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Geoarchaeological Interpretation of the Canopic, Largest of the Relict Nile Delta Distributaries, Egypt

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Geoarchaeological Interpretation of the Canopic, Largest of the Relict Nile Delta Distributaries, Egypt JournaJ of Coastal Research 20 920-9.30 West Palm Beach, Florida Summer 2004 Geoarchaeological Interpretation of the Canopic, Largest of the Relict Nile Delta Distributaries, Egypt Jean-Daniel Stanley!', Andrew G. WarnefS and Gerard Schneppí tGeoarchaeology-Global iAECOCEA International Change Program 123 route de Saint Nizier E-206 NMNH 38170 Seys,sinet-Pariset, SiTijthsonian Institution France Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. ABSTRACT I STANLEY, J.-D., WAKNE, A.G., and SCHNEPP. G., 2004. Geoarchaeological interpretation of the Canopic, largest /«•••••••••a of the Relict Nile Delta distributaries, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research, 20(3), 920-930. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. eZE3 The Canopic branch, the largest rehct Nile distributary, once flowed across the NW Nile delta of Egypt to the Medi- terranean. This study focuses on the Canopic's evolution at the delta margin and in Abu Qir Bay seaward of the coast. Information from historic documents, integrated with data from geographical, geological, and archaeological explo- ration in the bay, indicates that the Canopic distributary was active from •4000 B.C. to the end of the 1st millennium A.D. Fluvial discharge persisted through pre-Dynastic, Dynastic, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and early Arabic time. The channel flowed to two sites, Herakleion and Eastern Canopus, established by the Greeks as navigational gateways for trade in the delta and surrounding region. Eastern Canopus functioned until the mid-8th century A.D. At that time, flow in the Canopic had decreased markedly, and Nile water was diverted to the east, through the Bolbitic- Rosetta branch. By the end of the first millennium A.D., Nile water was channeled in the Rosetta and Damietta distributaries, and the Canopic branch eventually converted to a canal and drain system. The Canopic promontory across which the branch flowed, and the 2 ancient sites located at the promontory coast near Canopic channel mouths, subsided beneath the waters of the bay after the 8th century. Submergence was a response to interaction of eustatic sea-level rise, annual floods, growth-faulting, soft-sediment deformation and other natural processes. As the Canopic promontory subsided, Abu Qir Bay attainted a marked concave-seaward shape and its shoreline shifted southward. This geoarchaeological investigation helps distinguish the long-term impact of natural events from that of increased human activity. This distinction is of practical importance for the highly populated and vulnerable delta margin that continues to experience submergence and erosion. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Abu Qir Bay, archaeology, avulsion, Canopic promontory, channel migration, Eastern Canopus, Herakleion, navigation, Nile floods, sea-level rise, subsidence, substrate failure, trade centers. INTRODUCTION delta was summarized in the early 20th century, with the most comprehensive synthesis prepared by Egyptian Prince The River Nile is one of the world's best documented fluvial Omar Toussoun. This scholar re\áewed changes of the Ca- s^i^stems. However, there have onlj' been few investigations of nopic, focusing primarily' on about llOO years of evolution this river's lower stretch and its distributaries that once ex- (•600 B.C. to 500 A.D.), and based his observations largely tended to, and seaward, of the Nile delta coast in Egypt. The on documents of Greek, Roman, and Arab scholars (TOUS- present study integrates geographical, geological, archaeolog- SOUN, 1922, 1926). More recent historical reviews (BERNAND, ical, and historic information to define the long-term evolu- 1970; SAID, 1993) have been formulated, at least in part, on tion of the lower Canopic branch that once flowed across the Toussoun's sources. Geographic and geologic surveys comple- northwestern Nile delta in Eg3'pt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Canopic, largest of the relict River Nile distributaries, mented these studies and provide new information on the discharged large volumes of sediment along the delta's coast- origin and early history of the Canopic branch and adjacent al margin from the early to mid-HoIocene. The branch re- Nile delta region (EL BOUSEILY and FRIHY, 1984; CHEN et mained active during the major period of human development al., 1992; WARNE and STANLEY, 1993; FRIHY et al, 1994). in this delta sector, persisting through pre-Dynastic, Dynas- Nevertheless, hmitations of working only from historic or tic, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and, probably, to early Arabic earth science perspectives have precluded summation of the time (ToussouN, 1934; CHEN et ai, 1992). Canopic branch's development through time, especially in the Much of what was known about the history of the lower offshore sector. Nile and its Canopic and other distributary branches in the Constraints have been accurate correlation of natural