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A Heroic Legend in Historiographic Disguise: a Journal of the Trojan War by Dictys of Crete

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A Heroic Legend in Historiographic Disguise: a Journal of the Trojan War by Dictys of Crete ELECTRUM Vol. 13 Kraków 2007 Antoni Bobrowski A HEROIC LEGEND IN HISTORIOGRAPHIC DISGUISE: A JOURNAL OF THE TROJAN WAR BY DICTYS OF CRETE It is not easy to clearly identify the status of the work, which has survived until now as “A Journal of the Trojan War” (Ephemeris belli Troiani) by Dictys of Crete, in the Latin translation of Lucius Septimius.1 The key difficulty lies with the very idea of the Greek writer, who made an effort to hide all traces of his identity and to remain totally anonymous. The reader was supposed to believe that the author of the text was an invented Dictys of Crete living in the times of the Trojan War and writing a chronicle of a great military conflict from the standpoint of an eyewitness. In the Prologue preceding Dictys’ text there is information about an alleged discovery of a manuscript written a long time ago and including Troiani belli verior textus – “a more reliable” account of the Trojan War. It was the author’s intention (who in the Prologus hides behind a supposed figure of the editor of an old chronicle just found) to make Dictys’ report “more reliable” than a strongly consolidated traditional version delivered once by great epic poetry written, among others, by Homer. As more accurate and more reliable, since it was written by an eyewitness and deprived of any poetic embellishments or distortions, it gave a unique opportunity for learning real truth after many centuries. Therefore, we have to do with an ancient literary fraud with clearly outlined polemical tendencies in relation to the traditional version of the Trojan myth, whereas the topic taken from heroic mythology, customarily presented in a high epic tone, was developed in a material form as a dry quasi-historical account. The text we have at our disposal now includes 6 books and it is the Latin translation of the lost Greek original. We can learn the name of the translator in the attached “dedicatory epistle” (Epistula), from which it stems that Books 1–5 (describing the origins of the war and its course until destroying of Troy) correspond exactly to the first five books of the original, whereas Book 6 (a story of victorious Greeks coming back home) is only a summary of several other books of the Greek version of “The Journal”. In this form, the “Latin Dictys” (translated most probably in the 4th c. A.D.2) left chronological frameworks of the ancient times and entered the Middle Ages, where, apart from a “twin” work with 1 Dictys Cretensis, Ephemeridos belli troiani libri a Lucio Septimio ex Graeco in Latinum sermonem translati, edidit Werner Eisenhut, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Leipzig 1973 (2nd ed.). 2 See discussion in Merkle 1989: 263–283. 194 ANTONI BOBROWSKI similar contents and of similar nature, namely “A Story of the Fall of Troy” (De excidio Troiae historia) by Dares the Phrygian (Dares Phrygius), it acquired huge popularity. A manuscript tradition of the Latin text of “The Journal” showed continuity from early Middle Ages (confirmed by the evidence of the preserved codices). The fate of the Greek original was completely different. Until the end of the19th century, information on the existence in antiquity of a Greek version of the text, which became the basis of Latin translation, had been drawn only from an indirect tradition. That indirect tradition was confirmed in the 20th century owing to a discovery of two papyri including short fragments of the Greek prototype.3 It is puzzling how different opinions were formulated about Dictys’ work during many years. In early research critical opinions prevailed, which pointed out the weakness of style, inadequacies and composition mistakes in the text, as well as clumsiness in the presentation of the topic and incoherence of a modest form with respectable contents. Most frequently, the Ephemeris was considered an example of the second-class literature, which is secondary and non-ambitious,4 although, at the same time, contrary opinions were also abundant.5 It seems that closer acquaintance with the text makes the reader reject prejudices and not always fair evaluations, which were recorded in the past, and see in “The Journal” a carefully thought-out and consistently realized author’s concept.6 A small Dictys’ work covers the whole set of myths related to the Trojan war, from the abduction of Helen by Paris-Alexander to the description of the return of the Greek warriors from Troy to their native towns. This clear account written in simple language includes a huge number of episodes, well known from the consolidated tradition, which are sometimes outlined in a little bit different shape, differing in details from the story included in old epic poetry. The necessary selection of the narrative material did not consist of making