SO 013 204 Kenny, Michael, Ed.: Bernard, H. Russell, Ed
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SO 013 204 Kenny, Michael, Ed.: Bernard, H. Russell, Ed. Ethnological Field .Training in the Rezquital Valley, MexiCa: .Papers from the Ixmiquilpan Field Schools in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. :Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C. ttonar-Scien-ce-Foundationi-Washington, -D.C. Directorate for Science Education Somelipages may not reproduce clearly due to light print type-throughout original document. MIE4t/PC08 Plus Postage. *ijerican Indians: *Anthropology: Area Studies: Environmental influences: *Ethnology: *Field Studies: *Linguistics:. , Research Methodology: *Rural Areas: IhmaI,Development exido.; Otomi ,Thirteen papers by gradpate students who participated sumierfleId ,program in Hidalgo, Mexico, are presented. erw''-are presented in the. English languageand one is ='paws 1.2Research, for seven of the papers was undertaken Indian-villages or hamlets. Research for the wasundertaken In-small towns inhabited by ans, and, in some cases, a foreignminority. A research techniques was used, including sophisticated Cal ethods, ethnoscience techniques, linguistic 'tIc. techniques, observation, and. interviews. Titles aphs with Q Methodology in the Mezquital Valley": als and Village Nucleation": "Culture Change and elations-ina Small Mexican Town": "Marketingby Female Nexioo": "telf-Help and Directed Culture Change in an age": "Cultural'Ispects of Diet in El Espiritu,Hidalgo": tia2 Analysis of the Otani Animal Domain": "The Political t4'..anza the Judicial District and the Municipal Governmentof kfint an, Hidalgo":."Education: Aspirationand Opportunity in a , "1. Case Study of a Catholic Youth Organization in a :iiilan(Aiallexican Town": "The Making cf an Anthropologist: Phase 45:ftultmvironment Production, and Subsistence: Economic Patterns in OtomiCommunity": and "The Pattern of Settlement in anOtomi 02411aleStructural Relations Among Outlying Neighborhoods." (DB) ,;;***********************************************************************,.., .roductions,. suppliedAn EDRS are the best that can be made * trowthe. original document. -___* . *************************************************************. , -, . , . %_ nological Field Trainin Archives of BIM= EDUCATT0N IN SCIENCE In The ATP/SCIFjMIDS Property of ATIONAL SCIENC,44FOUNDATION' ezquital V Papers from the "quilpan Field Schools 0-, in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics 1,4 4 ,4.1,,,OUZMIEPARTIMENTOF1tF-ALTN. EDUCATION awELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION f.; S DOCUMENTHAS BEEN REPRO CEO EXACTLY AS RECE,VED FROMr LTHE PERSON OR ORGAN aArropt ORKO Arm*. IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY RE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONALtriSTi TUTEOF_ z. EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY edited by Michael Kenny and H. Russell Bernard 9 ETHNOLOGICAL FIELD TRAININGIN THE MEZQUITAL VALLEY, MEXICO. Papers from the ImmiquilpanField Schools in Cultural Anthropology andLinguistics edited by. MICHAEL KENNY and H. RUSSELL BERNARD -SPONSORED BY A GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION PUblished- 1973 Depamiment of Anthropology The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS USE OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH QMETHODOLOGY IN THE MEZQUITALVALLEY Barbara Curran DOWESTICATED ANIMALS ANDVILLAGE NUCLEATION Darna L. Dufour 7 TOWN CULTURE CHANGE ANDINTERGROUP RELATIONS IN A SMALL MEXICAN Carolyn Kunin 13 MARKETING BY FE1IALE VENDORSIN MEXICO Nijole Martinaitis-Arm illas 28 :SELFA4ELP AND DIRECTED CULTURECHANGE IN AN OTOMI VILLAGE William VallsaP 40 CULTURAL ASPECTS OF DIETIN EL ESPIRITU, HIDALGO Marie Perucca and JosephBousquet 51 A COMPONENTIAL ANALYSISOF THE OTOMI ANIMAL DOMAIN Ellen Rafferty 63 THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONOF THE JUDICIAL DISTRICT AND THE MUNICIPAL GOVERMENT OFIXMIQUILPAN, HIDALGO German Reyes 81 EDUCATION: ASPIRATION ANDOPPORTUNITY IN A MEXICAN TOWN Carol Rice 101 A CASE STUDY OF A CATHOLICYOUTH ORGANIZATION IN APROVINCIAL MEXICAN TOWN Arlene Scanlon 117 THE MAKING OF AN ANTHROPOLOGIST'PHASE Norman Tate 129 .ENVIRONMENT, PRODUCTION, ANDSUBSISTENCE: ECONOMIC PATTERNS IN A RURAL,.0TOMI COMMUNITY . , -143 W4 I. -tam T. Vickers )1C, PATRON DE &SENTA&IIENTODE UN PUEBLO OTOMI: RELACIONES ESTRUCTURALES MITREMWZANAS Patricia Heuze 163 PREFACE This volume consists of a set (rather than a collection) of papers written by graduate students who were participants in summer field schools conducted in the mezquital Valley, in the state of Hidalgo, i4exico. The 1971 field school (from which the majority of these contributions here are drawn) marked the sixth and last of its kind all of which were generously supported by the i4tional Science Founda- tion. Professor Bernard pioneered the first in the Diezquital Valley