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Aerosol and Air Quality Research Supplemental Material Big Data Analysis for Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Ambient PM2.5 I

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Aerosol and Air Quality Research Supplemental Material Big Data Analysis for Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Ambient PM2.5 I Aerosol and Air Quality Research Supplemental Material Big Data Analysis for Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Ambient PM2.5 in Areas That Were Not Locked Down Tai-Yi Yu 1, How-Ran Chao2,3,4,5*, Ming-Hsien Tsai6, Chih-Chung Lin2, I-Cheng Lu2, Wei-Hsiang Chang7, Chih-Cheng Chen8, Liang- Jen Wang 9,En-Tzu Lin2, Ching-Tzu Chang3, Chunneng Chen10, Cheng-Chih Kao11, Wan Nurdiyana Wan Mansor12,13, Kwong- Leung J. Yu11,14 1 Department of Risk Management and Insurance, Ming Chuan University, Shilin District, Taipei City111, Taiwan 2 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan 3 Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan 4 Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan 5 School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan 6 Department of Child Care, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan 7 Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan 8 Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan 9 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 10 JS Environmental Technology and Energy Saving Co. Ltd., Kaohsiung City 806, Taiwan 1 11 Superintendent Office, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90053, Taiwan 12 Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology & Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, Malaysia 13Air Quality and Environment Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, K. Nerus, Malaysia 14 Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan Corresponding author: Dr. How-Ran Chao Department of Environmental Science and Engineering National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Address: No. 1, Hseuh Fu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County 91207, TAIWAN E-mail: [email protected] Telephone number: +886-8-770-3202 ext 7514; Fax number: +886-8-7740256 2 Figure legends Figure S1 Levels of PM2.5 and their precursor, NO2 and SO2, in the Fugui Cape air pollution monitoring site (not air sensors) from October to March between 2018 and 2020 (Liang and Tsai, 2020) Figure S2 The differences in levels of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 between October 2018- March 2019 and October 2019- March 2020 (2019-2020 minus 2018-2019) from air pollution monitoring sites in Taiwan (not air sensors) (Liang and Tsai, 2020) Figure S3 Levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 collected from the air pollution monitoring sites by TEPA between January and March in 2019 and 2020 from south and north Taiwan 3 We listed several data collected from the air pollution monitoring sites (not from air sensors) by TEPA. The results were shown as the below. PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 in Fugui Cape air monitoring station (from October to March) Fugui Cape is located at the most northern tip of Taiwan. An air monitoring station in Fugui Cape is established by TEPA to investigate transboundary transportation of air pollutants from Mainland China especially for northeast monsoon. Compared with PM2.5, NO2, SO2 in 2019-2020, these air pollutants are slightly lower magnitudes in 2018-2019 based on the previous Taiwanese study in Figure S1 (Liang and Tsai, 2020). The reduction of PM2.5, NO2, SO2 from transboundary transportation during the COVID-19 situation was not obvious. Nationwide investigation of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 in air monitoring stations (from October to March) Figure S2 showed the differences of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 between 2018-2019 and -3 2019-2020. PM2.5 was increased by 0.6 μg m and NO2, and SO2 was decreased by 0.5 and 0.6 ppb, respectively, from October 2019 to March 2020 compared with those in the corresponding periods in 2018-2019 in north Taiwan (Figure S2). For south Taiwan, -3 the reduction of PM2.5 (-4.8 μg m ), NO2 (-1.6 ppb), and SO2 (-0.6 ppb) was obvious 4 in 2019-2020 compared with those in 2019-2020. Levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 in air pollution monitoring sites established by TEPA near our sampling areas from January to March between 2019 and 2020 Levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 from TEPA’s air pollution monitoring sites near our sampling areas from January to March between 2019 and 2020 were shown in Figure S3. Air pollutants of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 in 2019 had the higher magnitudes than those did from north and south Taiwan in 2020, except for NO2 in north Taiwan. 5 -3 PM2.5 (μg m ) between October 2018 and March 2019 -3 PM2.5(μg m )between October 2019 and March 2020 16 NO2 (ppb) between October 2018 and M arch 2019 14.21 13.9 14 NO2 (ppb) between October 2019 and M arch 2020 SO2 (ppb) between October 2018 and M arch 2019 12 SO2 (ppb) between October 2019 and M arch 2020 10 8 ) &) (ppb) -3 6 g m μ 4 ( 2.14 2.01 2 0.49 0.36 0 (2018-2019) (2019-2020) 2 (2018-2019) 2 (2019-2020) 2 (2018-2019) 2 (2018-2019) 2.5 2.5 NO NO SO SO PM PM Figure S1 Levels of PM2.5 and their precursor, NO2 and SO2, in the Fugui Cape air pollution monitoring site (not low-cost air sensor) from October to March between 2018 and 2020 (Liang and Tsai, 2020) 6 NO2 (ppb) SO2 (ppb) -3 PM ( μ g m ) 2 1.7 2.5 (ppb) 2 1.1 1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.5 -0.6 -1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.9 -0.6 -0.9 (ppb) and SO and (ppb) -1.3 -0.6 -1.0 2 -1.3 -1.7 -1.6 -2 -2.1 -1.6 ), N O -3 -3 g m -4 μ ( -4.8 -4.8 2.5 -5 PM -6 Isla n d N ortheast nationw ide East Taiwan North Taiwan South Taiwan C entral T aiw an North centralSouth Taiwan central Taiwan Figure S2 The differences in levels of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 between October 2018- March 2019 and October 2019- March 2020 (2019-2020 minus 2018-2019) from air pollution monitoring sites in Taiwan (not air sensors) (Liang and Tsai, 2020) 7 South Taiwan South Taiwan between January 2019 and M arch 2019 100 62.5 51.6 80 Sorth Taiwan between January 2020 and M arch 2020 33.6 60 26.5 40 17.1 14.8 20 10 8 6 2 .7 2 2 .3 3 4 ) & (ppb) -3 2 1 .0 g m g 0 .8 μ ( 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 .0 ) ) -3 -3 (p p b ) (ppb) 2 2 (μ g m (μ g m NO SO 10 2 .5 PM PM North Taiwan North Taiwan between January 2019 and March 2019 40 29.0 26.5 30 North Taiwan between January 2020 and March 2020 14.3 20 10.2 9.97 13.6 10 6 4 ) &) (ppb) 1.52 1.41 -3 2 1 .0 g m 0 .8 μ ( 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 .0 -3 ) -3 ) (ppb) (ppb) 2 2 (μg m (μg m NO SO 10 2.5 PM PM Figure S3 Levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 collected from the air pollution monitoring sites by TEPA between January and March in 2019 and 2020 from south and north Taiwan 8 .
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