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Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Bhunerheri Block of Patiala District, Punjab, India, in Relation to Its Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes

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Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Bhunerheri Block of Patiala District, Punjab, India, in Relation to Its Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes ECO-CHRONICLE 75 ECO-CHRONICLE, Vol.4., No. 2. June 2009, pp: 75 - 84 ISSN: 0973-4155 ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN BHUNERHERI BLOCK OF PATIALA DISTRICT, PUNJAB, INDIA, IN RELATION TO ITS SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION AND DRINKING PURPOSES. Nibedita Ghosh, Parul Virk, Madhuri Rishi and Naresh Kochhar1 Department of Environment and Vocational Studies, 1Department of Geology, Panjab University, Chandigarh. Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT For the development and management of groundwater resources, the assessment of its quality and quantity is an essential pre-requisite. In this context, evaluation of the quantity and quality of water resources in Bhunerheri block of Patiala district was carried out. Groundwater in the study area was found to be fresh to marginally saline with EC ranges from 670 micromhos/cm to 2390 micromhos/cm. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) level was not uniformly high. The variations in EC levels seem to be related with the non flushing of entrapped water surrounded by clay beds, which + + 2- are predominant in the region. Presence of high concentration of Na , K and HCO3 shows that intense agricultural and urban development activities has placed a high demand on groundwater resources and these resources are at a greater risk of contamination. Based on major controlling factors in categorizing the groundwater for irrigation uses such as Electrical Conductivity, Residual Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Absorption Ratio, more than 40 % of the groundwater samples were found to be unfit for irrigation. The hydro-chemical analyses reveals that the present status of groundwater in Bhunerheri is not very good for irrigation and drinking purposes, except for few locations which may deteriorate in future, as evident from very high percentage of water samples falling beyond the desirable limits of WHO standards. Key words: Groundwater, Assessment, Irrigation, Bhunerheri, SAR, etc. INTRODUCTION Ludhiana, 2004), in Patiala only 31.62% Water is acknowledged as a major limiting of groundwater comes under good quality; factor in the socio-economic development remaining 10.56% is saline, 49.72% is of the World, in light of the rapidly expanding sodic and 8.10% of groundwater is of very population. For the development and poor quality. In this context, ground water management of groundwater resources, quality evaluation of rural drinking water assessment of its quality and quantity is an supply and for irrigation purposes in essential pre-requisite. According to the Bhunerheri block was carried out, where latest report released by Central Ground extensive agricultural practices are being Water Board (CGWB), (Times of India, 13th carried out. Water samples for chemical April, 2006), State of Punjab has developed analysis were obtained during Dec 2008 (usage compared to availability) its ground from 27 tubewells and handpumps as water upto 145 % and further there is a shown in fig.2. Samples were analyzed in scope for development. As per the report the laboratory for the major ions (Na+, K+, 2+ 2+ 2- - 2- 2- of natural resource information for Ca , Mg , SO4 , Cl , HCO3 , CO3 and NO3) sustainable agriculture in Punjab (PRC, using standard scientific methods. 76 ECO-CHRONICLE REVIEW OF LITERATURE geochemical assessment of the area can be undertaken. Not much published work is available on the study area, as most of the people have SITE DESCRIPTION done work on regional basis. Some hydrological investigations were carried out LOCATION by Sinha (2002) of Geological Survey of India in the northern parts of the Patiala The study area is located in the south- district. Central Ground water Board (2006) eastern part of Punjab. It is bordered by studied the feasibility of constructing Fatehgarh Sahib district in the North, Roop shallow tube wells in the Rajpura and Nagar district and Union Territory of Derabassi tehsil of the Patiala district and Chandigarh in the North-East and Sangrur under its exploratory programme, drilled district in the South-West . (Fig 2). The area four boreholes in the year 1971-72. In year lies between 29o 47’ and 30º 41’ N latitudes 1982-83, the drilling was again taken up for and 75º 55’ and 76º 56’ E longitudes with construction of further 13 piezometers in the an aereal spread of 3708 km2. It is sub area. Srivastava (1990) discussed the divided into 5 tehsils, 4 sub-tehsils, 9 blocks hydrology of Patiala district while Kumar and and 1110 villages. Dorka (1989) carried out geological and geomorphologic mapping in parts of Patiala HYDROGEOLOGY District. Mahajan and Abrol (1982) reported various ground water quality patterns The whole of the area of Patiala District is adjoining the River Ghaggar. Uppal and covered by Indo – Gangetic alluvium which Gulati (1965) studied behaviour of