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Mexicomexico MexicanMexican ExperienceExperience inin ElEl MezquitalMezquital ValleyValley MM EE XX II CC OO BlancaBlanca JimenezJimenez MM EE XX II CC OO ¾¾22 millionmillion kmkm2 andand 104104 millionmillion InhabitantsInhabitants ¾¾67%67% ofof thethe countrycountry isis aridarid oror semiaridsemiarid UseUse ofof waterwater inin MéxicoMéxico WaterWater reusereuse inin MexicoMexico ¾¾171171 m3/sm3/s ofof municipalmunicipal wastewaterwastewater areare produced,produced, fromfrom thisthis volumevolume 78% are reused, for 9Agricultural irrigation (8(86%)6%) 9Municipal uses ((6%)6%) 9Industrial uses (8%) ¾¾InIn 1995,1995, irrigationirrigation waswas performedperformed withwith untreateduntreated wastewaterwastewater ¾¾InIn 2005,2005, 40%40% withwith treatmenttreatment Mexico City and the Mezquital Valley Water Balance in MexicoMexico CityCity Mexico City Water Supply 72.5 m3/s (21 million inhabitants) Industrial reuse 16% 21% Groundwater from other Basin 7.7 m3/s Urban Reuse 45% N 31% Rivers from other Basin 60 m3/s Sewage 52.3 m3/s 53% Groundwater Overexplotation Local 8 m3/s 2240 Mexico Valley Aquifer masl El Mezquital Valley Reuse of Mexico city sewage ¾ 2 % Industries ¾ 6 % Municipal ¾ 5 % Ecological Uses ¾ 87 % to irrigate 85,000 ha in the Mezquital Valley since 110 years BUT The actual deficit is of 7 m3/s and 10 m3/s will be needed for 2010 Xochimilco”chinampas” (wetlands) filled with reclaimed water Chapultepec recreative lake, filled with wastewater Dust Control in the Texcoco Ex-lake, Mexico City Description of Mezquital Valley 99 SemiSemi aridarid ClimateClimate (rainfall(rainfall ofof 550550 mmmm andand evaporationevaporation ofof 11 800800 mm)mm) 99 TheThe soilssoils areare salinesaline veryvery poorpoor (low(low contentscontents ofof nitrogen,nitrogen, phosphorousphosphorous andand organicorganic matter)matter) 9919301930--40s40s thethe GovernmentGovernment waswas thinkingthinking onon movingmoving peoplepeople MezquitalMezquital ValleyValley withwith nono irrigationirrigation MezquitalMezquital ValleyValley irrigatedirrigated withwith rawraw wastewaterwastewater YieldYield IncreaseIncrease duedue toto WastewaterWastewater Yield in Ton ha -1 Crop Untreated Natural % of Wastewater water increase Maize 5 2 150 Barley 4 2 100 Tomato 35 18 94 Oats 22 12 83 Chilli 12 7 71 Alfalfa 120 7 71 Wheat 3 2 50 Metal content, mg/L Gastrointestinal diseases due to wastewater reuse Parasites Ages Morbidity rates Raw Natural Ratio wastewater water Ascaris lumbricoides 0 to 4 15.3 2.7 5.7 (Helminth) 5 to 14 16.1 1.0 16.0 > 15 5.3 0.5 11.0 Giardia lamblia 0 to 4 13.6 13.5 1.0 (Protozoa) 5 to 14 9.6 9.2 1.0 > 15 2.3 2.5 1.0 Entamoeba 0 to 4 7.0 7.3 1.0 histolytica 5 to 14 16.4 12.0 1.3 (Protozoa) < 15 16.0 13.8 1.2 AscarisAscaris Gastrointestinal diseases mortality rates for children under five years old Country mortality rate/100 000 inhab Poland 1 Romania 2 Chile 12 Mexico 17 Peru 34 South Africa 44 India 76 Pakistan 124 NewNew regulatoryregulatory frameworkframework ¾¾NOMNOM--001001-- ECOLECOL--1996,1996, MaximumMaximum LimitsLimits ofof pathogenspathogens inin wastewaterwastewater reusedreused forfor agriculturalagricultural irrigationirrigation 9911 HelminthHelminth OvaOva