Ascertaining the Quality of Fly Ash Discharged by M/S Maithon Power Ltd., Dhanbad and Its Effect on Environment, Air and Water and Its Effects on Agriculture
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Ascertaining the Quality of Fly Ash Discharged by M/s Maithon Power Ltd., Dhanbad and its Effect on Environment, Air and Water and its Effects on Agriculture Sponsor Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, Ranchi [Towards compliance of order dated 13.03.2014 of Hon’ble High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in WP (PIL) No. 2663 of 2011] CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020 (Maharashtra) November 2014 Ascertaining the Quality of Fly Ash Discharged by M/s Maithan Power Ltd., Dhanbad and its Effect on Environment, Air and Water and its Effects on Agriculture Sponsor Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, Ranchi [Towards compliance of order dated 13.03.2014 of Hon’ble High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in WP (PIL) No. 2663 of 2011] CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020 (Maharashtra) November 2014 Project Personnel Study Component Scientist Team Member Flyash Charactrization Dr. Amit Bansiwal Mr. Alok Kumar Meher and Leaching Study Dr. Sadhana Rayalu Soil Quality and Mr. P.R. Salve Ms. Ekta Singh Agriculture Ms. Rakhi Nikhade Ms. Minal Choudharkar Ms. Leena Das Water Quality Dr. Sunita Shastry Mr. Y.J. Baseshankar Ms. Dipti Giri Ms. Ashwini Wankhede Ms. Mayuri Shivankar Ms. Rupa Roy Ms. Komal Dhillon Mr. Rama Krishna Air Quality Dr. Deepanjali Majumdar Mr. P. B. Sanyal Mr. Debasish Sengupta Dr. S.R. Pramanik Mr. R. N. Goswami Mr. Mintu Saha Mr. Vivek Manik Report Compilation and Dr. Harshvardhan Singh Mr. Ashish Warhade Mr. Anup Dhoble Integration Dr. S.K. Goyal Mr. Amey Panke Ms. Punam Mandape Project Leaders Dr. Harshvardhan Singh Dr. S.K. Goyal Project Coordinator Dr. S.R Wate Director Contents Item No. Particulars Page No. List of Tables (iv) List of Figures (vi) List of Exhibits (vii) List of Annexures (vii) Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1-1.13 1.1 Preamble 1.1 1.2 Scope of Work 1.2 1.3 Visit of NEERI Team to M/s MPL and Abandoned Mines 1.4 1.4 Maithon Power Plant 1.4 1.4.1 Brief about MPL 1.4 1.4.2 Coal Consumption, Ash Generation and Ash Disposal/Utilization 1.5 1.4.3 Ash Disposal/Utilization : Mode and Quantity 1.6 1.4.4 Transport of Ash to Abandoned Mines 1.7 1.4.4.1 Fly Ash Transportation from Main Silos to Abandoned Mines 1.7 1.4.4.2 Bottom Ash Transportation from Hydrobin to Abandoned Mines 1.7 1.4.4.3 Ash Transportation from Ash Pond to Abandoned Mines 1.7 Chapter 2: Fly Ash Characterization and Leaching Study 2.1-2.16 2.1 Methods and Materials 2.1 2.1.1 Collection of Fly Ash Samples 2.1 2.1.2 Characterization of Fly Ash 2.1 2.1.2.1 Particle Size Analysis (PSA) 2.1 2.1.2.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) 2.2 2.1.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 2.2 2.1.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 2.2 2.1.2.5 Loss on Ignition (LOI) 2.2 2.1.2.6 Specific Gravity 2.3 2.1.2.7 Elemental Analysis 2.3 2.1.2.8 Leaching Tests 2.3 2.2 Characterization of Fly Ash 2.4 2.2.1 Physical Parameters 2.4 2.2.2 Elemental Composition 2.4 i Item No. Particulars Page No. 2.3 Phase Analysis 2.5 2.4 FTIR Studies 2.5 2.5 Morphological Studies 2.6 2.6 Metal Leaching Tests (TCLP) 2.6 2.7 Conclusions & Recommendations 2.7 2.7.1 Conclusions 2.7 2.7.2 Recommendations 2.7 Chapter 3: Effect on Ambient Air Quality 3.1-3.13 3.1 Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.1 3.2 Sampling Methodology 3.2 3.3 Air Quality Status 3.3 3.3.1 Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutants 3.3 3.3.2 Particulate Associated Toxic Pollutants 3.4 3.4 Conclusion 3.6 Chapter 4: Effect on Water Quality 4.1-4.15 4.1 Water Sampling Locations 4.1 4.2 Water Quality Status 4.2 4.2.1 Surface Water Quality 4.2 4.2.2 Ground Water Quality 4.3 4.3 Conclusion 4.4 Chapter 5: Effect on Soil Quality and Agriculture 5.1-5.12 5.1 Soil Sampling 5.1 5.2 Analytical Methods 5.1 5.3 Soil Quality 5.2 5.3.1 Physical Characteristics of Soil 5.2 5.3.2 Chemical Characteristics of Soils 5.2 5.3.3 Fertility / Nutrient Status of Soil 5.4 5.3.4 Heavy Metal Content in the Soil 5.4 5.3.5 Soil Microbiology 5.5 5.4 Conclusion 5.5 ii Item No. Particulars Page No. Chapter 6: Effect of Fly Ash Filling in Abandoned Mines 6.1-6.7 6.1 Preamble 6.1 6.2 Findings of MPL Related Studies 6.1 6.2.1 