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Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit (CORBWA) Project Synthesis Report Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit (CORBWA) Project Synthesis Report Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit (CORBWA) Project FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. E-ISBN 978-92-5-108298-0 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Contents LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF BOXES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ix KEY TERMS USED xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii EXCHANGE RATES xiv PROJECT DURATION AND PERIOD xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xvi PROJECT BACKGROUND, APPROACH AND CHALLENGES xvi KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS xvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE BASIN AND OKACOM 1 1.2 TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN 2 1.3 WATER AUDITS 4 1.4 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY 5 2. TRENDS IN WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY 15 2.1 TRENDS 16 2.2 MONITORING NETWORKS 24 2.3 MONITORING INDICATORS AND TREND ANALYSIS METHODS 26 3. WATER USE IN THE CUBANGO OKAVANGO RIVER BASIN 29 3.1 INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 WATER USE BY COUNTRY 32 3.3 FUTURE WATER DEMAND 38 3.4 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM 42 3.5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55 iv 4. THE VALUE AND COSTS OF WATER RESOURCES 58 4.1 INTRODUCTION 58 4.2 USEFUL VALUE AND COST CONCEPTS 58 4.3 VALUATION METHODS AND STUDIES 60 4.4 COST OF WATER SUPPLY 63 4.5 ROLE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN BASIN MANAGEMENT 64 5. POLICY ENVIRONMENT 72 5.1 GOVERNANCE CONSTRAINTS AND STRENGTHS OF OKACOM MEMBER STATES 72 5.2 IWRM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS 74 5.3 ANALYSIS BASED ON THE GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP IWRM TOOL BOX 80 5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 80 6. POLICY OPTIONS 84 6.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 84 6.2 IWRM OPTIONS AND ISSUES 86 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 93 REFERENCES 97 ANNEX 1: LIST OF REPORTS PRODUCED UNDER CORBWA 101 ANNEX 2: LIST OF COUNTRY PROJECT SUPPORT 103 GROUP FOCAL POINTS, CONSULTANTS, AND OKASEC 2.1 COUNTRY PROJECT SUPPORT GROUPS FOCAL POINTS 103 2.2 CONSULTANTS AND FAO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 103 2.3 OKASEC 103 ANNEX 3: COLOUR FIGURES 105 v List of Tables Table 1: Okavango River Basin (topographic) 2 Table 2: Daily water use figures by livestock type (L/day) 11 Table 3: Daily water use figures used in the settlement estimates (L/p/d) 12 Table 4: Summary of results of the analyses of Okavango river discharges, 17 total annual flows, upstream from the Okavango Delta Table 5: Analysis results of the Omatako, Thamalakane and 18 Kunyere River discharges Table 6: Summary of variability in rainfall measured at long-term stations 21 Table 7: Summary of trends in temperature at long-term stations 21 Table 8: Proposed monitoring indicators for the state and trends in 28 water resources. Table 9: Estimated water usea in the Cubango Okavango River Basin (in 000m3) 30 Table 10: Estimated water use in Angola by sector (around 2010; 000m3) 32 Table 11: Current and projected water use in the Namibian part of CORB 33 Table 12: Groundwater versus surface water withdrawals in meeting 34 water demand by sector in the CORB-Namibia, 2008 Table 13: Water use by sector in Botswana’s part of the basin (Mm3) 36 Table 14: Scenarios of the transboundary diagnostic analysis 39 Table 15: Future water demand in Namibian part of CORB (Mm3) 41 Table 16: CORBWA parameters of agricultural water demand in present 46 day scenario Table 17: Livestock water demand parameters 47 Table 18: Domestic demand parameters 47 Table 19: Delta reservoir parameters 49 Table 20: Water demand by sector and country in 2010 and 2030 51 (000 cubic meters) Table 21: Lowest simulated flows in the different scenarios 54 Table 22: Direct economic use value of the Okavango Delta wetland 60 (BWP 000; 2005) Table 23: Estimated indirect use values of the Okavango Ramsar site 61 and the Delta (BWP 000, 2005) vi Table 24: Estimated contributions of Okavango river/wetland-based natural 61 resources to livelihoods and