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New Strategy to Drastically Increase Water Productivity Through High Yielding Perennial Rice Ratooning in Ghana

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New Strategy to Drastically Increase Water Productivity Through High Yielding Perennial Rice Ratooning in Ghana 3rd World Irrigation Forum (WIF3) ST-3.3 1-7 September 2019, Bali, Indonesia W.3.1.19 NEW STRATEGY TO DRASTICALLY INCREASE WATER PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH HIGH YIELDING PERENNIAL RICE RATOONING IN GHANA Kazumi Yamaoka1 and Joseph Ofori2 ABSTRACT Recent increase in rice consumption in Africa are noteworthy. Especially the demand for rice from Sub-Saharan African countries is steadily increasing. Consequently, the consumption of rice in the countries is estimated to increase from 19.8 million tons in 2010 to 34 million tons in 2020 (Africa Rice Center, 2011), which will result in importing 14 million tons of milled rice in 2020 and consuming a large amount of foreign currency important for the economy of the countries. Boosting domestic production of rice is a prioritized economic issue of these countries. Most of the rice production in these countries depends on an enormous number of small-scale rice farmers. Because they have a poor investment capacity to increase their cultivated area or to invest for irrigation services for higher yield per acre, it is necessary to raise the annual yield by increasing the number of annual cropping and to improve the water productivity Tropical Perennial Rice (ToPRice) farming systems (SALIBU technology) allow seven-times-harvest of paddy rice in two years by cultivating ratoon crops with high yield and dramatically low consumption of irrigation water. The authors have conducted a series of cultivation test for selecting the suitable cultivar under the farming systems in Ghana for over a year. We cultivated four African varieties and four Asian ones and harvested the main crop and its subsequent three generations of ratoon crop. Of the eight varieties in total, the average yield of SALIBU ratoon crop over 3 generations is 6 t/ha in three varieties of African species and one variety of Asian species. And all varieties scored 4 t/ha or more in yield so that SALIBU technology has shown the high practical potential as rice farming technology under the Coastal Savannah climate in Ghana. Regarding the water productivity the ratoon farming systems scored 2.1 to 5.6 times more than conventional practice. This is comparable to that of wheat and maize. Keywords: SALIBU technology, perennial rice, African variety, Asian variety, high water productivity 1. INTRODUCTION Recent increase in rice consumption in Africa are noteworthy. Especially the demand for rice from Sub-Saharan African countries is steadily increasing. Consequently, the consumption of rice in the countries is estimated to increase from 19.8 million tons in 2010 to 34 million tons in 2020 (Africa Rice Center, 2011), which will result in importing 14 million tons of milled rice in 2020 and consuming a large amount of foreign currency important for the economy of the countries. Boosting domestic production of rice is a prioritized economic issue of these countries. In the 56 years from 1961 to 2017, the world rice crop area has expanded 1.45 times, meanwhile production has increased 3.57 times and the yield per unit area 2.46 times (Faostat, 2019). In Sub-Saharan Africa, herewith, which consists of Eastern, Central, Southern and Western Africa, in the same period, the rice crop area has expanded 1 Senior researcher, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS). 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Agromonist, Soil and Irrigation Research Center, Kpong, University of Ghana; E-mail: [email protected] 1 3rd World Irrigation Forum (WIF3) ST-3.3 1-7 September 2019, Bali, Indonesia W.3.1.19 5.61 times, meanwhile production has increased 9.58 times and the yield per unit area is 1.71 times (Faostat, 2019) (Figure 1). On a global basis, the annual increase rate of rice yield per unit area from 1962 to 2017 clearly shows a downward trend in the approximate curve. That is, those that exceeded 2% in the 1960s and 1970s cut less than 2% in the 1980s, less than 1.5% in the 2000s, further less than 1% in the 2010s, and is expected to reach zero in 2030 (Yamaoka et.al., 2019). However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, it has gradually increased around 1.0% since the 1960s, and has maintained this level until now. The annual increase rate of rice yield per unit area in this region seems to be stable at 1% (Figure 2). Legend: Source: FAOSTAT (2019) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Figure 1. Harvested area, production and Yield per unit area of rice (1961-2017: Sub- Saharan Africa) Legend: Source: FAOSTAT (2019) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Figure 2. Annual increase rate of rice yield per unit area, its five-year moving average and trend curve (1962-2017: Sub-Saharan Africa) In Asia, the realization of the formula “Green Revolution = irrigation development × introduction of high-yield varieties × fertilizer input” has achieved an increase in yield per unit area exceeding 2% annually since the 1960s.However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, where agricultural development has been delayed, the investment in irrigation development required to realize this formula is weak, the increase in yield per unit area is limited, and the increase in rice production is largely due to the increase in acreage.The ratio of irrigated paddy rice in the expansion of rice production area is lowIn Sub-Saharan Africa, unfortunately, it is not possible to expect a significant increase in the area of irrigated paddy fields with significant investment in the future. First, the problem is how to increase production in irrigated paddy fields that have already been developed and high-yield varieties have been introduced.The next problem is how to increase the production of rice in rain-fed paddy fields which have 2 3rd World Irrigation Forum (WIF3) ST-3.3 1-7 September 2019, Bali, Indonesia W.3.1.19 the largest area.In neither case, a scenario to increase production by introducing more high-yield varieties does not hold. It is fundamental to continue to use varieties currently widely cultivated by farmers both in irrigated and rain-fed areas. Another important point to consider is that it is difficult to increase irrigation water volume by new irrigation development, so it is necessary to find a way to increase rice production without increasing irrigation water volume. 2. METHODS Is there such a favorable and innovative rice cultivation method? Yes, the Tropical Perennial Rice (ToPRice) farming systems (SALIBU technology) which is an inovative rice ratooning cultivation originating from West Sumatra, Indonesia allow for harvesting rice grain up to 3.5-4 times annually. It also allows to produce a yield for ratoon crop in the following consecutive generations at the same level as that of main crop while past studies generally concluded that the grain yield of ratoon crop was within the range of 20 to 50% of that of main crop (Krishnamurthy, 1988). ToPRice farming systems should revolutionarily increase water productivity through consecutive ratooning cultivation because farmers can reduce the amount of irrigation water drastically by shortening cultivation periods and omitting seedling raising, puddling and transplanting. Water amount used during puddling and transplanting is huge. The systems can transform monocarpic annual rice plant into tropical perennial type which produce ratoon grains over generations. They do not force farmers to put additional investment while give them advantage of saving resources such as water, labor and seed. And they reduce the cost and adverse environmental effect of frequent mechanized land preparation and allow effective utilization of residual nutrients. A joint study was, therefore, conducted by Dr. Kazumi Yamaoka of Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and Dr.Joseph Ofori of Soil and Irrigation Research Center, University of Ghana (SIREC – UG) to evaluate the potential of the SALIBU ratoon technology for increased rice yield and water productivity in coastal savannah agroecological zone of Ghana. Supecific objectives of the joint study were as follows; i.To determine suitable variety for the perennial rice ratoon farming system ii.To determine the yield of rice in main crop and 5 generations of ratoon crop iii.To compare water productivity in Salibu system with the conventional non- ratooning but transplanting rice system The study was conducted at the Soil and Irrigation Research Center (SIREC) of the University of Ghana which is about 8 km away from the Kpong, during the minor rainy season. The area lies between latitudes (00 04' E, 60 09' N) in the Eastern region of Ghana. It is part of the Accra plains and has annual rainfall between 800 and 1100mm.The major rainy season begins from April to mid-July while the minor rainy season from early September to mid-November. The soils in the study area are mainly the vertisols of the Accra plains. These are characterized by montmorillonitic clay minerals with clay content of 35–40%. The soils characteristically swell and become sticky when wet. When dried, they become 3 3rd World Irrigation Forum (WIF3) ST-3.3 1-7 September 2019, Bali, Indonesia W.3.1.19 harden and crack extensively which makes it difficult to cultivate with simple farm implements. A split plot design with cropping systems ((1. Perennial rice cropping system (Salibu ratooning) and, 2. Conventional non – ratooning rice system characterized by complete submergence) as main plot and rice variety (1. AGRA, 2. Amankwatia, 3. Aromatic short, 4. Ex Baika, these are African varieties, 5. Shwepyihtay, 6. Shwethweyin (replaced later with Jasmine 85), 7.Sinthukha, 8. Theehtatyinand 9.Yadanartoe, these are Asian varieties) in subplots, was used. The water management method used for the salibu system was alternate wet and dry method (AWD) while the conventional farming practices had complete flooding as water management technique.
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