and human events in this region and evaluation of the branch's 03505A received and accepted in revision 12 May 2003. coastal evolution along the delta margin, now in waters of '••• Deceased. Abu Qir Bay (Figure 1). New light has been shed by the un- Geoarchaeological Interpretation of Nile Delta Distributary 921 Rosetta Promontory Elevation, in meters, relative to mean sea level I Deeper than YZ^^ Land, > 0 I Oto-5 I ^-5 to-10 ' ~^ -10 to-20 20 to -30 -30 Figure 1. General physiography of the Abu Qir Bay area, along tlie northwestern Nile delta, Egypt, from the Abu Qir promontory and ridge to the Rosetta promontory. The Canopic branch once flowed to the western bay sectoi' (Figure 2). Shown are the submerged Canopic promontory, the Canopic submarine ridge tliat extends northeastward from the Abu Qir carbonate lieadland, and tlio Rosetta promontory. derwater exploration of two recent!}' discovered ancient set- result of an active wave-dominated regime, where coastal tlements, Herakleion and Eastern Canopus, presently situ- currents along the northwest delta eroded and displaced east- ated about 5 km north of the coast at water depths of 5 to 7 ward fluvial sediment discharged to the coast and shelf (FRI- m in the western ba}' (GODDIO, 2003). These settlements, ini- HY et al, 1988; SIîSTINI, 1989). tial!)' established b)' the Greeks at the mouth of the Canopic The Abu Qir Bay shoreline is distinctly concave seaward, for trade purposes in Egypt, provide new insiglit on the unlike the gentle convex coastline of the central and eastern branch's coastal development and significance. Particularly Nile delta (inset. Figure 1). The coastline is about 50 km long, valuable are data on sediinent substrate and natural events from the Abu Qir promontory that forms the west bay bound- in this region that can now be examined in light of archaeo- ary to the Rosetta promontory in the east (EL ASKAKY and logical (CoNSTANTY, 2002; GODDIO, 2004), physiographic and FRIHY, 1986). Abu Qir ridge delineates the northern part of geophysical (SCHNEPP, 2000), and substrate stratigraphie the bay; it extends seaward to the NE, from the modern tip (STANLEY et al., 2001, 2004) information obtained in Abu Qir of the Abu Qir promontory to about 5 km into the Mediter- Bay where the branch once flowed. This multi-disciplinarj' ranean. The Rosetta promontory, the triangular-shaped mass approach applied offshore should make it possible to assess of unconsolidated fluvial-deltaic sediment, protrudes seaward more comprehensively the evolution of the Canopic fluvial • 14 km to the NNW onto the inner Egyptian shelf. Land- system from the time of its initiation until its demise. ward, to the south, several environments surround the mod- ern bay: beach, backshore sandflat and strand plain, coastal GEOGRAPHIC SETTING dune, brackish to fresh-water wetland (lagoon, marsh), kôm The present configuration of the northwestern Nile delta (low hill), drain and canal, and agricultural land (EL-FAY- margin is largely the result of interaction of River Nile sed- OUMY et al., 1975; EL FLSHAWI and EL ASKARY, 1981; FRIHY iment input and accumulation along the coast and shelf, and et al, 1988; CHEN et al, 1992; WARNE and STANLEY, 1993). the removal and redistribution of this material by marine The modern bay proper can be subdivided into two distinct processes. Seaward accretion and progradation of the delta regions on the basis of shoreline configuration and bathymetry: typically prevailed when and where river accumulation rates the Abu Qir ridge-to-Maadia sector in the western bay, and exceeded the capacity of marine processes to rework the sed- the longer Maadia-to-Rosetta sector to the east. The seafloor iment. In contrast, subsequent erosional phases occurred in the western bay sector comprises a large, shallow triangular when coastal processes removed more sediment than was platform we term the Canopic promontory (Fig'ure 1). The provided by river sediment influx (STANLKY and WARNE, promontory is bound to the west by Abu Qir promontory, to 1994). The arcuate Nile delta coastline that has evolved is a the north by Abu Qir ridge, and to the east by a well-defined, Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 20. No. 3, 2004 922 Stanley, Warne and Schnepp [ Undifferenliated Pleistocene deposits "I Late Pleistocene Shallow marine ! to early Holocene and beach sand shallovj marine and coast sand ; Calcareous sand I Sediment core [ location B 2000-1000 BC Dynastic, Late Period 30 km Location of core used for [~~1 Flood plain and levee with Brackish water lagoon paleogeographic reconstruction I '. •.-1 limited use lor agriculture '', ' ,\ Beach and coastal dune Freshwater wetland Modern coast Figure 2. (A) Geological cross-section in the southern Abu Qir Bay region, showing lateral shifts of the Canopic branch through tiine. (B,C) Paleogeo- graphic reconstructions at about 2000-1000 B.C., and at -500 B.C. ba.sed on stratigraphie analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores. The Canopie branch and associated subdelta lobes and small distributary channels migrated east to-west, and then back to east; the Bolbitic (and Rosetta) branch began later, its promontory forming the eastern bay margin (Figxn-e 1).
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