consists of sand, clay, gravel, pebble and groundwater table in Sirhind canal area. kankar. The lithology of the area is not Bajwa et al. (2003) divided the state into uniform. A close study of the litho logical four hydro chemical zones based on the logs (PSTC 2005) reveals that except for quality rating. Therefore, it was considered the major units, the sub – surface geology pertinent to work in this area so that a is marked by heterogeneity (fig.3). The first systematic hydrological and hydro unit, i.e. sandy clay occurs upto an average Fig.1-2. Map showing location of sampling points in the study area (Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana) ECO-CHRONICLE 77 depth of 4.18 m, the second at 9 m and of the block is marginal. In deeper aquifers, the third at 17.92 m. The marked variation though the salt contents are low, RSC is on in depth and thickness of the units higher side. The hydro-chemical analyses suggests the alluvium deposits of the area reveals that the present status of have been brought by the nallahs flowing groundwater in Bhunerheri block is not very from the Shivalik Hills. The groundwater good for irrigation and drinking purposes occurs under unconfined conditions at except for a few locations which may further shallow depth. The first aquifer zone deteriorate in future, as it is evident from occurring in the depth, ranging from 12 to the very high percentage of water samples 25 m is mostly not tapped for irrigation falling beyond the desirable limits of WHO due to low yield. standards and almost approaches the maximum permissible limit. 13 out of 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS samples were having values higher than permissible limit for one or more quality The water sampling has been carried out parameters, making them unsuitable for in Bhunerheri block following the standard drinking purposes. One sample each from procedures (APHA, 1995) during December Gagrola and Narangwal villages and six 2008. The ground water samples from hand from Rohar and two from Malikpur village pump and tube wells were collected after were found unsuitable. The hand pump continuous pumping for 10-15 minutes prior based schemes at Hiranagar village in to the sampling.The samples were Bhunerheri block had multiple problems; analyzed for 16 physico-chemical high concentration of sulphate (122.5mg/l) parameters namely odour, taste, colour, turbidity, pH( Electro-metric Fig. 3 Hydrogeology of the study area. method, pH meter), EC (Electro- metric method), TDS (By Factor), Total Alkalinity, Chloride (Argento metric method using potassium dichromate as indicator) Calcium, Magnesium, Total Hardness using Titrimetric method , Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride, using spectrophotometric and Na and K using Flame photometric method following standard procedures (APHA, 1995) . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Bhunerhari block 27 water samples were collected from various tubewells and handpumps from different depths on a grid pattern at an approximate interval of 10 km (fig.3). Samples were collected from shallow as well as deeper tubewells. The analytical results of water samples indicate that the groundwater quality in both shallow and deeper aquifers is variable. However, the quality of shallow aquifers in the eastern part 78 ECO-CHRONICLE iron (3.3 mg/l) and high pH (8.7) rendered ranges between 600 mg/l (MehounaTW-3) the water unsuitable for drinking. Two and 2300mg/l at Maghar) which was not handpumps in Dudhansadan and well within the desirable limit. Guthmuda villages had unsuitable waters having high concentration of fluoride (1.98 Total Hardness (TH) mg/l) and high concentration of nitrate As per drinking water specifications (BIS (52.40 mg/l) respectively. From the physico- 1991), the desirable limit in the absence of chemical analysis for 27 samples collected alternative source of water is 500 mg. It from various tube wells and hand pumps ranged between 29.7 to 335.7 mg/l during December 2008, following (Budhanpur)). The samples, irrespective of conclusions were drawn. The summary source have hardness not within the statistics of chemical quality of groundwater permissible limit. in Bhunerheri block is presented in Table 1. Total Alkalinity (TA) Turbidity It varied between 137 and 428 mg/l in Turbidity concentrations ranged between 0 ground water samples. Out of 27 tube well and 3.7 NTU except for one water sample samples, 15 crossed the acceptable BIS from village Mehtabgarh where turbidity was limit. Highest value of total alkalinity (428 25.2 NTU which is more than the acceptable mg/l) was observed in Paror village, which limit (10 NTU). was within the permissible limit. Whereas pH lowest value of total alkalinity of 137 mg/l was observed in village Hassanpur In general waters having pH between 6.5 Kamboan. and 8.5 are categorized as suitable, whereas waters with pH 7.0 to 8.0 are highly Chloride (CI) suitable (ideal) for all purposes. The pH of The desirable and maximum permissible groundwater in this block was in the range limits for chloride in drinking water are 250 of 7.5 to 8.5, irrespective of depth, indicating and 1000 mg/l, respectively .The chloride that the ground water is neutral to slightly concentration ranged between 27.5 and alkaline.
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