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La Representación Mediática De Arabia Saudita Y El Wahabismo En Televisión Española (1956-2015)

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La Representación Mediática De Arabia Saudita Y El Wahabismo En Televisión Española (1956-2015) Universitat de València Facultat de Filologia, Traducció i Comunicació Departament de Teoria dels Llenguatges i Ciències de la Comunicació LA REPRESENTACIÓN MEDIÁTICA DE ARABIA SAUDITA Y EL WAHABISMO EN TELEVISIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1956-2015) Tesis doctoral presentada por: LOLA BAÑON CASTELLÓN Dirigida por: JOSEP LLUÍS GÓMEZ MOMPART y GAMAL ABDEL KARIM Valencia. Octubre de 2015. 1 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres, Fernando Bañon y Margarita Castellón; que siempre me han apoyado de forma incondicional y me han dado además libertad, la máxima prueba de amor y respeto. A mis hermanos, Fernando y José Miguel, por la complicidad. A mis directores de tesis, Josep Lluís Gómez Mompart y Gamal Abdel Karim; por su orientación, ejemplo intelectual y por su amistad en todo momento. A Paloma Hidalgo, Jefa de la Unidad de Análisis y Difusión Documental de Programas Informativos de TVE, y compañera asimismo en las tareas de docencia en la Universidad, sin cuya profesionalidad y ayuda no hubiese podido acceder a los materiales que fundamentan la presente investigación. También mi agradecimiento a los otros compañeros del Departamento de Documentación de TVE que siempre me atendieron con gran amabilidad y diligencia en mis visitas a Torrespaña: el equipo de profesionales de Documentación de Informativos de TVE formado por Inés Solís, Luis L. Polinio, Fernando Arroyo, Guillermo Lapi y José Ignacio González, entre otros) ha sido clave en el acceso a los materiales más importantes de la presente investigación. Esta tesis ha sido un trabajo en el que me he sentido muy arropada intelectualmente por mis amigos arabistas, profesores y periodistas, quienes han sido parte vital en el debate científico que conlleva una investigación como ésta. Su ayuda ha sido muy importante para mí en todo el proceso de trabajo de los últimos años: Mohamed Elmouden, Hosseine Majdoubi, Maite Estellés, Enric Flames, Juan Carlos Pérez, Ana Aizpiri, Maritza Montenegro, Vicente Cañete, Maite Ibáñez, Laura Navarro, Mohamed Chakor, José María Mella, Riad Lakkis, Bouziane Ahmed Khodja, Rashid Shahin, y todos aquellos a los que no enumero pero que en algún momento con su testimonio y guía me aportaron un paso más en el conocimiento. A los miembros de la Asociación de Periodistas y Escritores Árabes de España, por su compañerismo y amistad. 3 4 ÍNDICE PARTE I. PLANTEAMIENTO GENERAL CAPITULO 1. ACOTACIÓN DEL OBJETO DE ESTUDIO. Relevancia del sujeto de la investigación……………………………………. 13 Objeto material……………………………………………………………….. 19 1.3. Cuestión principal y objetivos……………………………………………….. 21 1.4. Problemática e hipótesis de trabajo…………………………………………. 25 CAPITULO 2. BASES TEÓRICAS. 2.1. El estado de la cuestión………………………………………………………. 29 2.1.1. Investigaciones realizadas en España sobre la representación en los medios de comunicación sobre Arabia Saudita y el wahabismo……………….……. 31 2.1.2. Investigaciones realizadas en el extranjero sobre la representación en los medios de comunicación de Arabia Saudita y el wahabismo……..……….... 35 2.2 Marco teórico 2.2.1. Los estudios culturales. Relevancia para la presente tesis…………………... 39 2.2.2. Escenarios de la geografía imaginaria: el Orientalismo……………………... 47 2.2.2.1. Las perspectivas de los arabistas españoles……………………………….. 69 2.2.3. La formación de la identidad y los estereotipos……………………………... 75 2.2.4. Las fuentes informativas y la cuestión filológica……………………………. 81 2.2.5. El análisis de contenido y del discurso…………………………………….... 89 2.3 Globalización de la comunicación, cultura de masas y sociología del periodismo. 2.3.1. La información en la sociedad global……………………………………….. 109 2.3.2. Información, poder, ideología y hegemonía……………………………….... 113 2.3.3. Representación y reproducción de la realidad en el medio televisivo………. 121 2.3.4. La práctica periodística y el concepto de campo periodístico……………….. 123 2.4 Procesos de la producción periodística. Las rutinas en la elaboración de la agenda temática de las noticias en televisión. 2.4.1. Las noticias en televisión……………………………………………………. 131 2.4.1.1. La naturaleza de la noticia televisiva…………………...…………………. 131 2.4.1.2. Formatos de presentación de la noticia televisiva…………………………. 137 2.4.1.3. Características estructurales de los programas informativos en TVE: el Telediario……..…………………………………………………………... 139 2.4.2. Indicadores de calidad en la información periodística………………………. 145 2.4.3. Periodismo, mercado y los procesos de producción periodística……………. 153 2.4.4. Televisión y poder político en España: una aproximación histórica a TVE… 161 5 PARTE II. ENTORNO Y CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DE ARABIA SAUDITA 171 CAPITULO 3. HISTORIA DE ARABIA SAUDITA. 