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THE CREATION of MODERN SAUDI ARABIA, C. 1914-1939 British Colonial Policy and Intelligence Files on Asia and the Middle-East, C

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THE CREATION of MODERN SAUDI ARABIA, C. 1914-1939 British Colonial Policy and Intelligence Files on Asia and the Middle-East, C THE CREATION OF MODERN SAUDI ARABIA, C. 1914-1939 British Colonial Policy and Intelligence Files on Asia and the Middle-East, c. 1880-1950 Abstract The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formally created in 1932 by King ‘Abd al-’Aziz b. ‘Abd al- Rahman b. Faysal Al Sa’ud (Ibn Sa’ud). From the Saudi capture of Riyadh in 1902 till the development and exploitation of Saudi oil resources in the 1930s, the British maintained close relations with the Saudi ruling family, and they recorded in great detail the development of the Kingdom from a small sultanate in central Arabia in the early 1900s, to an economically powerful modern state on the eve of the Second World War. The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia, c. 1914-1939 1 The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia, c. 1914-1939 Published by IDC Publishers, 2004 • Descriptive Summary Creator: India Office Library and Records Title: The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia Dates (inclusive): c. 1914-1939 Abstract: Intelligence files on Arabia and the Gulf, consisting of confidential printed reports, maps, memoranda and handbooks, together with Political and Secret Department policy files describing the wider context of international relations as well as the practical details of an expanding political administration and social and economic infrastructure. Languages: Language of materials: English Extent: 778 microfiches or 74 microfilm reels; 155 files, containing c. 50,000 p. Ordernumber: BIS-1 - BIS-8 • Location of Originals Filmed from the originals held by: British Library, Oriental & India Office Collections (OIOC). • History Note British interests in Arabia and the Gulf date back to the earliest East India Company contacts in the seventeenth century. Subsequently, for both economic and strategic reasons, the region was drawn into the wider political and economic sphere of the British Empire in India. British relations with Arab rulers were generally managed by Political Residents and Agents in the Gulf, who reported directly to the imperial administrations in Bombay, Calcutta or Delhi and, ultimately, to the India Office in London. British Government policy towards the region was formulated in the India Office, where the department responsible for the conduct and supervision of relations with areas outside the Sub-continent was the Political and Secret Department. After the First World War, the involvement of the Foreign Office and Colonial Office in Arabian affairs increased and departmental responsibilities became more complicated. However, the India Office continued to play an important role in British relations with the region until the Second World War. • Scope and Content From 1902, when the future King 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (known to the British as "Ibn Sa'ud") captured the city of Riyadh from the rival forces of Ibn Rashid of Hayl, the British took an increasing interest in the rapidly The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia, c. 1914-1939 2 changing affairs of central Arabia.By 1914 they had already set up a series of meetings with Ibn Sa'ud, undertaken by the British Political Agent in Kuwait, Captain W.H.I.Shakespear. After the Anglo-Saudi Treaty of Darin was signed in December 1915 Britain gradually abandoned her previous policy of non-involvement in inland Arabian politics. For the next twenty-five years British officials in the Gulf, in London and in India, observed, recorded and assessed the changing face of Arabian politics. Local British agents reported on the shifting balance of power in south-west Arabia during the First World War and the struggle between Saudi and Yemeni interests which culminated in the Saudi absorption of Asir in 1930 and the delineation of the Saudi-Yemen boundary in the 1934 Treaty of Taif. British economic and strategic concerns were involved in the development of the Saudi oil industry and the closely related evolution of Saudi Arabia's, northern, eastern and south-eastern boundaries, as well as the southern Saudi boundary with Britain's Aden colony and protectorate in south Yemen. At the same time, in parallel, the extraordinary development of a modern Saudi government administration and infrastructure was recorded and occasionally advised on by British officials and technical experts. The British records, by definition, present events from a mainly British perspective. However, the knowledge and accomplishment of the civil servants and military officers, combined with the British thirst for information and the occasional divided loyalties of adventurer-officials such as Captain Shakespear, Gertrude Bell and H.St.J.B.Philby, together produced a meticulous and surprisingly balanced account of the emergence of the modern Saudi State. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formally created in 1932 by King `Abd al-`Aziz ibn 'Abd al-Rahman Al Sa`ud (Ibn Sa`ud). From the Saudi capture of Riyadh in 1902 to the development and exploitation of Saudi oil resources in the 1930s, the British maintained close relations with the Saudi ruling family and they recorded in great detail the development of the Kingdom, from a small sultanate in central Arabia in the early 1900s to an economically powerful modern state on the eve of the Second World War. The archives of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office are an outstanding source for the history of the Saudi state and this is the first time they have been made completely available in one major series. The material in this collection consists of confidential printed reports, maps, memoranda and handbooks, together with Political and Secret Department policy files describing the wider context of international relations as well as the practical details of an expanding political administration and social and economic infrastruct • Organisation and arrangement The first series (BIS-1) comprises printed gazetteers and handbooks now preserved in the departmental library of the Political and Secret Department (L/P&S/20) together with a few relevant items from the library of the India Office Military Department (L/MIL/17). The other series (BIS-2 through BIS-8) comprise India Office Political and Secret Department subject files and collections arranged broadly according to subject. ▪ BIS - 1 : Gazetteers and Handbooks. ▪ BIS - 2 : Arabian Politics and the First World War. ▪ BIS - 3 : Arabia after the War : Territorial Consolidation; The Conquest of the Hijaz. ▪ BIS - 4 : Regional Relations and Boundaries : Kuwait, Iraq and Transjordan, 1920-1932. ▪ BIS - 5 : Regional Relations and Boundaries : Asir, Yemen and the Red Sea, 1919-1934. ▪ BIS - 6 : The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : Government and Infrastructure. ▪ BIS - 7 : The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : International Relations. ▪ BIS - 8 : The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : Oil, Boundaries and Regional Relations. The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia, c. 1914-1939 3 Container List Microfilm no. BIS - 1 : Gazetteers and Handbooks. / Microfiche no. Title: Handbook of Arabia. Vol 1, General. 1 Dates: May 1916. 1-8 Physical description:708 p. : 4 maps, plates, genealogical tables. File number:L/P&S/20/E84/1 Notes: London : Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence Division, Notes: For Official Use Only Title: Handbook of Arabia. Vol 2, Routes. 1 Dates: May 1917. 8-14 Physical description:519 p. : map, plates. File number:L/P&S/20/E84/2 Notes: London : Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence Division, Notes: Confidential Title: Handbook of Asir. Prepared by the Arab Bureau, Cairo, 1st edn, 2 Dates: June 1916 14-17 Physical description:[iii], 169 p. : map. File number:L/P&S/20/E79 Notes: For Official Use Only Title: Handbook of Hejaz. Prepared by the Arab Bureau, Cairo, 2nd edn, 2 Dates: 26 February 1917. 17-19 Physical description:vi, 179 p. : map, genealogical table. File number:L/P&S/20/E81 Notes: Secret, For Official Use Only Title: Routes in Arabia 2 Physical description:xiii, 817 p. : map. 19-27 File number:L/P&S/20/E76 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1915 Notes: Confidential Title: Where's Where in Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia 3 Physical description:i, 63, 9 p. 27-28 File number:L/P&S/20/C128/1 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1915. Notes: Confidential Title: Where's Where in Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia 3 Physical description:i, 110, 10 p. 28-29 File number:L/P&S/20/C128/2 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1916 Notes: For Official Use Only Title: Gazetteer of Arabia. Vol 1 [A-J] 3 Physical description:973 p. 29-39 File number:L/MIL/17/16/2/1 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1917. Notes: Confidential The Creation of Modern Saudi Arabia, c. 1914-1939 4 Title: Gazetteer of Arabia. Vol 2 [K-R] 4 Physical description:[625] p. 40-46 File number:L/MIL/17/16/2/2 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1917 Notes: Confidential Title: Gazetteer of Arabia. Vol 3 [S-Z], with Glossary of Terms by Lt-Col C.C.R.Murphy 4 Physical description:[413] p. : map. 46-51 File number:L/MIL/17/16/2/3 Notes: Simla : General Staff India, 1917 Notes: Confidential Title: Personalities. Arabia 5 Physical description:362 p. : map, genealogical tables. 51-54 File number:L/P&S/20/C131 Notes: London : Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence Division, April 1917 Notes: Secret Title: Southern Nejd. Journey to Kharj, Aflaj, Sulaiyyil and Wadi Dawasir in 1918 / 5 H.St.J.B. Philby, Cairo : Arab Bureau, 54-55 Dates: 1919 Physical description:81 p. : map. File number:L/P&S/20/C169 Notes: For Official Use Only Title: Arabia. Handbook prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the 5 Foreign Office, No 90 55-57 Physical description:vi, 127 p. : map. File number:L/P&S/20/E85 Notes: [London: Foreign Office], April 1919 Notes: Confidential Title: Military Report on the Arabian shores of the Persian Gulf, Kuwait, Bahrein, Hasa, 5 Qatar, Trucial Oman and Oman 57-59 Physical description:iii, 198 p.
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