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Home , Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus spathulata, Gimlet (tool), Operculum (botany)

WESTERN A rborist in the landscape, Part 2: spathulata Donald R. Hodel

he mere mention of to coastal . Its spreading, as the . However, as Eucalyptus can send shud- somewhat graceful nature, small, nar- used for this , mallee is likely ders down many peoples’ row, attractive gray-green , and a corruption of ; a true mallee Tspines and raise their ire to an ex- ultra smooth, colorful are sure to Eucalyptus has a (round, tremely high level. This sometimes gain attention wherever it is grown. swollen rootstock from which many, violent reaction is largely due to their A tough and rugged species, it toler- slender trunks arise) and is a shrub or experiences with a few notoriously ates harsh conditions, including cold, small, shrubby , neither of which inappropriate species of heat, , smog, aridity, saline and much applies to E. spathulata. used in the landscape that have un- alkaline soils, and sea coast exposure, For the meaning of the common fortunately jaded their assessment of and is extremely drought tolerant al- name I defer again to Matt this large, diverse, and useful . though occasional summer irrigation Ritter (pers. comm.) who states that Eucalyptus contains a treasure trove is beneficial in hot, desert areas. With gimlets are a small group of eucalypts of many wonderful, useful, and ap- proper management E. spathulata will from mostly western and southern propriate species, many of which are become a small to medium, useful, characterized by their slen- little known and/or underutilized, and much admired tree. der, fluted, twisted, shiny trunks, and E. spathulata is one of them. A highly adaptable species, Euca- lyptus spathulata performs well and Eucalyptus spathulata performs well makes a handsome statement in the landscape, from the desert Southwest and makes a handsome statement Figure 1. Eucalyptus spathulata can in the landscape, from the desert grow up to 50 feet tall and as wide or wider and often has one or more large Southwest to coastal California. branches arising low on the trunk. Emerson Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA. Eucalyptus spathulata Hook leaves with irregularly arranged oil and history glands, and deeply fissured seed Synonyms: None coats.

Common names: swamp mallet, nar- Etymology: The genus name Euca- row-leaved gimlet, swamp gimlet. lyptus is derived from the Greek eu, According to Kelly et al. (1983), the meaning well, and kalypto, meaning common name mallet refers to the to cover, and refers to the calyx that somewhat mallet-shaped or club- forms a lid () over the shaped fruits. However, Matt Ritter and other interior organs of (pers. comm.) says that the common the in bud. The specific epithet name mallet (pronounced môl´ēt) re- or species name spathulata is derived fers instead to a group of species with from the Latin spathulatus, meaning a specialized tree growth form found a broad rounded upper part taper- only in and charac- ing gradually downward into a stalk terized by mostly slender, erect stems, (spoon-like), but the precise applica- steeply angled branches, and the lack tion of the name with this species is of the regenerative structures of many uncertain. other eucalypts, such as and epicormic buds. Some web refer- History: English botanist William ences incorrectly refer to this species Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) named

Winter 2011 34 WESTERN A rborist

Figure 2. (Left) Eucalyptus spathulata is often multi-trunked with two to three trunks arising at the ground, or has several large branches arising a few feet above the ground and branches are typically steeply ascending. Emerson Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA. Figure 3. (Center) Trunks of Eucalyptus spathulata can become rather large with age, up to several feet in diameter. Em- erson Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA. Figure 4. (Right) Bark of Eucalyptus spathulata is ultra smooth, mottled, colorful and showy, usually brownish gray, red- dish brown, coppery, or salmon-colored and typically with a glossy, metallic bronzy or coppery sheen. Emerson Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA. and described this species in 1844, basing it on James Drummond’s il- lustration of material from the Swan Join TAC River in Western Australia. TAC or the Tree Advisory Committee enables everyone to Description share their experiences and observations managing specific The description is from several sourc- trees in our landscape and urban for this series es (Brooker and Kleinig 1990, Chip- Trees in the Landscape. TAC is free, easy to join, and pendale 1988, Elliot and Jones 1986, open to everyone. Simply send me an e-mail expressing Kelly et al. 1983, Muller and Haller 2005) and from cultivated trees in your desire to participate in TAC. Santa Barbara, California. I will e-mail all TAC members notifying them which tree species I will be profiling in an upcoming issue ofWestern /conformation: small to me- . TAC members can then respond to me about dium, long-lived, tree their experiences and observations managing that tree. 15-50 feet tall, 10-25 feet wide (Figs. 1, 9-10), infrequently shrub-like and Upcoming species to be covered in this series include then to 15 feet tall and 10 feet wide; (Eucalyptus) torelliana, Bombax ceiba, Sapindus often multi-trunked with 2-3 trunks saponaria, and Alectryon excelsus, among others. arising at the ground or as large branches arising a few feet above the ground (Figs. 2-3), these typically Join TAC by e-mailing me: steeply ascending, sometimes single- trunked; crown irregularly branched, moderately open to dense.

