Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference Special Publication Presented by the Student Bioethics Forum and FUSION
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Princeton Bioethics Conference November 20, 2010 PJB Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference Special Publication Presented by The Student Bioethics Forum and FUSION Dedicated to the discussion and contemplation of issues at the intersection of technology and society. Princeton Bioethics Conference The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Tony Trenga ‘11 Editor-in-Chief Brett Lullo ‘11 Layout Editor Angela Dai ‘13 Bruce Easop ‘13 George Maliha ‘13 Joseph Park ‘13 James Williams ‘13 Alina Yang ’13 Editorial Staff Copyright 2010 by the Princeton Journal of Bioethics. All rights reserved. Cover Design: Jared Serwer ’98 Bioethics Emblem: Darryl Bledsoe ‘98 i The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference Foreword We are proud to present the attendees of the Princeton Bio- ethics Conference: Undergraduate Voices on the Intersection of Science, Technical Review Board Policy, and Ethics with this special publication of the Princeton Journal of Bioethics. A joint collaboration of the Student Bioethics Forum, The Technical Review Board was created to review the student writing thereby FUSION, and the Princeton Journal of Bioethics, this issue of the ensuring the accuracy and quality of the Journal. We would like to extend our Journal consists of the papers of the undergraduate students present- appreciation to these professionals who donated their time and expertise to our ing at this year’s conference. The articles we have selected discuss endeavor. topics such as drug addiction and the addict’s accountability, Michael Tooley’s “Abortion and Infanticide,” the ethics of the dissemination Martin R. Eichelberger, MD of nootropics, and life-support and end-of-life decision-making. Professor of Surgery and of Pediatrics, George Washington University; Attending Surgeon Children’s National Medical Center, ThePrinceton Bioethics Conference was envisioned as a forum Washington, D.C. for undergraduate discussion on the bioethical issues of the current scientific age and to highlight exceptional student submissions from Eric Gregory, PhD universities across the country. We firmly believe that many of the Professor of Religion, Princeton University undergraduates present will have active voices in the bioethical de- bates of the future. It is our hope that this conference will help to Irene Jillson, PhD start that conversation. We would like to acknowledge Peter Singer, Assistant Professor in the School of Nursing and Health Studies, Ira W. Decamp Professor of Bioethics in the University Center for Georgetown University Human Values, for his indispensable insights into how to make our idea for this conference a reality. Peter Singer, B.Phil Ira W. Decamp Professor of Bioethics in the University Center for Thank you for your continued support and interest in the Human Values, Princeton University Princeton Journal of Bioethics and the Princeton Bioethics Confer- ence. We hope that the presenters provide you with new perspec- tives and material to ponder, debate, and discuss. It is only through sustained dialogue and awareness that progress in bioethics can be made, and we invite you to become an active participant in this exciting and rapidly growing field. Sincerely, Tony Trenga ‘11 Emma Yates ‘11 Michael Skiles ‘12 Editor-In-Chief, President, President, Princeton Journal of Student Bioethics Fusion Bioethics Forum ii iii The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference The Princeton Journal of Bioethics NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MASQUERADES: IMPLICATIONS FOR 46 THE DEBATE ON PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE Undergraduate Bioethics Conference, November 20, 2010 Daniel Pearlman Georgetown University Contents ETHICS WITHOUT EPISTEMOLOGY: VIRTUES, SOCIAL 62 FOREWORD III PRACTICES, AND THE CRITIQUE OF FOUNDATIONALISM Tony Trenga ‘11, Emma Yates ‘11, Michael Skiles ‘12 David Pederson ‘12 Princeton University Princeton University EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION 1 TAKING THE NEXT STEP IN STEM CELLS: 77 Olaoluwatoni Alimi ‘13 SMALL MOLECULE REPROGRAMMING FOR PRODUCTION Princeton University OF INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Paul Schied ‘13 AN ANALYSIS OF AND COMMENTARY ON 7 Harvard University THOMSON’S A DEFENSE OF ABORTION Andrew Bristow ‘12 ABORTION: THE UNJUSTIFIABLE KILLING OF AN EQUAL 84 Princeton University MORAL PERSON ADDICTION, HEDONISM, AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY 15 Michael Skiles ‘12 Benjamin Cogan ‘12 Princeton University Princeton University BETTER BRAINS FOR SOME: AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF 95 ACCESS TO NEUROLOGICAL MEDICATION CRITIQUING TOOLEY’S ARGUMENT AGAINST 22 Mark Varvaris ‘11 THE POTENTIALITY PRINCIPLE University