dramatic cuts and omissions in the fundamental fiction trend given an original epic shape by Homer and the cyclic poets. Homer was one of many sources and it was not Dictys’ assumption to faithfully sum up his poems, although in the narrative course of the first five books the segment corresponding to The Iliad contentwise is the most extensive one and placed in the centre (2.28–4.1). Dictys preserved the narrative order known from the Poems of the Cycle and the account of the Ephemeris approximately corresponds in terms of its contents to the following works in the following order:7 Cypria (1.1–2.27: from the abduction of Helen by Alexander, through preparations to the war, events taking place 3 The Tebtunis Papyri, Part II, ed. by B.G. Grenfell, A.S. Hunt, E.J. Goodspeed, London–New York 1907: 268, p. 9–18; The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part XXXI, ed. J.W.B. Barns, P.Parsons, J. Rea, E.G. Turner, London 1966: 2539, p. 45–48. 4 This is where most probably negative phrases come from, which were for a long time attached to the name Dictys, e.g. “Machwerk”: Helm 1948: 21; “artless and abrupt”: Marblestone 1970: 370; cf. also spectacular but ambivalently sounding labels attached to Dictys and Dares: “Dictys and Dares created narratives that were flat and inconsistent”, Clarke 1981: 32; “a sort of tabloid journalism”, Farrow 1991– –1992: 343; “hoax accounts of the Trojan War”, Laird 1993: 155; “spoof narratives of the Trojan War”, Morgan 1993: 209. 5 E.g.: “The Ephemeris belli Troiani of Dictys is presented in an excellent style (...) It can claim high literary merit”, Syme 1968: 123; “Dictys, der gewendtere Stylist”, Kytzler 1993: 477. 6 Cf. Merkle 1996: 571: “Despite the harsh criticism of scholars, then, the Eph. upon closer examination appears as a quite carefully conceived text, whose author hadled his material within the self-imposed limits of an ephemeris with considerable skill”. 7 Cf. Allen 1924: 151–156; Burgess 2001: 7–46 (Ch. 1), and Appendix A. A Heroic Legend in Historiographic Disguise... 195 in Aulis, landing of the Greeks at Troy and initial battles, to the description of plundering raids conducted by the Greek army in neighbouring lands in order to obtain loot and captive women); The Iliad by Homer (2.28–4.1: from Achilles’ conflict with Agamemnon to the death and funeral of Hector); Aethiopis (4.2–4.14: conquering of Trojans’ allies, Amazons commanded by Penthesilea and Ethiop troops headed by Memnon; death and funeral of Achilles); Ilias mikra and Iliou persis (4.15–5.17: from the moment when Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus, comes to Troy until the destruction of the city, and the victorious Greeks leaving for home); Nostoi, The Odyssey by Homer and Telegonia (Book 6 combining, in the form of a condensed summary, parallel accounts regarding stories of the Greek warriors coming home). A comparative analysis of the account included in the Ephemeris, on the one hand, and the Poems of the Cycle and Homeric poems, on the other, shows that deviations made by Dictys from the “canonical” version of the Trojan Stories passed by the earlier tradition refer in particular cases both to the chronology of episodes and to motivations affecting the course of events as well as to descriptive details. With reference to the poems of the Epic Cycle, those deviations can be most clearly observed in such episodes as the death of Achilles (4.10–11), who perishes not on the battlefield, but is murdered in an ambush by Alexander; a conflict on the Palladion (5.14) – in the traditional shape of the episode (armorum iudicium) the subject of the argument between Aias and Odysseus was the armour left after the killed Achilles; in addition, the conflict took place before the fall of Troy and not, as written by Dictys, only just before the Greeks set off for home; finally an ambiguous activity of Antenor and Aeneas (Book 5), who, by getting involved in secret negotiations with the Greek commanders, contributed to the destruction of their native town. In case of the events corresponding to the contents of The Iliad, there seem to be more deviations of that kind. The most important ones include early and problem free solution of the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon, as a result of which Achilles would come back to partake in battles long before the death of his friend Patroclus (2.48–52); utterly non-Homeric theme of ardent “romantic” love of Achilles to the daughter of the king of Troy, Polyxena (3.2–3) together with all its consequences; the episode of Priam coming to Achilles to redeem Hector’s body (3.20–27) is also constructed differently than by Homer. 8 Those changes, compared to Homer’s narration in the area of constructing the themes as well as the sequence and course of some episodes and scenes, are accompanied by significant structural and programme modifications, first of all, total elimination of the epic system of gods and general tendency to deheroisation of the image of heroes.
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