the national economies in Angola, Namibia, Botswana and the basin as a whole (US$, 2008) Table 25: DWA revenues from water sales 64 Table 26: Typology of water use activities in the CORB and key characteristics 67 Table 27: Physical water use table for the Botswana part of the 69 Cubango-Okavango River Basin (million m3) Table 28: SWOT analysis of CORB governance structure 75 Table 29: Water charges in the CORB countries (price/m3 supplied) 77 Table 30: Analysis of the CORB governance issues based 81 on the requirements of the GWP IWRM tool box Table 31: Access to improved water and sanitation facilities (MDG 7) 88 Table 32: Estimated daily domestic water use by country 88 Table 33: CORBWA findings for the TDA drivers of change 94 Table 34: CORBWA findings on the main basins concerns identified in the TDA 94 Table 35: Findings in terms of the BDMF IMOs 95 vii List of Figures Figure 1: CORBWA project components and their interactions 6 Figure 2: Estimated amounts of surface and ground water withdrawals by country and in the basin (Mm3). 31 Figure 3: River water withdrawals by economic sector (000 m3) 31 Figure 6: Possible future water demand pathways (000m3) 41 Figure 7: EPSMO hydrological modeling overview (EPSMO, 2009) 44 Figure 8: Example of results of EPSMO WEAP application (m3/second; % of time) 45 Figure 9: Proposed monthly variation of irrigation requirement 46 Figure 10: Maximum annual extent of flooded area. 49 Figure 11a: Water demand in CORBWA and EPSMO Reference scenario, 50 monthly average Figure 11b: Stream flow in CORBWA and EPSMO Reference scenarios, 51 monthly average at Mohembo Figure 12: Comparison of total water demand in selected scenarios 53 Figure 13: Total Economic Value 59 Figure 14: Estimated annual contributions of Okavango-based natural 63 resources to household livelihoods, direct gross national income and direct + indirect gross national income (US$, 2008) Figure 15: Location of the water audit project and linkages with 93 OKACOM documents. viii List of Boxes Box 1: Objectives of water audits 4 Box 2: Expanded IWRM principles 76 Box 3: International experiences with irrigation water charges 91 ix List of abbreviations and acronyms BDMF Basin Development and Management Framework BWP Botswana Pula CAN Central Area Namibia CAR Centre for Applied Research CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resources Management CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve CMS Cubic Meter per Second CORB Cubango-Okavango River Basin CORBWA Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit DC District Council DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DGS Department of Geological Services DWA Department of Water Affairs DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks EFA Environmental Flow Assessment EFR Environmental Flow Requirements EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIIR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMA Environmental Management Act EPSMO Environmental Protection and Sustainable Management of the Okavango River Basin ENWC Eastern National Water Carrier EWA Economic Water Accounting EWR Ecological Water Requirements FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations GCM Global Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GW Groundwater GWh Gigawatt Hour GWP Global Water Partnership ICP International Cooperating Partner IMO Indicative Management Objective IRR Internal Rate of Return IUA Integrated Unit of Analysis Ha Hectare HDI Human Development Index HEP Hydroelectric Power IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management KAZA Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kwz Angolan Kwanza LGB Little Green Book MDG Millennium Development Goal x Mm3 Million cubic meters MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources, and Forestry MINEA Ministry of Water and Energy MW Megawatt MOC Marginal Opportunity Costs NamWater Namibia Water Corporation N$ Namibian Dollar NAP National Action Programme NIP National Irrigation Plan NPC National Planning Commission NPV Net Present Value NSWC North South Water Carrier NWMP(R) National Water Master Plan (Review) OBSC Okavango Basin Steering Committee ODMP Okavango Development Management Plan OKACOM Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission OKASEC OKACOM Secretariat ORI Okavango Research Institute
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