DOCSLIB.ORG

SARS-Cov-2 in Wastewater from Mexico City Used for Irrigation in the Mezquital 2 Valley: Quantification and Modelling of Geographic Dispersion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SARS-Cov-2 in Wastewater from Mexico City Used for Irrigation in the Mezquital 2 Valley: Quantification and Modelling of Geographic Dispersion medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.21258522; this version posted June 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 1 SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater from Mexico City used for irrigation in the Mezquital 2 Valley: quantification and modelling of geographic dispersion 3 4 Authors 5 Yaxk’in Coronado1, Roberto Navarro2, Carlos Mosqueda2,3, Valeria Valenzuela2,4, Juan 6 Pablo Perez2, VíCtor González-Mendoza1, Mayra de la Torre2, Jorge Rocha1*. 7 8 1ConaCyt-Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Centro de InvestigaCión en AlimentaCión y Desarrollo. 9 Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura de Hidalgo, Blvd. Santa Catarina S/N, San Agustín 10 TlaxiaCa, Hidalgo, MéxiCo, 42163 11 2Unidad Regional Hidalgo. Centro de InvestigaCión en AlimentaCión y Desarrollo. Ciudad 12 del Conocimiento y la Cultura de Hidalgo, Blvd. Santa Catarina S/N, San Agustín TlaxiaCa, 13 Hidalgo, MéxiCo, 42163. 14 3Instituto TeCnológiCo de Celaya. Antonio García Cubas 600, Fovissste, Celaya, Gto., 15 38010. 16 4Universidad TeCnológiCa de Querétaro. Av. Pie de la Cuesta 2501, NaCional, Santiago de 17 Querétaro, Qro., 76148. 18 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 19 Additional data: 20 https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/yaxastro3000/COVID_CIAD_URH/blob/C65aC45af147 21 36023e94eb087aea8d541a7daC68/MODEL_COVID_CIAD_URH.ipynb 22 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.21258522; this version posted June 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 23 Abstract 24 QuantifiCation of SARS-CoV-2 in urban wastewaters has emerged as a cheap, effiCient 25 strategy to follow trends of aCtive COVID-19 cases in populations. Moreover, 26 mathematiCal models have been developed that allow prediCtion of aCtive cases following 27 the temporal patterns of viral loads in wastewaters. In MexiCo, no systematiC efforts have 28 been reported in the use of this strategies. In this work, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 in 29 rivers and irrigation canals in the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, an agriCultural region where 30 wastewater from MexiCo City is distributed and used for irrigation. Using quantitative RT- 31 PCR, we deteCted the virus in 6 out of 8 water samples from rivers, and 5 out of 8 water 32 samples from irrigation canals. Notably, samples showed a general consistent trend of 33 having the highest viral loads in the sites closer to MexiCo City, indiCating that this is the 34 main source that contributes to deteCtion. Using the data for SARS-CoV-2 concentration in 35 the river samples, we generated a simplified transport model that desCribes the spatial 36 patterns of dispersion of virus in the river. We suggest that this model can be extrapolated 37 to other wastewater systems that require knowledge of spatial patterns of viral dispersion at 38 a geographiC sCale. Our work highlights the need for improved praCtiCes and poliCies 39 related to the use of wastewater for irrigation in MexiCo and other countries. 40 Introduction 41 The ongoing global pandemiC of COVID-19 disease, caused by severe aCute respiratory 42 syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a publiC health emergency of international 43 Concern (Organization and Fund (UNICEF), 2020a, 2020b). SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleiC aCid 44 (RNA) has been deteCted in feCes from both symptomatiC and asymptomatiC patients (Chen 45 et al., 2020; Holshue et al., 2020; Jiehao et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020; W. Wang et al., 46 2020; Zhang et al., 2020) and in wastewater (Ahmed et al., 2020; Lodder and Husman, 47 2020; Medema et al., 2020). For this reason, quantifiCation of SARS-CoV-2 ARN in 48 wastewater has emerged as a cheap, effiCient method for monitoring aCtive cases in large 49 populations (Ahmed et al., 2020; S. Wang et al., 2020), small towns (Kitajima et al., 2020; 50 Randazzo et al., 2020), or campuses (Harris-Lovett et al., 2021). Notably, this strategy 51 allows for a one-week antiCipation in the aCtive cases, compared to health systems medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.21258522; this version posted June 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 52 registries, since asymptomatiC individuals contribute to the viral load in wastewaters 53 (Vallejo et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020). 54 MexiCo City has more than 661,446 confirmed cases of COVID-19 (MexiCo City 55 Government, 2020; consulted on June 1st, 2021); this is the city with the highest number of 56 Cases in the country. In Hidalgo, a state north of MexiCan Valley Metropolitan Area 57 (MVMA, Figure 1a), more than 39,012 positive cases have aCCumulated (State of Hidalgo 58 Government, 2021), of whiCh more than 11,000 cases (28%) correspond to the Mezquital 59 Valley, a highly productive agriCultural region. 