Report entitled "Study on Environmental Impact of Filling of Fly Ash by Maithon Right Bank Thermal Power Plant" 6.1 6.2.2 Report entitled "Advice on the Suitability of Underground working below Ash Filled Open Cast Mines at Mugma Area, ECL” 6.4 6.2.3 Report entitled “Hydrogeological Studies for Ash Pond of 2 x 525 MW Maithon Power Limited and an Abandoned Coal Mine, District Dhanbad, Jharkhand” 6.5 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1-7.6 7.1 Conclusions 7.1 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1 7.1.2 Fly Ash Characterization and Leaching Study 7.1 7.1.3 Effect on Ambient Air Quality 7.2 7.1.4 Effect on Water Quality 7.3 7.1.5 Effect on Soil Quality and Agriculture 7.3 7.1.6 Effect of Fly Ash Filling in Abandoned Mines 7.4 7.2 Recommendations 7.5 7.2.1 Fly Ash related 7.5 7.2.2 Air Quality related 7.5 7.2.3 Water Quality related 7.5 7.2.4 Soil Quality / Agriculture related 7.6 7.2.5 Recommendations for M/s MPL 7.6 iii List of Tables Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Co-ordinates of Different Facilities of MPL and Abandoned Mines 1.4 1.2 Basic Information about M/s Maithon Power Plant 1.5 1.3 Annual Coal Consumption, Ash Generation and Ash Disposal / Utilization during 2011-12 to 2013-14 1.6 1.4 Monthly Coal Consumption, Ash Generation and Ash Disposal / Utilization during 2014-15 (up to August 2014) 1.6 1.5 Ash Disposal/Utilization upto August 2014 1.7 2.1 Physical Parameters of Various Fly Ash Samples 2.9 2.2 Elemental Composition of Different Fly Ash Samples 2.9 2.3 Concentration of Class A and Class B Elements in Fly Ash Samples 2.9 2.4 Regulatory Limits of Metals in Leachates of TCLP 2.10 2.5 Concentration of Various Metals in Leachate of TCLP Tests 2.10 3.1 Details of Ambient Air Quality Locations 3.8 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Method Used 3.8 3.3 Air Quality Status in and around Maithon Power Limited 3.9 3.4 Summary of Air Quality Status 3.9 3.5 Heavy Metal Content in Particulate Matter (PM10) 3.10 3.6 BaP Content in Particulate Matter (PM10) 3.10 4.1 Details of Water Quality Sampling Locations 4.5 4.2 Water Quality Status - Physical Parameters 4.6 4.3 Water Quality Status - Inorganic Parameters 4.7 4.4 Water Quality Status - Nutrient and Demand Parameters 4.8 4.5 Water Quality Status - Heavy Metals 4.9 iv Table No. Title Page No. 5.1 Details of Soil Sampling Locations 5.6 5.2 Soil Quality Assessment Methods 5.6 5.3 Textural Class of Soil Samples 5.7 5.4 Physical Characteristics of Soil Samples 5.7 5.5 Chemical Characteristics of Soil Extract 5.8 5.6 Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil Samples 5.8 5.7 Relationship of CEC with Productivity of Soil 5.9 5.8 Relationship of CEC with Adsorptivity of Soil 5.9 5.9 Fertility Status of Soil Samples 5.9 5.10 Heavy Metal Content in Soil Samples 5.10 5.11 Microbiological Characteristic of Soil Samples 5.10 v List of Figures Figure No. Title Page No. 1.1 Location of Different Facilities of MPL and Abandoned Mines 1.9 2.1 Particle Size Distribution of Fly Ash Collected from Silo (SFA) 2.11 2.2 Particle Size Distribution of Fly Ash Collected from Ash Dyke (ADFA) 2.11 2.3 Particle Size Distribution of Fly Ash Collected from Mines (MFA) 2.11 2.4 Powder XRD Patterns of fly ash samples (Q: Quartz, M: Mullite) 2.12 2.5 Powder XRD Patterns of Mine Overburden 2.12 2.6 FTIR Spectra of Various Fly Ash Samples 2.13 2.7 SEM Images of Fly ash Samples Collected from Silo (A), Ash Dyke (B) and Mine Dumping Site (C) 2.14 2.8 Concentration of Heavy Metals in Leachates from TCLP Tests 2.15 3.1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.11 4.1 Water Sampling Locations around MPL Ash Pond (Top) and Abandoned Mines Site (Bottom) 4.10 5.1 Soil Sampling Locations in the Study Area 5.11 vi List of Exhibits Exhibit No. Title Page No. 1.1 Photographs Showing Visit of NEERI Team to MPL and Ash Pond Area 1.10 1.2 Photographs Showing Visit of NEERI Team to Abandoned Mine Used for Ash Filling 1.11 1.3 Flyash Loading System in MPL 1.12 1.4 Flyash Disposal at Abandoned Mines 1.13 2.1 Collection of Fly Ash Sample from Ash Dyke 2.16 2.2 Collection of Fly Ash Sample from Disposal Site at Abandoned Mine 2.16 3.1 Photographs Showing Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.12 4.1(a) Photographs Showing Water Quality Sampling Locations 4.11 4.1(b) Photographs Showing Water Quality Sampling Locations 4.12 5.1 Photographs Showing Soil Sampling from Different Locations 5.12 List of Annexures Ann.