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5.1 Optical Nanostrip Antenna Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk INVENSTIGATION OF SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS BASED ON NANO RECTENNA WANG JIAJIE, IVAN Ph.D The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2014 I II The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Building Services Engineering Investigation of Solar Electric Systems Based on Nano Rectenna WANG Jiajie, Ivan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2013 III IV CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it produces no material previously published or written nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, even though I may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression. __________________________(Signed) ____WANG Jiajie, Ivan_______(Name of Student) Department of Building Services Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University September 2013 V VI Table of Content Investigation of Solar Electric Systems Based on Nano Rectenna ...................... III Table of Content ................................................................................................. VII Publications .......................................................................................................... XI Figures............................................................................................................... XIII Tables .............................................................................................................. XVII Abstract ............................................................................................................. XIX Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ XXIII 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives .................................................................. 5 1.3 Research Scope ........................................................................................ 7 1.4 Research Methodology ............................................................................ 9 1.5 Significance and Value ........................................................................... 11 2 Literature Review.............................................................................................. 13 2.1 Development of Energy Transmission Systems .................................... 13 2.2 Receiving Nano Antenna ....................................................................... 15 2.3 Energy Rectification .............................................................................. 18 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 20 3 Nano Antenna Design ....................................................................................... 22 3.1 Basic Parameters for Optical Antenna ................................................... 22 3.1.1 Radiation Patterns ....................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Radiation Intensity ...................................................................... 26 3.1.3 Directivity and Gain .................................................................... 26 3.1.4 Antenna Field Zones ................................................................... 27 3.1.5 Input Impedance.......................................................................... 28 3.1.6 Receiving Antenna Efficiency .................................................... 29 3.2 Numerical Method for Nano Antenna Design ....................................... 30 3.2.1 Brief FDTD Method ................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Material in FDTD Method ..................... 33 3.3 Choice of Metal Materials for Nano Antenna ........................................ 36 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 39 4 Disk Nano Antenna for Field Enhancement and Broadband ............................ 41 4.1 Directional Field Enhancement of Dielectric Nano Optical Disc Antenna Array ............................................................................................................ 41 4.1.1 Analysis of Electrical Field Distributions of Nano Antenna ....... 41 4.1.2 FDTD Simulation of Dielectric Nano Optical Disc Antenna Array for Field Enhancement ......................................................................... 45 4.1.3 Conclusion .................................................................................. 49 VII 4.2 Broadband Optical Antenna Design and Equivalent Circuit ................. 50 4.2.1 Broadband Optical Antenna Design............................................ 50 4.2.2 Equivalent Circuit for Broadband Optical Antenna .................... 52 4.2.3 FDTD Simulation for Broadband Optical Antenna .................... 53 4.2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................. 56 4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 56 5 Optical Input Impedance of Nanostrip Antennas .............................................. 57 5.1 Optical Nanostrip Antenna ..................................................................... 57 5.2 Optical Input Impedance and Optical Radiation Efficiency .................. 58 5.3 Antenna Parameters against Nanoantenna Size ..................................... 63 5.3.1 Gap Distance g ............................................................................ 63 5.3.2 Strip Width a ............................................................................... 65 5.3.3 Strip Length b ............................................................................. 67 5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 71 6 Rectification Device.......................................................................................... 73 6.1 Metal Insulator Metal Overview ............................................................ 73 6.1.1 Device Structure .......................................................................... 74 6.1.2 Functions ..................................................................................... 75 6.1.3 Difference from Traditional PV in Working Function ................ 77 6.2 Tunneling Effect of the MIM Diode ...................................................... 77 6.3 MIM Diode Without/With External Time Harmonic E-field ................. 83 6.3.1 Unilluminated MIM Diode ......................................................... 87 6.3.2 Illuminated MIM Diode .............................................................. 91 6.4 Conversion Efficiency of Solar Energy ................................................. 96 6.4.1 Conversion Efficiency of MIM Diode ........................................ 96 6.4.2 Conversion Efficiency of PV ...................................................... 97 6.5 Selection of Material for the MIM Diodes ............................................ 98 6.6 Equivalent Circuit of the MIM Diode .................................................. 103 6.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 104 7 Characteristics of Rectenna System with Rectification Excited by Plane Wave ............................................................................................................................ 105 7.1 Rectenna System for Optical Energy Receiving .................................. 105 7.2 Rectenna System by Gap Excitation .................................................... 109 7.2.1 Reference Optical Antenna ....................................................... 109 7.2.2 Optical Antenna with a MIM Diode ......................................... 111 7.2.3 Optical Antenna with the MIM Diode and the DC Line ........... 114 7.3 Rectenna System Excited by Plane Wave ...........................................
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