forfor unrestrictedunrestricted cropscrops andand 55 restrictedrestricted onesones 99FecalFecal coliformscoliforms ofof 10001000 MPN/100MPN/100 mLmL Wastewater Treatment Needs ToTo reducereduce 99 HOHO << 11 ova/Lova/L 99 FCFC << 10001000 MPN/100MPN/100 mLmL but,but, ¾¾ PreservingPreserving BOD,BOD, N,N, andand PP ¾¾ ControllingControlling salinitysalinity problemproblem CONVENTIONAL SCHEMES Primary Secondary Tertiary ? TSS BOD N, P $$$$$ Reuse “COMPACT” SCHEMES Treatment for reuse $ Wastewater Reuse 60 50 in Correlation 40 (He/l)30 Helminth eggs untreated 20 HE= 0.9016 TSS + 6.1139 10 0 r 2 87 = 0.90 120 TSS 156 Wasteater 173 - 184 -HO 192 222 262 340 388 TSS (mg/l) 420 460 492 512 524 544 580 680 WastewaterWastewater TreatmentTreatment forfor AgriculturalAgricultural ReuseReuse AdvancedAdvanced PrimaryPrimary TreatmentTreatment Disinfection (Cl or Cl/UV) Polymer (high weight and Coagulant high charge density) Flocculation-coagualtion Grit removal Sedimentation Sand Filtration Effluent Removal of pollutants during treatment Parameter Influent APT Filtration Disinfection Helminth Ova 90 3 <1 <1 Fecal Coliforms 108 108 107 102 Salmonella 107 107 106 ND Protozoan Cysts 1080 310 200 25 P. Aeruginosa 105 104 104 ND TSS 370 35 19 9 TKN 25 18 12 12 TP 12 8 4 4 COD 460 180 170 170 Treatment Cost Capacity: 38 m3/s Type of Treatment USD Advanced Primary Treatment + Filtration + Disinfection 0.058 Activated sludge + Filtration + Disinfection 0.105 - For all cases, sludge stabilization using quick lime was consider - Disinfection been performed by a chlorination system APTsAPTs inin MexicoMexico 80% for agricultural irrigation 25% of the total WW treated SITESITE WTPWTP Flow,Flow, mm3/s/s Acapulco,Acapulco, GroGro 11 1.351.35 CiudadCiudad JuarJuaréézz 22 33 CuliacCuliacáán,n, SinSin 11 1.71.7 PueblaPuebla 44 3.63.6 SanSan PedroPedro Atocpan,Atocpan, 11 0.0350.035 DFDF SanSan LuisLuis PotosPotosíí,, SLPSLP 1.051.05 TOTALTOTAL 10.73510.735 Ciudad Juárez, North 2500 L/s and South 1000 L/s Water balance in the Mezquital Valley 38 m3/s Mexico City raw 5.2 m3/s extraction wastewater 38% agriculture 33 % industry Since 1900 17% domestic Tula Valley aquifer consumption 12% other uses 7.8 m3/s to 25 m3/s infiltration other valleys from irrigation (13 fold natural recharge) High Irrigation rate combined with 688 km unlined channels for wastewater distribution MEZQUITAL OR TULA VALLEY 99< year 1900 the groundwater level was at least at 50 m below 99 Since 1997, artesian wells with flows from 100 to 600 L/s 99 Groundwater main source of drinking water of 500,000 inhabitants Reuse of Excess Volumes of Well La Noria in Swimming Pools at Mezquital Valley, Mexico TezontepecTezontepec SpringSpring Phase I Rapid assessment of the quality of the water been used to supply people in the Mezquital Valley Preliminary water quality Assessment ANALYZED GROUP PARAMETERS Inorganic compounds 9 Organic compounds 221 Physical 2 Metals 18 Non-metals 6 Microbiological 8 Organoleptic 3 Total 288 WATER QUALITY AT DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SITES IN MEZQUITAL VALLEY PARAMETERS RESULT Viruses ND Helminth eggs ND Acute toxicity (Microtox®) ND Pesticides ND Atrazine < 0.5 ppb Carbofuran < 0.5 ppb 2,4-D < 0.1 ppb Other compounds “Chomatogram