La Conexión Cósmica Una Perspectiva Extraterrestre Carl Sagan

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La Conexión Cósmica Una Perspectiva Extraterrestre Carl Sagan La conexión cósmica Una perspectiva extraterrestre Carl Sagan Biblioteca de Divulgación Científica muy INTERESANTE 01 EDICIONES ORBIS, S. A. Distribución exclusiva para Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay HYSPAMERICA Título original: The cosmic connection - An extraterrestrial perspective Traducción: Jaime Piñeiro Dirección de la colección: Virgilio Ortega © 1973 by Carl Sagan and Jerome Agel © 1978 by Plaza & Janes S. A. Editores © por la presente edición, Ediciones Orbis S. A. Distribución exclusiva para Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay: HYSPAMERICA EDICIONES ARGENTINA, S.A. Marzo de 1986 Edición digital y revisión de la traducción de urijenny ([email protected]) Índice Prefacio .......................................................................................................................8 Primera Parte: Perspectivas cósmicas......................................................................12 1. Un animal de transición......................................................................................14 2. El unicornio de Cetus .........................................................................................19 3. Un mensaje de la Tierra .....................................................................................24 4. Un mensaje a la Tierra .......................................................................................28 5. Experimentos en utopías....................................................................................38 6. Chauvinismo.......................................................................................................43 7. La exploración del espacio como empresa humana - 1. El interés científico .....51 8. La exploración del espacio como empresa humana - 2. El interés público ........57 9. La exploración del espacio como empresa humana - 3. El interés histórico ......62 Segunda parte: El Sistema Solar ..............................................................................67 10. Sobre la enseñanza de primer grado ...............................................................68 11. Los legendarios dioses de la antigüedad .........................................................71 12. La historia detectivesca de Venus....................................................................74 13. Venus es el Infierno..........................................................................................79 14. Ciencia e «Inteligencia» ...................................................................................83 15. Las lunas de Barsoom......................................................................................88 16. Las montañas de Marte - 1. Observaciones desde la Tierra..........................100 17. Las montañas de Marte - 2. Observaciones desde el espacio .......................105 18. Los canales de Marte .....................................................................................110 19. Las fotografías perdidas de Marte..................................................................115 20. La edad del hielo y la caldera.........................................................................119 21. Comienzos y finales de la Tierra ....................................................................122 22. Terraformación de los planetas ......................................................................124 23. La exploración y utilización del Sistema Solar................................................129 Tercera parte: Mas allá del sistema solar................................................................137 24. Algunos de mis mejores amigos son delfines.................................................138 25. ¡Oiga! ¿Distribución Central? ¡Envíenme veinte extraterrestres! ..................149 26. La conexión cósmica......................................................................................152 27. Vida extraterrestre: una idea cuyo momento ha llegado ................................157 28. ¿Ha sido visitada la Tierra?............................................................................163 29. Estrategia en la búsqueda de la inteligencia extraterrestre............................169 30. Si tenemos éxito.............................................................................................173 31. Cables, tambores y caracolas ........................................................................178 32. Tren nocturno a las estrellas ..........................................................................182 33. Astroingeniería ...............................................................................................184 34. Veinte preguntas: una clasificación de civilizaciones