60 To date, few systematiC efforts have been made in MexiCo to deteCt SARS-CoV-2 in 61 wastewater. However, the Mezquital Valley has several relevant charaCteristiCs for the 62 study of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: 1) agriCulture production is maintained by using 63 exclusively wastewater for irrigation (Contreras et al., 2017); 2) the wastewater source is 64 the MVMA, the most populated metropolitan area worldwide, and the region that 65 Concentrates most aCtive cases in MexiCo (Figure 1b) (Información referente a casos 66 COVID-19 en México - datos.gob.mx/busca); 3) the system includes one of the largest 67 wastewater treatment faCilities in Latin AmeriCa, whiCh feeds a river and a complex system 68 of irrigation canals; 4) farmers, inhabitants and consumers in the Mezquital Valley are in 69 ContaCt with water, soil or agriCultural products and 5) the use of wastewater for irrigation 70 is one of the main causes that allowed that this Valley is no longer in extreme poverty 71 (García-Salazar and García-Salazar, 2019). 72 Using data for SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater, several models have been 73 proposed for to find a correlation between the temporal patterns of viral concentration and 74 the number of aCtive COVID-19 cases (Hart and Halden, 2020b). Likewise, a previous 75 work presented the first model of spatial and temporal patterns of viral loads in seaway 76 systems, showing the dispersion of the virus in an urban region (Hart and Halden, 2020a). 77 However, models for spatial patterns of viral dispersion are needed in open waterbodies 78 that contain wastewater, in order to understand the virus transport and to identify the zones 79 with higher risk of infeCtion. 80 In this study we sampled water from the Tula River, Salado River and irrigation canals in 81 the Mezquital Valley, whiCh reCeive wastewater from MexiCo City, to assess the presence medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.07.21258522; this version posted June 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 82 of SARS-CoV-2 and generate a mathematiCal model that desCribes its spatial dispersion. 83 We propose that our results highly relevant not only to follow the epidemiC in MexiCo City 84 and muniCipalities in Hidalgo, but also to evaluate a possible risk of transmission through 85 environmental matriCes and measure the stability of SARS-CoV-2 with geographiC 86 resolution. 87 Materials and Methods 88 Sampling. Water samples were taken along the Tula River between the mouth of the 89 Central Interceptor Tunnel and Ixmiquilpan; samples were also taken in the Salado River, 90 whiCh reCeives wastewater from the Grand Drainage Canal, and Tepeji river, whiCh 91 Contains wastewaters from local muniCipalities (Figure 1). We also colleCted water samples 92 from irrigation canals in locations representative of the Mezquital Valley. Appropriate 93 safety equipment was always used, consisting of a cotton lab coat, latex gloves, KN95 94 respirator-mask, rubber boots, disposable cap, and safety glasses. A simple sampling 95 teChnique was used (NOM, 1980; EPA, 2017), locating sites where the wastewater is well 96 mixed near to the center of the flow channel, approximately between 40 and 60 percent of 97 water depth, where turbulence is maximum, and there is minimum sedimentation of solids. 98 For eaCh location, three water samples were colleCted as follows: two samples of 400 ml in 99 glass bottles, for SARS-CoV-2 deteCtion and for miCrobiologiCal analyses; and one 4 L 100 sample in a plastiC bottle, for physiCochemiCal analysis. For eaCh water sample colleCted at 101 an irrigation canal, we sampled 500 g of soil from an adjaCent agriCultural field. All 102 samples were immediately plaCed in iCe until arrival at the laboratory. Water samples for 103 SARS-CoV-2 deteCtion were inaCtivated by incubation at 60˚C for 1 h upon arrival at the 104 laboratory. 105 Physicochemical and Microbiological Analyses. Samples for physiCochemiCal and 106 miCrobiologiCal analyses were stored in iCe from sampling until delivery to external 107 laboratories where determinations were carried out.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Detection of SARS-Cov-2 in Wastewater Northeast of Mexico City: Strategy for Monitoring and Prevalence of COVID-19