of Virginia Michael DiStefano ‘11 Princeton University INSTANTIATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL EMERGENCE: IN SEARCH 99 OF A BIOCHEMICALLY RIGOROUS DESCRIPTION OF THE HE ORAL MPERMISSIBILITY OF EMOVING HERESA T M I R T 28 BLASTOCYST STAGE HUMAN EMBRYO SCHIAVO’S FEEDING TUBE Emma Yates ‘11 Alexander Frawley ‘13 Princeton University Georgetown University COMPENSATORY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND RIGHTS 37 OF FUTURE PERSONS: A RESPONSE TO SHUE’S “BEQUEATHING HAZARDS” Aaron Henson ‘11 New York University iv v The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference Emergency Contraception Olaoluwatoni Alimi ‘13 Princeton University A year ago, it came to the attention of me and the Princeton Tory that the top search result for “Emergency Contraception” was not Planned Parenthood or some other “reproductive health” organization, but rather a Princeton-domain address – ec.princeton.edu. This website acts under the blanket of Princeton’s Office of Population Research, which receives an annual $11 million grant from the National Institute of Health. This website was founded in 1994 by current director, Professor James Trussell. Trussell is one of the pre-eminent American authorities on emergency contraception. He serves on the board of directors at NARAL Pro-Choice America, and has published upwards of twenty articles concerning emergency contraception. It was not surprising to find, therefore, that the expressed purpose of Professor Trussell’s website is to The articles herein do not reflect the views of the “educate women about Emergency Contraception and encourage its broader Princeton Journal of Bioethics or its affiliates. use.” According to Professor Trussell, in 1994, when the website began, “very few people knew about emergency contraception.” Today, the website is accessed by 130,000 people in 50 countries over 575,000 times per month. Inevitably among its viewers are women who are under 17 years old (a segment of the population that emergency contraception has not been tested on). Neverthe- less, the website encourages underage girls to access Emergency Contraceptives without their parents’ permission, and to avoid doctors who will not keep such information away from their parents. This article discusses the problems with Princeton University hosting such a website. If one were to type the phrase “emergency contraception” into the Google search bar, one would expect to find among the first results Planned Parenthood, or some other “reproductive health” organization. It would come as quite a surprise, then, to learn that the very top result, ahead of all these other groups, is the website ec.princeton.edu. This Princeton-domain address is also listed along with Planned Parenthood and the FDA on the government website womenshealth.gov as a resource for “more information” about emergency contraception. When this site came to our attention, therefore, I and some other writers for the Princ- eton Tory Magazine were curious about the nature of both its content and its Princeton sponsorship. 1 The Princeton Journal of Bioethics Princeton Bioethics Conference The website is operated by the Princeton Office of Population The website includes a brand-by-brand comparison of pills by company, Research (OPR), established in 1936 as the very first center for research on dosage, and hormone levels per dose. It even analyzes the effectiveness and populations. OPR’s “public infrastructure core” consists of four branches: side effects of selected pills, specifically Plan B, Plan B One-Step, and Next the Population Annual Meeting Program Application, which manages “the Choice. scientific program of the annual meeting of the Population Association of While the amount of information and detail that this website America”; Research Briefs, which “summarize the core findings of recent holds may be considered admirable, ec.princeton.edu goes beyond merely analyses based upon data collected for the Fragile Families and Child Well- providing “neutral” information. It forms a core part of Trussell’s avowed being Survey”; the Future of Children journal, which is concerned with in- mission to increase the use of emergency contraception worldwide, and fluencing policy to “better the lives of children now and in the future”; and a very effective part at that: 130,000 people from over 50 countries view the emergency contraception website ec.princeton.edu. This website was this website a total of 575,000 times per month. It is published in English, established in 1994 by current director, Professor James Trussell, to educate Spanish, French, and Arabic. women about Emergency Contraception and to encourage its broader use. Teenage girls under 17 who have engaged in unprotected sex and Prof. Trussell, a Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at the are looking for answers are inevitably among such viewers. Even though University, has been a member of the Office of Population