173 3.1. Aproximación geográfica e histórica………………………………………... 173 3.1.1. Antecedentes históricos del reino saudita. La fundación de la casa de los 175 Saud y la alianza con Muhammad Ibn Abdel Wahhab……..……………….. 3.1.2. El segundo estado saudí……………………………………………………... 179 3.1.4. El tercer estado saudí……………………………………………………..…. 181 3.1.3. Rebeliones interiores y la Guerra del Golfo…………………………………. 183 3.2. Sistema económico en Arabia Saudita. El descubrimiento del petróleo y el inicio de las alianzas con Occidente. 3.2.1. Relaciones Arabia Saudita-Gran Bretaña……………………………………. 187 3.2.2. Relaciones Arabia Saudita- Estados Unidos……………………………….... 189 3.2.3. Negocios y política: los Saud y los Bin Laden como capítulo previo de las relaciones con los Bush…………..………………………………………….. 193 3.2.4. El petróleo: riqueza y poder diplomático y estratégico……………………… 196 3.3. Sistema político y religión: el Corán como constitución y Jerusalén como centro de la reivindicación del liderazgo estratégico. 3.3.1. El Corán como constitución. El papel de los ulama...…………………….……. 201 3.3.2. Jerusalén y el intento de liderazgo saudita en el conflicto palestino………... 205 3.4. Sistema cultural en Arabia Saudita: tribalismo y sociedad. 3.4.1. Las tribus como elemento organizador de la política: poder, legitimidad y autoridad en el sistema tribal…………………………..……………………. 209 CAPITULO 4. HISTORIA DEL WAHABISMO. 4.1. El wahabismo, una corriente religiosa devenida religión de estado………. 213 4.2. Orígenes: las ideas de Muhammad Ibn Abdel Wahhab y su inspiración en Ibn Hanbal e Ibn Taymiyya…….………………………...……………… 215 4.2.1. Cosmología y ley en Muhammad Ibn Abdel Wahhab………………………. 217 4.3. El movimiento wahabita en la consolidación del reino de Arabia Saudita.. 219 4.3.1. Estructura de poder dentro del movimiento wahabita………………………. 221 6 4.4. Wahabismo y pensamiento contemporáneo: Abdelaziz Bin Baz………….. 223 4.4.1. Wahabismo y el estatus de la mujer…………………………………………. 223 4.4.2. Las críticas y revisiones del wahabismo…………………………………….. 225 4.4.3. La extensión del wahabismo……………………………………………….... 226 CAPITULO 5. ISLAMISMO POLITICO Y TERRORISMO 5.1. Wahabismo y jihad global. Diferencias entre wahabismo y salafismo....... 229 5.2. El islamismo político……………………………………………………….… 231 5.2.1. La reacción al colonialismo…………………………………………………. 231 5.2.2. Contexto internacional y modernidad en el nacimiento y expansión del islam político…...……………………………………………………………. 232 5.2.3. Los Hermanos Musulmanes………………………………………….……… 233 5.3. Al Qaida, proyecto identitario y paradigma yihadista…………………….. 237 5.4. Bin Laden y la formación de un estatus icónico……………………………. 241 CAPITULO 6. HISTORIA DE LAS RELACIONES ESPAÑA-ARABIA SAUDITA: EL IMAGINARIO COLECTIVO 6.1. Las relaciones España-Arabia Saudita………………………………..……. 255 6.2. La presencia de las monarquías como capítulo preferente de la diplomacia española………………………………………………………………. 259 6.3. Intercambios económicos Arabia Saudita-España………………………… 263 265 6.4. La imagen de España en los medios sauditas………………………………. 6.5. Arabia Saudita en el imaginario español: las narraciones de Ali Bey……. 267 271 6.6. Ponderaciones de la imagen de Arabia Saudita en España………..………. PARTE III. ANÁLISIS DE CAMPO CAPITULO 7.METODOLOGIA. 7.1. El archivo de TVE: procedimientos de trabajo y localización de los 277 documentos audiovisuales.……………………………………………….….. 278 7.1.1. Limitaciones en la preservación de materiales audiovisuales……………….. 280 7.1.2. El proceso de digitalización de los fondos audiovisuales……..…………….. 7.2. Modelo de análisis del tratamiento informativo de la imagen de Arabia 283 7 Saudita y el wahabismo por parte de Televisión Española……….…..…… 283 283 7.2.1. Definición del análisis de contenido. Obtención de los datos……………….. 284 7.2.2. Criterios de definición de la muestra………………………………………... 7.2.3. Definiciones operativas de unidades de análisis. El libro de códigos: 284 descripción de variables y codificación de las categorías temáticas……........ 286 7.2.4. Ordenación de los datos…………………………………………………..…. 287 7.2.5. Aplicaciones estadísticas……………………………………………………. 7.2.6. Naturaleza de las noticias desde la perspectiva cuantitativa. 287 Descripción, definición conceptual y valoración……………………...…... 7.2.6.1. Definición conceptual. La perspectiva periodística en la construcción de 288 las noticias…..…………………………………………………….………. 289 7.2.6.2. Definición de variables……………………………………………………. CAPITULO 8. PRIMERA FASE DEL ANALISIS CUANTITATIVO: REGULARIDAD DE PRESENCIA DE LAS NOTICIAS RELACIONADAS CON ARABIA SAUDITA. 8.1. Datos generales. El tratamiento de los datos. ………………………………. 303 305 8.2. Determinación de las variables……………………………………………… 8.2.1. Variable 1: fecha de la noticia……………………………………………….. 306 8.2.2. Variable 2: género periodístico……………………………………………… 306 8.2.3. Variable 3: encuadre temático preferente…………………………………… 307 8.2.4. Variable 4: tono dominante…………………………….……………………. 309 8.2.5. Variable 5: distribución temática de
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