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Northeast of Mexico City: Strategy for Monitoring and Prevalence of COVID-19 José Roberto González-Reyes 1 , María de la Luz Hernández-Flores 2,*, Jesús Eduardo Paredes-Zarco 1 , Alejandro Téllez-Jurado 3 , Omar Fayad-Meneses 2 and Lamán Carranza-Ramírez 2 1 Investigación Aplicada para el Bienestar Social y Ambiental Asociación Civil (INABISA A.C.), Pachuca 42088, Mexico; [email protected] (J.R.G.-R.); [email protected] (J.E.P.-Z.) 2 Consejo Ejecutivo del Complejo Científico y Tecnológico Sincrotrón, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42163, Mexico; [email protected] (O.F.-M.); [email protected] (L.C.-R.) 3 Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún km 20, Zempoala 43830, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: mariadelaluz.fl[email protected] Abstract: A month-long wastewater sampling project was conducted along the northeast periphery of Mexico City, specifically in the state of Hidalgo, to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2. To deter- mine the prevalence of infection and obtain a range of COVID-19 cases in the main metropolitan zones. Viral RNA residues (0–197,655 copies/L) were measured in wastewater from the five central municipalities in the state. By recording the number of RNA viral copies per liter, micro-basins delim- Citation: González-Reyes, J.R.; itation, demographic and physiological data, an interval of infected people and virus prevalence was Hernández-Flores, M.d.l.L.; estimated using a Monte Carlo model (with 90% confidence) in the micro-basin of five municipalities Paredes-Zarco, J.E.; Téllez-Jurado, A.; with metropolitan influence or industrial activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Modelacion De La Calidad Del Agua Del Río Tula, Estado De Hidalgo
    Dyna ISSN: 0012-7353 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia MONTELONGO CASANOVA, ROSALBA; GORDILLO MARTÍNEZ, ALBERTO JOSÉ; OTAZO SÁNCHEZ, ELENA MARÍA; VILLAGÓMEZ IBARRA, JOSÉ ROBERTO; ACEVEDO SANDOVAL, OTILIO ARTURO; PRIETO GARCÍA, FRANCISCO Modelacion de la calidad del agua del río tula, Estado de hidalgo, México Dyna, vol. 75, núm. 154, marzo, 2008, pp. 5-18 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49615402 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto MODELACION DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DEL RÍO TULA, ESTADO DE HIDALGO, MÉXICO MODELING OF THE QUALITY OF WATER OF RIVER TULA, STATE OF HIDALGO, MEXICO ROSALBA MONTELONGO CASANOVA Ingeniero Químico por la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México ALBERTO JOSÉ GORDILLO MARTÍNEZ Dr. en Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo ELENA MARÍA OTAZO SÁNCHEZ Dra. en Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo JOSÉ ROBERTO VILLAGÓMEZ IBARRA Dr. en Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo OTILIO ARTURO ACEVEDO SANDOVAL Dr. en Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo FRANCISCO PRIETO GARCÍA Dr. en Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo [email protected] Recibido para revisar Enero 12 de 2007, aceptado Abril 13 de 2007, versión final Octubre 10 de 2007 RESUMEN: Modelar la calidad del agua del río Tula, desde el emisor central hasta su confluencia con la presa Endhó, ha sido el objetivo central de este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes and Continuities in Ritual Practice at Chechem Ha Cave, Belize
    FAMSI © 2008: Fernando Báez Urincho Building Four: a Palace in Tula Grande, the Lodging of the Toltec King Research Year: 2007 Culture: Toltec Chronology: Early Postclassic Location: Tula de Allende, Hidalgo State, Mexico Site: Tula Archaeological Zone Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Introduction Building Four and Tula Grande's Sacred Precinct The Shape of Building Four Building Four's construction System Building Four and its Occupation Processes The Toltec Occupation Abandonment Recovery Filling and Leveling Mexica Occupation Conclusions: Building Four and its Function Acknowledgments List of Figures Sources Cited 1 Abstract During the field seasons of 2002, 2003, and 2004, we had the opportunity of excavating the northeast sector (known as “Building 4”) in the main precinct of Tula’s Archaeological Zone. A series of architectonic elements were uncovered, with a spatial distribution which represents the importance and meaning that a palace complex had for Toltec society. These excavations confirmed the existence of this palace as originally was proposed by the archaeologist Jorge R. Acosta during his first investigations. Thanks to the support of the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, we were able to achieve a better and greater knowledge concerning the area which we explored. These contributions, which form part of my thesis investigations, will help us to understand the cultural and social dynamics that took place in this building complex, thus relating these processes to other sectors of the precinct during different times of its occupation. This study also presents for the first time detailed information concerning an Early Postclassic palace complex in the Basin of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unintentional and Intentional Recharge of Aquifers in the Tula and the Mexico Valleys: the Megalopolis Needs Mega Solutions
