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داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري Paradactylodon ر

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داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري Paradactylodon ر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ و ﻓﻨﺎوري داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم- ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺰارش ﻃﺮح ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻃﺮح ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ: Paradactylodon ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري gorganensis در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه: دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﺟ ﯽﻗﻠﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ دي ﻣﺎه 1394 ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣ ﻪ ﻃﺮح داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن- ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ و ﻓﻨﺎوري - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم- ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ Paradactylodon gorganensis 1. ﻋﻨﻮان: ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 2. ﻣﺠﺮي: 3. ﻫﻤﮑﺎران: ﻧﺪارد 4. ﻧﺎﻇﺮ: 5. اﻋﺘﺒﺎر: 6. ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر: 7. ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ: 8. ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﺧﺘﺘﺎم: 9. ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺰارش ﻃﺮح ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ: ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﺪرج در اﯾﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه ﻣﺠﺮي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ أ Paradactylodon gorganensis ﭼﮑﯿﺪه : ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺟﺰء ﺧﺰاﻧﻪ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮد و ﺑﺎ ارزش دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن اﯾـﺮان و اﻧﺪﻣﯿﮏ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر داراي 4 اﻧﮕﺸﺖ در دﺳﺖﻫﺎ و 4 اﻧﮕﺸﺖ در ﭘﺎﻫﺎ اﺳـﺖ . اﯾـﻦ ﮔـﺰارش ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از دو دﻫﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ روي اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ. زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏـﺎر و آﺑﺸـﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷـﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در ارﺗﻔـﺎع ﺣﺪود 400 ﻣﺘﺮي در روﺳﺘﺎي ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد ﺧﺎنﺑﺒﯿﻦ، ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي اُداﻧﻪ، رِق ﭼﺸﻤﻪ و ﮔٌﺮﮔﻠﻮ واﻗﻊ در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﺣـﺪود 1250-1600 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎي زﯾﺎرت در ﺟﻨﻮب ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، ﺧﻮﻟﯿﻦ دره ﻋﻠﯽآﺑﺎد ، ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺰوﻟﮏ در ﺟﻨـﻮب ﻏﺮﺑـﯽ ﮔﺮﮔـﺎن ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ pH آب ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺣﺪود 5/7 - 28/7 ﺑـﻮده و ﺳﺨﺘﯽ آب ﺣﺪود392-357 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻟﯿﺘﺮاﺳﺖ. دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا ﺑﯿﻦ°3C- ﺗﺎ°33C (ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ°C 3/16 و دﻣﺎي آب ﺑﯿﻦ°5C/6 ﺗـﺎ °15C(ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ°C 45/10) ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺴﺘﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ از رﺳﻮﺑﺎت رﺳﯽ و رودﺧﺎﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً از ﮐﻮارﺗﺰ، ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ، ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﮏ، ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯽ و ﺳﯿﻠﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﻏﺎﻟﺐ زاﻟﻮ، ﭘﻼﻧﺎرﯾﺎ، ﮔﺎﻣﺎروس و ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ اﺳﺖ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ در زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎ دماﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺗﻼﻗﯽ، ﻋﻠﻒﭼﺸﻤﻪ و ﺟﮕﺮواش ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﻻروﻫﺎ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎل ﺣﺘﯽ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه و اﻃﺮاف آن ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه از ﺑﺮف و دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا °3C- ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻻروﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻧـﺪازه و ﺳـﻦ ﮐـﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت در ﯾﮏ زﻣﺎن دﯾﺪه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ در ﺳﺎل اول دﮔﺮدﯾﺴﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. در ﻻروﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻨﻮعﺧﻮاري دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد و ﺗﻌﺪادي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ و دم ﺑﺮﯾﺪه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺪادي از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺧﺮﭼﻨـﮓ ﻫـﺎ ﺧـﻮرده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻻروﻫﺎ 4 اﻧﮕﺸﺖ در اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺑـﺪون اﻧﮕﺸـﺖ، 3 اﻧﮕﺸـﺘﯽ و 5 اﻧﮕﺸـﺘﯽ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻻرو ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 97mm در اردﯾﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎه و ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻻرو داراي ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ 22mm در ﻓﺮوردﯾﻦ ﻣﺎه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻃﻮل ﮐﻞ 94mm درآذرﻣﺎه و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻃﻮل ﮐـﻞ mm 28/2 در ﻓﺮوردﯾﻦ ﻣﺎه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا و آب ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﯽ در رﺷﺪ و ﺗﮑﻮﯾﻦ ﻻروﻫﺎ ﻧﺪارد. ﺗﺨﺮﯾـﺐ زﯾﺴـﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺸﺎورزان و ﺟﺎﻧﻮران، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ pH و ﮐﻤﺒﻮد آب از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ و ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎارزش و اﻧﺪﻣﯿﮏ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﺤﺪود زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. Paradactylodon gorganensis ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري، ، زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ب ﺗﺸﮑﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ: از ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻨ ﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﺻﻤﯿﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ ﻣ ﯽﺷﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ از زﺣﻤﺎت داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﯽارﺷﺪ زﯾﺴ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ رﺷﺘ ﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﺑﯿﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ و ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﻣﺤﺘﺮم آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﺟﺎﻧﻮرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ اﺧﻠﯽ، رﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﯾﯽ، ﻧﺮﮔﺲ ﻋﺴﮕﺮي زﯾﺎرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮح ﺑﺨﺼﻮص در ﺗﻬﯿ ﻪي ﻋﮑﺲ، اﻧﺪاز هﮔﯿﺮي و ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﻧﻤﻮد هاﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﻣ ﯽﺷﻮد. ج ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﺼﻞ اول 1 - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 1 1 -1- ﮐﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ در ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ 1 1 -2- وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ 5 1 -3- ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﺎت ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ 5 1 -4- ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان 8 Hynobiidae Cope, 1859 1 -5- ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺎﯾﯽ 10 1 -6- ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﻪي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت 12 1 -7- ﻫﺪف از اﺟﺮاء 17 1 -8- اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع 17 1 -9- ﻧﻮع ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ 20 1 -10- ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر 20 ﻓﺼﻞ دوم 2 - ﻣﻮاد و رو شﻫﺎ 22 2 -1- ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي 22 2 -2- ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 22 2 -3- ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ از زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 22 2 -4- ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه 23 2 -4-1- ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ 24 2 -4-2- ﺑﯿﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ 24 2 -4-3- ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﯽ 24 د 2 -4-4- ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺖ 24 2 -5- ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ، ﻻروﻫﺎ و اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻎ 5 2 2 -6- ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن 25 2 -7- ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران 25 2 -8- ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻫﻠﯽ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎ 25 2 -9- ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺪﻓﻮع ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ 6 2 2 -10- ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ 26 2 -10-1- رد هﺑﻨﺪي و ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ 26 2 -10-2- ﺗﻨﻮع و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ 27 2 -10-3- ﻧﺎم اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ 29 2 -10-4- ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ 29 2 -10-5- ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ 29 2 -10-6- ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﺗﯿﭗ 30 2 -10-7- ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ 30 2 -10-8- رﻧﮓآﻣﯿﺰي 33 2 -10-9- ﺑﯿﻮﻣﺘﺮي و اﻧﺪازه 33 2 -10-10- ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ 33 2 -10-11- ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 35 2 -10-12- زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه 39 2 -10-13- ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه 41 2 -10-14- ﺟﺎﻧﻮران زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه 42 2 -10-15- ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ 47 2 -10-16- ﻋﺎدات و رﻓﺘﺎر 47 2 -10-17- ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ 48 2 -10-18- ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ 50 2 -10-19- ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻻروﻫﺎ 52 ه 2 -10-20- ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻧﺎدر در ﻻروﻫﺎ 56 2 -10-21- ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻫﻠﯽ 59 2 -10-22- ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺪﻓﻮع ﮔﺎوﻫﺎ 59 2 -10-23- وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ 59 2 -10-24- ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ 59 ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم 3 - ﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﻪﮔﯿﺮي و ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدات 63 3 -1- ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي 63 3 -2- ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدات 65 ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ 66 و ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﮑﻞ 1 -1 - رﺳﻢ درﺧﺖ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوزي 4 ﺷﮑﻞ 1 -2 - ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوزي Hynobiidae (اﻗﺘﺒﺎس از Vitt and Caldwell, 2014) 6 ﺷﮑﻞ 1 -3 - ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوزي Hynobiidae (اﻗﺘﺒﺎس از Vitt and Caldwell, 2014) ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -1 - ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺑﺎﻟﻎ از ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد (24/04/1384). ﻃﻮل ﮐﻞ 280 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ 31 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -2 - اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﺣﺮﮐﺘﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﯾﯽ و ﻋﻘﺒﯽ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺑﺎﻟﻎ از ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد (24/04/1384). ﻃﻮل ﮐﻞ 280 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ 32 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -3 - دو ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺑﺎﻟﻎ در درون ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد (1391/03/04) 34 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -4 - ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺧﻔﺎش ﮔﻮش ﻣﻮﺷﯽ ﺑﺰرگ در درون ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در 1391/03/04 43 ﺷﮑﻞ2 -5 - ﻧﻮزاد اﻓﺘﺎده و ﻣﺪﻓﻮع ﺧﻔﺎش ﮔﻮش ﻣﻮﺷﯽ ﺑﺰرگ در درون ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در 1391/03/04 43 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -6 - ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي اداﻧﻪ و رق ﭼﺸﻤﻪ 44 ﺷﮑﻞ2 -7 - زاﻟﻮي زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي اداﻧﻪ در ﺟﻨﻮب روﺳﺘﺎي زﯾﺎرت 44 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -8 - زاﻟﻮي زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي اداﻧﻪ در ﺟﻨﻮب روﺳﺘﺎي زﯾﺎرت 45 Rana pseudodalmatina ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -9 - ﻗﻮرﺑﺎﻏﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ در اﻃﺮاف ﭼﺸﻤﻪ اداﻧﻪ 45 Darevskia sp ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -10 - ﺳﻮﺳﻤﺎر در زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در اﻃﺮاف ﭼﺸﻤﻪ اداﻧﻪ 46 Soricidae ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -11 - ﺣﺸﺮهﺧﻮر در زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در اﻃﺮاف ﭼﺸﻤﻪ اداﻧﻪ 46 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -12 - ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮده ﺗﺨﻢ دو ﺗﺎﯾﯽ در داﺧﻞ ژﻟﻪ در 08/11/1380 از ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺰوﻟﮏ (ﻋﮑﺲ در 1380/12/01) 51 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -13 - دو اﻧﺪازه ﻻرو ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در روﺳﺘﺎي زﯾﺎرت ﮔﺮﮔﺎن 53 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -14 - ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻻرو ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺰوﻟﮏ 1384/02/21 54 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -15 - ﻻرو ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﺧﻮﻟﯿﻦ دره ﻋﻠﯽآﺑﺎد 1385/06/03 54 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -16 - زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه، ﺗﺨﻢ و ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺰوﻟﮏ 55 ز ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 17 - زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻏﺎر ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 56 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 18 - ﭘﺎي ﻋﻘﺒﯽ 5 اﻧﮕﺸﺘﯽ در ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در رق ﭼﺸﻤﻪ در 1383/04/22 57 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 19 - ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻻرو دو اﻧﮕﺸﺘﯽ در ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري 57 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 -20 - ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻻرو ﻓﺎﻗﺪ اﻧﮕﺸﺖ در ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري 58 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 21 - ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻻرو در ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺑﺎ دم ﺑﺮﯾﺪه 58 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 22 - رﯾﺨﺘﻦ ﻓﻀﻮﻻت ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ در اﻃﺮاف زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري 61 ﺷﮑﻞ 2 - 23 - ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻫﻠﯽ در ﺟﻨﻮب روﺳﺘﺎي زﯾﺎرت 61 ح ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻘﺸﻪ 2-1- اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن را در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻗﯽ اﯾﺮان ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ 23 Paradactylodon ﻧﻘﺸﻪ 2-2- ﭼﻬﺎر اﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ اﯾﺮان ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﺖ 28 ﻧﻘﺸﻪ 2- 3- ﺷﻤﺎل اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ آن و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 36 ﻧﻘﺸﻪ 2- 4- اﺛﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻣﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﺎر و آﺑﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد اﺳﺖ (1650 ﻫﮑﺘﺎر) 37 ﻧﻘﺸﻪ 2- 5- ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪر ﻏﺎري در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 38 ط ﻓﺼﻞ اول 1 - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 1 -1- ﮐﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ در ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ راﺳﺘﻪ دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺪون دﺳﺖ و ﭘﺎ (Gymnophiona)، دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن دﻣﺪار (Caudata) و دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﯽ دم (Salientia) ﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. دورﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺪون دﺳﺖ و ﭘﺎ ﮐﺮﻣﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن از اﯾﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن دﻣﺪار ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻌﺪ از دﮔﺮدﯾﺴﯽ دم ﺧﻮد را از دﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﯽدﻫﻨﺪ و در اﯾﺮان 2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده، 4 ﺟﻨﺲ و 7 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﯽدم ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮرﺑﺎﻏﻪﻫﺎ و وزغﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻨﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ از دﮔﺮدﯾﺴﯽ دم ﺧﻮد را از دﺳﺖ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 5 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده، 8 ﺟﻨﺲ و 15 در اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻤﻨﺪرﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ دوزﯾﺴﺘﺎن د مدار ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﻧﯿﻤﮑﺮه ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ (ﻫﻮﻟﻮآرﮐﺘﯿﮏ) وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺑﺠﺰ Plethodontidae ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل و ﻧﯿﻤ ﻪﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ و (ﯾﺎ) اوراﺳﯿﺎ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﮐﺜﺮ ﺳﻤﻨﺪ رﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﮑ ﯽزي ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﻪ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﻧﯿﺎز دارﻧﺪ، در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ ﺳﻤﻨﺪ رﻫﺎي آﺑﺰي در ﺣﻮﺿﭽ ﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺎري، ﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎ، رودﻫﺎ، و در درﯾﺎﭼ ﻪﻫﺎي و رودﺣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻨﺪ رﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻪﺗﻮدوﻧﺘﯿﺪﻫﺎ plethodontids و زﯾ ﺮﺧﺎﻧﻮاد ه Bolitoglossinae ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺠﺰ ﺟﻨﺲ Batrachoseps ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻟﯿﺘﻮﮔﻠﻮﺳﯿﻦﻫﺎ bolitoglossines، ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﻣﮑﺰﯾﮏ و آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺰي وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﻤﯽ از ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﻣﺎزون ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﯾﺪاً ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ 43% از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﻞ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﻨﺪ رﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد (ﺣﺪود 619 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ) را ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ.
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