picks” ND = NOT DETECTED ResultsResults 99 NoNo mainmain problemsproblems 99 WaterWater waswas lightlight salinesaline 99 InIn wellswells builtbuilt withwith nono carecare somesome microbiologicalmicrobiological problemproblem WhyWhy notnot usingusing itit forfor MexicoMexico citycity supply?supply? PhasePhase 22 99ToTo determinedetermine thethe qualityquality inin aa numbernumber ofof representativerepresentative sitessites ofof waterwater supplysupply systemssystems forfor populationpopulation (175(175 000000 inhab)inhab) Location of sampling sites EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES Parameter Sources not complying with drinking water standards % Number % Volume TDS 64 95 Sodium 38 73 Fecal coliforms 42 25 Nitrates 31 12 Chlorides 24 10 Hardness 31 9 Sulfates 18 2 Fluorides 18 1 Without problem 13 5 Fecal Coliforms means a problem (disinfection) Other parameters mean only aesthetc problems, but fluorides PhasePhase IIIIII 99IdentifyingIdentifying PICKSPICKS inin chromatogrameschromatogrames StudyStudy ofof selectedselected compoundscompounds inin wastewaterwastewater andand groundwatergroundwater ll (( µg/L)µg/L) Importance of soil treatment capabilities, specifically for organic compound removal Compound Wastewatwe Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Methyl (1-methy- 5-10 < 5 < 5 < 5 ethyl)- benzene 1,1-oxy-bis-benzene 10-50 <5 < 5 < 5 4-nonyl phenol 1000 5-10 10-50 5-10 1,2,4 5-10 <5 < 5 < 5 trichlorobenzene Benzenes 100 <5 < 5 < 5 Phenols 1500 10 50 10 PAH 25 <5 < 5 < 5 PHASE IV Treatment processes for the Mezquital Valley groundwater Activated Membranes (NF, Well Filtration water Carbon RO) Treated UV Disinfection effluent Chlorine Treatment Processes for the secondary effluent WWTP Activated Carbon Sand Secondary Ozonation filtration (1) effluent Filtration Activated UV Membranes Treated Carbon Disinfection (NF+RO) effluent filtration (2) Chorine Application of membrane processes Raw Wastewater Cerro Colorado Spring Well 115 Nanofiltration effluent Chromatograms of the raw wastewater, infiltrated water (Tezontepec and Cerro Colorado) and the nanofiltration effluent SpringsSprings waterwater treatmenttreatment resultsresults 99FiltrationFiltration withwith ReverseReverse OsmoseOsmose oror NanofiltrationNanofiltration 99ChromatogramChromatogram pickspicks disappear,disappear, TDSTDS lessless thanthan 7070 mg/L,mg/L, andand pHpH acidacid 99TooToo cleanclean 99StudiesStudies stillstill undergoingundergoing PHASE V To identify and evaluate the flora and animal life present in the “Cerro Colorado Spring and for to estimate some impact for the presence to toxics compounds Cerro Colorado Spring Origin It appeared 35 years ago as a natural exit of the Mezquital Valley aquifer due to the overload with raw wastewater Diverse aquatic populations usually presented in non polluted systems SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 SITE 4 SITE 5 10000 1000 100 NUMBER 10 1 shrimp Snails Anelides Asellus Stentor Hyalellas Ostracoda Fresh water Macrocyclops Platyhelminthes PercentagePercentage ofof femalesfemales andand malesmales inin fishesfishes Family Poecilidae Genus Heterandria Family Goodeidae Species H. jonesi Genus Allotoca
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