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267957844 The unintentional and intentional recharge of aquifers in the Tula and the Mexico Valleys: The Megalopolis needs Mega solutions Chapter · January 2014 CITATION READS 1 215 1 author: Blanca Jiménez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 293 PUBLICATIONS 5,301 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Water Quality View project Disinfection View project All content following this page was uploaded by Blanca Jiménez on 20 January 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 23 Unplanned reuse of wastewater for human consumption: The Tula Valley, Mexico Blanca Jiménez 23.1 INTRODUCTION In irrigation, water is frequently used with low efficiencies (< 50%), seldom realizing that the “lost” water often recharges aquifers that are being used for several purposes. This results in unplanned water reuse together with concerns that depend on the quality of the irrigating water. This situation is illustrated by the Tula Valley case study that shows how an “inefficient” use of wastewater turned out to be a successful, though unplanned, example of water reuse in a semi-arid area. Environmental and economic conditions were dramatically improved while a new drinking water source was provided. However, in order to maximize the advantages while reducing future risks, special management – described in this chapter – is required. Payne was the first to report, in 1975, that 90-100% of the aquifer in Tula Valley was formed by Mexico City’s wastewater. Later, in 1995, the British Geological Survey and the National Water Commission (BGS-CNA, 1998) quantified the phenomenon as at least 2 194 560 m3/d (25.4 m3/s).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Espacio, Tiempo Y Asentamientos En El Valle Del Mezquital: Un Enfoque Comparativo Con Los Desarrollos De William T. Sand
    Cuicuilco ISSN: 1405-7778 [email protected] Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia México López Aguilar, Fernando; Fournier, Patricia Espacio, tiempo y asentamientos en el Valle del Mezquital: un enfoque comparativo con los desarrollos de William T. Sanders Cuicuilco, vol. 16, núm. 47, septiembre-diciembre, 2009, pp. 113-146 Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=35118470006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Espacio, tiempo y asentamientos en el Valle del Mezquital: un enfoque comparativo con los desarrollos de William T. Sanders Fernando López Aguilar Patricia Fournier Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia RESUMEN : El enfoque y el modelo metodológico aplicado por William T. Sanders a la cuenca de México y aplicado al Valle del Mezquital, han permitido conocer algunas dinámicas socioculturales y el tipo de población que pudo haberse establecido en diferentes periodos de tiempo en esta región. En el Preclásico existieron pequeños asentamientos con influencia Chupícuaro y Ticoman, pero, aparentemente, la región se encontraba despoblada; durante el periodo Clásico se inició el poblamiento en el noroccidente por los grupos Xajay, con posibles herencias de Chupícuaro- Mixtlan, mientras que los grupos de filiación teotihuacana, posiblemente accediendo por el sureste del Valle, fundaron cabeceras en las inmediaciones de Tula. Para el periodo Epiclásico se abandonaron los sitios teotihuacanos y se desarrollaron sistemas autónomos vinculados con Coyotlatelco, mientras que los asentamientos Xajay permanecieron ocupados, en especial sus centros cívico-ceremoniales.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic History of the Otomi in the Central Mexican Valley
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Anthropology Senior Theses Department of Anthropology Spring 2013 The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley Haleigh Zillges University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Zillges, Haleigh, "The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley" (2013). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 133. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/133 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley Abstract The Otomí, or Hñäñhü, is an indigenous ethnic group in the Central Mexican Valley that has been historically marginalized since before Spanish colonization. To investigate the extent by which historical, geographic, linguistic, and cultural influences shaped biological ancestry, I analyzed the genetic variation of 224 Otomí individuals residing in thirteen Otomí villages. Results indicate that the majority of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes belong to the four major founding lineages, A2, B2, C1, and D1, reflecting an overwhelming lack of maternal admixture with Spanish colonizers. Results also indicate that at an intra-population level, neither geography nor linguistics played a prominent role in shaping maternal biological ancestry. However, at an inter-population level, geography was found to be a more influential determinant. Comparisons of Otomí genetic variation allow us to reconstruct the ethnic history of this group, and to place it within a broader-based Mesoamerican history. Disciplines Anthropology This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/133 THE GENETIC HISTORY OF THE OTOMI IN THE CENTRAL MEXICAN VALLEY By Haleigh Zillges In Anthropology Submitted to the Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Thesis Advisor: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Guide PACHUCA Contents