in 1957. Pro- fessor Kenny joined him as co-director in the second (1968), the fourth (1970, held in the states of Washington and Idaho, USA; in the same year, Or. Philip Young, University of Oregon, carried on the tradition in :Mexico) and the fifth (1971). In one or another combination, Washington State University, the Catholic University of America, and the University of_Pregon were all concerned, as an informal consortium, in the administration of these schools. Previous publications relating to these field schools are Los Otomips (H. Russell Bernard Ced..7 Washington State University, Laboratory of Anthropology no. 46., 1969) and The Inland EmpirA (H. Russell Bernard and 1.1ichael Kenny Cedsj Washington State University, Laboratory of Anthropology no. 43., 1971). A pro- fessional paper by Kenny, Bernard and Early, summarising and analysing our collec- tive experiences in six years of field training will be published shortly. This volume, then is truly a sequel for, although each school comprised a different set of student participants, continuity was achieved by a staff which had worked to- gether successfully to hammer out an organization common to all the schools. Despite this common format, each school provideda new experience unique for the staff and the students. This unique quality of each field experience has at one and the same time a humbling and a maturing effect which, we believe, is an essential step in the making of an anthropologist.We noted this effect equally on the North American students at work in their own Inland Empire (Washington and Idaho) in 1970as we did on the Iiiexican students at work in their own biezquital Valley; for, from 1968 on, ijexican participation in our program had beena welcome innovation. Our plan of operation was simple. Students were selected in the early Spring in the USA and Mexico and were sent an information manual to prepare them for the field. Once on site at headquarters (Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo), we devoted the first week to acclimatising and orienting them. Seminars and workshops included brief overviews and practice in field techniques, as well as analysis of culture shock, all too necessarily telescoped into one week...but, we had depended, perhaps op- timistically, on the students' awn departments to prepare them for the -9.eld. Con- siderable thought and care was then given to 'marrying' the student with a neigh- boring community which fitted both his desires and capabilities. In the second week, the staff introduced the student to the local authorities, explained his mission, arranged suitable though usually modest accomodation, and visited him every week for six weeks. A short break at mid-term reunited students at head- quarters for an exchange of experiences; the 'cross-fertilization' that ensued was both psychologically and culturally rewarding. The final (eighth) week again brought them together at headquarters for the handing-in of their six assignments and for a verbal but formal presentation of their field results. The papers in this volume represent their ultimate assignment prepared after they had been re- affiliated to their home institutions. A preliminary content analysis of these papers reveals that seven were the fruit of work in established Otomi Indian villages or in Otomi hamlets which had begun the process of 'colonization', that is nucleation from a previously dispersed settlement pattern. We might add that in these communities bilingualism (Otomi and Spanish) is increasingly the norm but by no means universal,a factor which adds considerably to the difficulties of research.Six other papers were the result of work in small towns inhabited by mestizos, Otomi-THaians and, in some cases, a foreign minority. Although students have not explicitly made the distinction here, some of the techniques employed in these town studies were expressive of the grow- ing sophistication in urban anthropological method. Since our contributors here were allowed-- indeed, positively encouraged -- to shape their own research focus, their papers are consequently individually dis- tinct in the data they cover. Only one (Rafferty's) is concerned with linguistics, and it is a meticulously prepared example of the ethnoscience technique revealing the animR1 domains of the Otomi cognitive world. Other papers deal with municipal political organization, educational aspirations, diet, externally planned village nucleation and internal changes, different levels of acculturation, and a new youth organization in an important market town.Three papers describe economic patterns and are insightful of the role of market women, self-help, and subsistence living. As the paper by Vickers shows, even in a tiny Otomi hamlet the so-called local 4 ii directly linked to thenational economy of iqexicol low subsistence economy may be self-sufficiency. rainfall and scarcity of arableland do not make possible a Another