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Lessons from Stomatopods This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Spring‑like biomineralized hard structures : lessons from stomatopods Tadayon, Maryam 2016 Tadayon, M. (2016). Spring‑like biomineralized hard structures : lessons from stomatopods. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/65992 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/65992 Downloaded on 09 Oct 2021 14:36:02 SGT SPRING - LIKE BIOMINERALIZEDSTRUCTURES: LESSONSFROM STOMATOPODS SPRING-LIKE BIOMINERALIZED HARD STRUCTURES: LESSONS FROM STOMATOPODS MARYAM TADAYON MARYAMTADAYON SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016 2016 Spring-Like Biomineralized Hard Structures: Lessons from Stomatopods School of Materials Science and Engineering A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ! ! Abstract ! Abstract Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) are aggressive predators that use a pair of ultra- fast raptorial appendages to either strike or catch prey. This remarkable fast movement is driven by a power amplification system comprising components that must be able to repetitively store and release a high amount of elastic energy, a requirement that is best accomplished if some of their structural elements combine high stiffness with flexibility. An essential component of this system is the saddle, which is used to store a significant amount of elastic energy by bending prior to striking. During repetitive bending used for the storage of a considerable amount of elastic energy prior to their fatal strikes, the saddle requires to be robust enough to sustain mechanical stresses without failure. This work comprises a comprehensive structure–chemical composition–property relationship study that sheds light on the microstructural and chemical designs of the saddle structure. Furthermore, to elucidate the role of the compositional variations in the saddle structure, quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of the saddle were investigated. To correlate the micro-scale chemo-structural and micro- mechanical properties with the functionality of the whole structure, finite element analysis was conducted. MicroCT scans combined with electron microscopy imaging, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, as well as confocal Raman microscopy show that the saddle is a bi-material layer structure, with sharp changes in chemical composition and microstructure between the layers. The outer layer of the saddle is largely made of amorphous mineral phases, whereas the inner layer is predominantly an organic chitin/protein complex with a lower relative mineral content. The inorganic/organic phase distribution correlates with nano-mechanical mapping, with the outer (inorganic) layers being stiffer than the inner layers. With this design, regions of the saddle loaded in compression are primarily made of stiffer inorganic phases that can sustain higher compressive stresses, whereas regions loaded in tension contain a higher relative amount of biopolymeric components. Nanoscale Dynamic i ! ! ! Abstract ! Mechanical Analysis (NanoDMA) studies show that the outer layer plays the key role of storing the elastic energy, with a significantly higher storage modulus than the inner layer, while the inner layers mainly acts as a structural support that sustains tensile stresses. 3D finite element analysis (FEA) quantifies the stress level and provides visualization of the stress distribution in the saddle under compressive bending. Comparing the FEA results with the elastic-plastic properties of the saddle extracted from nanoindentation demonstrates that no plastic deformation occurs in the saddle during bending. The thesis reveals that the saddle’s chemical composition and microstructure have been spatially tuned to generate a stiff, yet flexible structure that is optimized for storage of elastic energy. This structure takes advantage of this spatial distribution and geometry to impose a neutral surface right at the interface of the two layers, and to generate a uniform stress distribution that likely enhances the resistance to mechanical fatigue. This comprehensive compositional, geometrical and mechanical study provides bio-inspired insights that could find wide usage in composite materials science. ii ! ! ! Acknowledgements ! Acknowledgements The thesis presented here is first and foremost the result of the invaluable guidelines and scientific advice of Assistant Professor Ali Miserez. It has been a great pleasure for me to work under his supervision and I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to him once again, for being indeed supportive, positive and encouraging during the lifetime of this thesis. My sincere appreciation also goes to all who helped in one way or another; my sincere gratitude to our collaborators, Prof. Admir Masic from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Dr. James Weaver from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University for their insightful guidelines and helps in some experimental sections. My special thanks to Dr. Luigi Petrone for his useful comments on my thesis; my warmest thanks to my wonderful lab members Dr. Ali Ghadban, Dr. Bram Cantaert, Shahrouz Amini, Zhang Lihong, Ding Dawei and Hiew Shu Hui not only for their help in various areas and helpful discussions but also for their true friendship. I also wish to express my gratitude to the A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) for their financial support in form of SINGA (Singapore International Graduate Award) during my PhD studies. Last but not least, I am indebted to my parents and brothers, for their unconditional love and constant encouragements not only in this major circumstance but also for the whole of my academic achievements. iii ! ! ! Acknowledgements ! iv ! ! ! Table of Contents ! Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................v Table Captions ................................................................................................................. ix Figure Captions ................................................................................................................ xi Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................2 1.2 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................6 1.3 Objectives and Scope ......................................................................................6 1.4 Dissertation Organization ......................................................................................7 References ........................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Literature Survey .......................................................................................11 2.1 Biological and Bioinspired Materials ......................................................................12 2.2 Hierarchically-Organized Structures .......................................................................15 2.3 Mechanical Aspects of Biological Materials ..........................................................21 2.4 The Stomatopod ......................................................................................................25 2.4.1 The Stomatopod’s Raptorial Appendage .....................................................29 2.4.2 Stomatopod’s Hunting Mechanism ..............................................................30 2.5 Scope of This Project ..............................................................................................34 References ..........................................................................................................................35 v ! ! ! Table of Contents ! Chapter 3 Experimental Methodology .......................................................................43 3.1 Rationale for the selection of Methods/Materials ...................................................44 3.2 Sample preparation ..................................................................................................44 3.3 Microscopy and Geometrical Characterization .......................................................49 3.3.1 Optical Microscopy ......................................................................................49 3.3.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy ...........................................49 3.3.3 X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (MicroCT) .......................................49 3.4 Elemental and Structural Characterization ..............................................................50 3.4.1 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) ............................................50 3.4.2 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) ................................................................50
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