    Travel Guide PACHUCA Contents DISCOVER PACHUCA 01 PACHUCA PROFILE 02 PACHUCA ATTRACTIONS 03 PACHUCA DINING 10 PACHUCA SHOPPING 13 PACHUCA NIGHTLIFE 15 THINGS TO DO IN PACHUCA 16 DISCOVER PACHUCA Pachuca is nicknamed the “Beautiful Windy City” for the strong winds that blow through its streets, forests, meadows, and fields for most of the year. It has a pleasant climate, making it an ideal place to visit just about any time of year. During colonial times it was known for its rich silver deposits, which led to the mining boom. The capital of the state of Hidalgo is a peaceful city with clean and orderly streets and several architectural gems, including impressive pre-Hispanic archeological sites, baroque style churches and convents, nineteenth century neoclassical buildings with a strong English influence, and modern office buildings with avant-garde designs. It has a new and exclusive business district, the Zona Plateada (Silver Zone), where you’ll find a modern convention center and various hotels designed for business travelers. THE BIRTHPLACE OF MEXICAN SOCCER Pachuca is proud to be known as the birthplace of Mexican soccer. The game was first introduced by a group of Cornish miners in 1901, and later adopted by the locals. Today, the city is the site of the first Soccer University in the country, and it’s also home to a professional soccer team. The city has modern attractions like the Interactive World Soccer Center, a space that includes a mini stadium, interactive exhibits, and a 3D theater; the Soccer Hall of Fame, an exhibition
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply Issues in the Valle De Mexico: User Side Perceptions
    Copyright by Regina Montserrat Canals López Velarde 2018 The Thesis Committee for Regina Montserrat Canals López Velarde Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Water supply issues in the Valle de Mexico: User side perceptions APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Suzanne A. Pierce Allan Shearer Enrique Cabral - Cano Water supply issues in the Valle de Mexico: User side perceptions by Regina Montserrat Canals López Velarde Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Energy and Earth Resources The University of Texas at Austin May 2018 Dedication Dedicado a las personas que forman parte de mi equipo en este caminar que es la vida buscando cumplir sueños en realidades. A ellos que nunca han bajado los brazos, que han estado a mi lado en cada paso y que con su cariño y presencia me han transformado en lo que soy hoy en día. Acknowledgements En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a Dios por haber sido mi guía en estos 28 años de vida. Hoy más que nunca, me queda claro que los tiempos de Dios son perfectos y que teniéndolo a Él como brújula en mi vida, todo es posible. Quiero agradecer a mi familia que ha sido un apoyo importante a lo largo de mi vida. En primer lugar a mi mamá, Lupita, porque sin darse cuenta ha sido un ejemplo a seguir y me ha transformado en la mujer que soy hoy en día.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual Processions in Ancient Tollan: the Legacy in Stone
    Ritual Processions in Ancient Tollan: The Legacy in Stone Elizabeth Jiménez García and Robert H. Cobean Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico Here we present a brief study eventually covering more than 16 km2 analyzing the depictions of key characters in between the Tula and Rosas Rivers, with a processions the architecture at the ceremonial center adjacent to the broad and archaeological site of Tula, located in the fast-moving Tula River. modern city of Tula (Hidalgo, México The majority of the sculptural (Figure 1). Ancient Tula was a city that representations in Tula depict richly evolved principally between CE 900-1150, costumed personages with weapons appropriate to a warrior elite. Here we focus on specific groups of individuals placed in strategic locations within the ceremonial precinct known as Tula Grande (Figure 2), who are directed or are oriented towards a point, indicating to us that these groups are processions. These individuals were portrayed on small platforms called benches, which are low constructions horizontally placed along walls, with a height between 50 and 60 centimeters. Figure 1. Location of the Archaeological Zone of Tula, State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Jiménez García and Cobean, “Ritual Processions in Ancient Tollan: The Legacy in Stone” Processions in the Ancient Americas, Penn State University Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 33 (2016): 154 Figure 2 (above). Buildings of the ceremonial precinct known as Tula Grande. (Drawing: Alba Guadalupe Mastache and Jesús Acevedo García) Between 1940 and 1960, Jorge R. Acosta discovered several benches that were still in situ; he considered all the benches to be part of the same construction phase (Figure 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra-Soler Clean V2