cósmicas .....................187 35. Intercambios culturales galácticos..................................................................192 36. Entrada al Infinito ...........................................................................................195 37. Habitantes de las estrellas - 1. Una fábula.....................................................199 38. Habitantes de las estrellas - 2. Un futuro........................................................204 39. Habitantes de las estrellas - 3. Los gatos negros cósmicos...........................209 Dedicado a mis hijos Dorion, Jeremy y Nicholas. Ojalá que su futuro –y el de todos los humanos así como otros seres– se presente lleno de promesas. Les mystères des Infinis de Grandville, 1844. Prefacio Cuando yo tenía doce años, mi abuelo me preguntó –mediante un traductor, pues nunca había aprendido bien el inglés– qué quería ser cuando fuese mayor. Le respondí que «astrónomo», palabra que al cabo de unos momentos le tradujeron. «Sí –respondió–, ¿pero cómo te ganarás la vida?» Yo suponía que al igual que todas las personas adultas que conocía, me tendría que limitar a efectuar un trabajo aburrido, monótono, carente de todo poder creativo. A la astronomía sólo podría dedicarme en los fines de semana. Cuando estudiaba el segundo año en la escuela superior descubrí que algunos astrónomos recibían una paga o sueldo por seguir cultivando su pasión. Entonces me sentí abrumado por un enorme gozo; sin duda alguna, podría dedicar todo mi tiempo a lo que más me gustaba y a lo que más me interesaba. Incluso hoy día hay momentos en que lo que hago me parece un sueño improbable, aunque sí sumamente agradable. Tomar parte en la exploración de Venus, Marte, Júpiter y Saturno; reproducir, repetir los pasos que condujeron al origen de la vida hace cuatro mil millones de años en una Tierra muy diferente a la que conocemos; depositar instrumentos en Marte para buscar allí la vida, y, quizá, dedicar serios esfuerzos a comunicarnos con otros seres inteligentes, si los hay, ahí fuera, en la formidable obscuridad del firmamento nocturno. Si hubiera nacido cincuenta años antes, no hubiese podido dedicarme a ninguna de esas actividades. Por entonces, no eran más que producto de una imaginación especulativa. Si hubiera nacido cincuenta años más tarde, tampoco habría podido dedicar mi vida a estas actividades, excepto, posiblemente, a la última de las mencionadas, ya que dentro de cincuenta años, a partir de ahora, se habrá dado fin a un reconocimiento preliminar del Sistema Solar, de la búsqueda de vida en Marte y del estudio del origen de la vida. Me considero sumamente afortunado de vivir en un momento de la historia de la Humanidad cuando se están emprendiendo tales aventuras. De manera que cuando Jerome Agel vino a verme para que escribiera un libro que fuese popular, un libro que tratara de comunicar a los demás mis opiniones sobre las investigaciones emprendidas y la misma importancia de estas aventuras, acepté tal responsabilidad, aun cuando su sugerencia llegaba poco antes de que se llevase a cabo la misión Mariner 9 a Marte, hecho que estaba seguro ocuparía la mayor parte de mi tiempo durante muchos meses. En una ocasión posterior, después de charlar acerca de la comunicación con la inteligencia extraterrestre, Agel y yo cenamos en un restaurante polinesio de Boston. Mi horóscopo del día decía: «Muy pronto se te exigirá que descifres un importante mensaje.» Por supuesto, aunque lo del horóscopo no pasaba de ser un juego infantil, el presagio, el pronóstico, era bueno. Al cabo de siglos de confusas conjeturas, de especulaciones absurdas, conservadurismo indigesto y desinterés carente de toda posible imaginación, por fin ha llegado a su mayoría de edad el tema de la vida extraterrestre, y en la actualidad ha alcanzado una etapa práctica donde se la puede estudiar mediante técnicas rigurosamente científicas, una etapa en la que ha conseguido respetabilidad científica y en la que, asimismo, se entiende ampliamente su significado. Por esa razón, repito, la vida extraterrestre acaba de alcanzar su mayoría de edad. Este libro se divide en tres partes a cual más importante. En la primera intento transmitir el sentido de la perspectiva cósmica viviendo fuera de nuestras vidas en un diminuto trozo de roca y metal circundando una de las doscientas cincuenta mil millones de estrellas que forman nuestra galaxia en un Universo de miles de millones de galaxias. La declinación de una de nuestras más comunes concepciones, o de uno de nuestros más vulgares engreimientos, también es una de las aplicaciones prácticas de la astronomía. La segunda parte de! libro se relaciona con varios aspectos de nuestro Sistema Solar –principalmente con la Tierra, Marte y Venus–. Aquí pueden hallarse algunos de los resultados e implicaciones del Mariner 9. La tercera parte se dedica
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