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El Palo Santo

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El Palo Santo EL PALO SANTO Clasificación científica del palo santo Bulnesia es un género de la familia Zygophyllaceae. Comprende 9 especies divididas en dos subgéneros: Gonopterodendron y Bulnesia. 5 especies son nativas de Argentina. Especies . Bulnesia (Gonopterodendron) arborea (Jacq.) Engler - árbol de 30 m . Bulnesia (Gonopterodendron) bonariensis - árbol de 1,5 a 6 m . Bulnesia (Gonopterodendron) carrapo - árbol de 15 m . Bulnesia (Bulnesia) chilensis - arbusto . Bulnesia (Bulnesia) foliosa - arbusto . Bulnesia (Bulnesia) retama - arbusto . Bulnesia rivas-martinezii G.Navarro . Bulnesia (Gonopterodendron) sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb. - árbol de 20 m . Bulnesia (Bulnesia) schickendantzii – arbusto Las dos especies más conocidas son Bulnesia arbórea y Bulnesia sarmientoi. Bulnesia sarmientoi es un árbol de gran parte del Gran Chaco en Sudamérica, entre Argentina-Brasil-Paraguay. Su nombre común es palo santo, ibiocaí, vera. CARACTERISTICAS El Palo Santo es un árbol de 6 a 20 m de altura con ramas rígidas. En las ramas cilíndricas se encuentran los nudos gruesos y opuestos en los que se concentran las hojas. Las ramas jóvenes tienen entrenudos muy cortos, de 2 a 3 cm. Las hojas son casi sésiles y compuestas por dos hojas bifolioladas; esto significa que en los pecíolos pequeños se encuentran respectivamente dos pequeños folíolos. Estos folíolos son de 1,5 cm a 4,0 cm de largo, asimétricos, ovalados, largos y redondeados en el extremo. Una hoja bifolioladas recuerda en su forma a un yugo. En otoño (de abril a mayo) el Palo Santo florece y de junio a agosto, fructifica. Este árbol muestra por un tiempo muy corto sus flores. En la mayoría de los casos la inflorescencia está compuesta por dos flores, rara vez una sola flor axilar. La flor tiene 5 pétalos blanco-amarillentos, de 11 a 13cm de largo y con 10 estambres. El diámetro máximo de una flor es de 2 cm. Después de la flor se desarrolla una cápsula marrón-verdosa de 3,5 a 5,0cm de largo con tres alas semicirculares apergaminadas. Las semillas verdes lustrosas tienen un tamaño de 1,0 a 1,5 cm. El Palo santo es un árbol muy común y típico del Chaco Boreal. Crece aisladamente o en pequeños grupos. Su frecuencia disminuye notablemente hacia el norte de la ecorregión del Gran Chaco, donde hay condiciones más secas y calurosas. LA MADERA La madera, la corteza y la resina del Palo santo tienen múltiples aplicaciones. Por su resistencia bajo tierra, la madera es empleada para postes de construcción de viviendas de gran duración. También bochas, jarrones, guampas, morteros, pipas, muebles y otros numerosos utensilios son fabricados con la madera del Palo santo (en parte por trabajos de tornería). La madera de Bulnesia sarmientoi es una de las maderas más pesadas y duras (densidad específica: 1,280 kg/dm3) Su resistencia extraordinaria se debe principalmente a los depósitos de cristales de oxalato cálcico y al contenido de un 15% de resinas entre las fibras, que le confieren resistencia al ataque de hongos e insectos. El veteado precioso e irregular, el brillo suave, la textura fina y densa, así como los diferentes matices de la albura amarillenta y del duramen verde-parduzco, hacen a esta madera tan extraordinaria USOS De la madera se puede obtener un aceite esencial, conocido como guayacol, que se emplea en la industria de perfumes, especialmente para jabones. Los Menonitas, que son colonos del Chaco, exportan la esencia del palo santo, el guayacol a Europa. El Palo Santo es también un ingrediente de los espirales repelentes de mosquitos. Sin embargo, para repeler insectos es más sencillo, si es posible, hacer un fuego con la madera misma. Con la resina se pinta sobre las vasijas de barro y después del secado se las calienta otra vez por un momento, por lo cual se obtiene un color oscuro intenso. Con el palosanto se fabrican numerosas artesanías de uso diario. Las más populares son las guampas para mate y tereré y los morteros para pisar la carne y las plantas medicinales. También se fabrican juguetes como trompos y baleros y objetos decorativos. Esta madera también se utiliza para la fabricación de muebles. Del Palo Santo también se extraen aceites esenciales, del aserrín resinas usadas en la fabricación de barnices y pinturas. En las zonas rurales, esta madera se usa sobre todo para postes de alambrados de estancias. Es muy común que los indígenas chaqueños realicen artesanías como tallado de la madera con formas de animales nativos característicos como armadillos, tortugas, tapires y aves como el loro hablador. También es utilizado para leña y carbón por su propiedad combustible. Otro de los usos del Palo Santo es medicinal. Su esencia es usada para curar heridas de la piel y la decocción de la corteza para tratar afecciones estomacales. También se emplea en fomentos calientes para tratar dolores musculares. Es importante mencionar que las hojas flores y semillas son tóxicos para el ganado vacuno..
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