    An Original GIS and Remote Sensing Protocol to Detect Agricultural Drought Effects on Rainfed Agro Ecosystems in Semi-Arid Developing Regions: A Case Study for Central Mexico Andres Sierra-Soler Bioresource Engineering Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences McGill University, Montreal 2 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters in Science ©2013 3 Contents Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................8 Abstract............................................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................................12 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................12 1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................................ 17 1.3 Thesis Outline.......................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 .......................................................................................................................................21 Literature Review and Selection of Methods ................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • SO 013 204 Kenny, Michael, Ed.: Bernard, H. Russell, Ed
    SO 013 204 Kenny, Michael, Ed.: Bernard, H. Russell, Ed. Ethnological Field .Training in the Rezquital Valley, MexiCa: .Papers from the Ixmiquilpan Field Schools in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. :Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C. ttonar-Scien-ce-Foundationi-Washington, -D.C. Directorate for Science Education Somelipages may not reproduce clearly due to light print type-throughout original document. MIE4t/PC08 Plus Postage. *ijerican Indians: *Anthropology: Area Studies: Environmental influences: *Ethnology: *Field Studies: *Linguistics:. , Research Methodology: *Rural Areas: IhmaI,Development exido.; Otomi ,Thirteen papers by gradpate students who participated sumierfleId ,program in Hidalgo, Mexico, are presented. erw''-are presented in the. English languageand one is ='paws 1.2Research, for seven of the papers was undertaken Indian-villages or hamlets. Research for the wasundertaken In-small towns inhabited by ans, and, in some cases, a foreignminority. A research techniques was used, including sophisticated Cal ethods, ethnoscience techniques, linguistic 'tIc. techniques, observation, and. interviews. Titles aphs with Q Methodology in the Mezquital Valley": als and Village Nucleation": "Culture Change and elations-ina Small Mexican Town": "Marketingby Female Nexioo": "telf-Help and Directed Culture Change in an age": "Cultural'Ispects of Diet in El Espiritu,Hidalgo": tia2 Analysis of the Otani Animal Domain": "The Political t4'..anza the Judicial District and the Municipal Governmentof kfint an, Hidalgo":."Education: Aspirationand Opportunity in a , "1. Case Study of a Catholic Youth Organization in a :iiilan(Aiallexican Town": "The Making cf an Anthropologist: Phase 45:ftultmvironment Production, and Subsistence: Economic Patterns in OtomiCommunity": and "The Pattern of Settlement in anOtomi 02411aleStructural Relations Among Outlying Neighborhoods." (DB) ,;;***********************************************************************,.., .roductions,.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of LANGUAGE and LINGUISTIC STUDIES Privative
    Available online at www.jlls.org JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES ISSN: 1305-578X Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies,17(Special Issue 1), 384-402; 2021 Privative constructions in Mesoamerica: How do languages without ‘without’ actually function? Igor Vinogradov 1 Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia APA Citation: Vinogradov, I. (2021). Privative constructions in Mesoamerica: How do languages without ‘without’ actually function? Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 1), 384-402. Submission Date: 21/09/2020 Acceptance Date:15/12/2020 Abstract Languages in the Mesoamerican linguistic area have been reported to lack a dedicated means of expressing the privative meaning that encodes the absence of a participant in a situation. This micro-typological study identifies alternative strategies that the languages in this area employ to function without dedicated privative markers, namely borrowing the Spanish preposition sin, the use of regular negative constructions, including negative existential and copulative constructions, and developing functionally restricted markers for particular semantic domains (body parts, clothes, and so forth). The fact that Mesoamerican languages are averse to the use of negative comitative or instrumental constructions supports that privatives have a more complex semantic nature than a simple negation of possession, existence, or comitativity. A notable similarity in the privative constructions employed in Mesoamerica and in the languages to the north reflects the linguistic relationship between Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. © 2021 JLLS and the Authors - Published by JLLS. Keywords: privative; Mesoamerica; linguistic typology; areal linguistics; negation 1. Introduction This paper presents an areal micro-typological study of privative constructions in the languages of Mesoamerica.
    [Show full text]