the period of application of the and costs. The annual increase in expen- Flows city strategy progressed Finnish Accounting Act (since 1997). The diture must be kept within limits allowed Tfavourably towards the realisa- City’s result before appropriations was in by growth. This requires moderation in tion of the City Council’s term of office deficit by € 12.5 million. All in all, the starting new services that add expendi- goals. Some 75 per cent of the opera- City’s deficit for the financial period was ture as well as a critical review of the cur- tional goals set for 2011 were realised as € 13.8 million after appropriations.
    [Show full text]