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Figure 5. (Left) Adult leaves of Eucalyptus spathulata are glossy olive green, gray-green, or bluish green. Note margins of some leaves with Eucalyptus tortoise feeding damage. Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Arcadia, CA. Figure 6. (Right) of Eucalyptus spathulata are arranged in small, axillary, 7-flowered clusters. Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Arcadia, CA.

Trunk(s): to 1-2 feet in diameter or duncle flattened or cylindrical, 0.15- (sometimes forming thickets) near even more in very old specimens 0.9 inch long; buds on short , seasonal lakes, marshlands, or (Fig. 3), typically relatively short, 0.4-0.7 × 0.1-0.3 inch, cylindrical or courses, many of which are highly sometimes fluted at the base. ovoid to broadly -shaped; saline. Soils are of various drainage operculum or lid cylindrical to coni- capabilities, sandy or gravelly clays Bark: smooth, mottled, typically cal, reddish, or base ,or heavy loams with clay subsoil, deciduous or shedding throughout greenish; flower 0.8 inch wide when alkaline or sometimes slightly acidic on branches and trunk in irregular, open, stamens erect, white or cream- and often strongly saline (Brooker and mostly small to medium patches colored (Fig. 7); summer. Kleinig 1990, Chippendale 1988, Elliot or flakes in early summer (desert and Jones 1986, Kelly et al. 1983). areas) to mid summer (coastal ar- Fruits: on short pedicel, 0.15-0.5 × eas); newly exposed bark is colorful 0.15-0.5 inch, hemispherical to ob- Propagation and growth rate and showy, usually brownish gray, conical or pear-shaped, rim thick, disc Eucalyptus spathulata is readily propa- reddish brown, coppery, or salmon- level, valves 3 or 4, exserted (Fig. 8). gated from seeds, which germinate colored and typically with a glossy, in one to two weeks. Select seeds metallic bronzy or coppery sheen Distribution and ecology from fully mature capsules (fruits), (Fig. 4), sometimes aging to gray or Eucalyptus spathulata is endemic which typically attain maturity within brownish gray by fall before the next to Western Australia where it is one year of flowering. Immediately shedding. widespread but scattered in the after collection sow seeds by scat- Avon, Eyre, and Roe Districts of the tering lightly over a pre-moistened, Leaves: simple; juvenile opposite southwestern part of the state south clean, disease-free (pasteurized), to alternate, short, blade of Perth, from Albany to Esperance well drained seed, or potting mix. 2-2.75 × 0.2-0.3 inches, linear to along the coast and north to Katan- Keep evenly moist at a temperature narrow lance-shaped, dull blue- or ning and Ravensthorpe. The climate of 70 to 80 F and protect from wind, gray-green; adult alternate, petiole is distinctly Mediterranean and very dryness, and extreme cold and heat. short, 0.08-0.2 inch long, blade 1.75- similar to that of coastal and inland Transplant into individual containers 4 × 0.1-0.4 inches, lance-shaped, tip valley areas of most of California, when seedlings are sufficiently large often hook-like, glossy olive green, with warm to hot and dry, rainless to be handled easily. Grow seedlings gray-green, or bluish green (Fig. 5), summers and cool, usually moist in light shade but acclimate to full same color above and below, veins winters. Rainfall averages 12 to 15 sun quickly. seedlings and obscure, reticulation very sparse with inches annually. Minimum winter young typically grow quickly, numerous, round, conspicuous oil temperatures are in the 20s F while so move them up to larger containers glands (Fig. 7). summer maximums approach or regularly to prevent kinked, circling, exceed 100 F. girdling, or otherwise poor sys- Flowers: arranged in small, axillary, Eucalyptus spathulata frequents tems that can be problematic later in 7-flowered clusters (Figs. 6-7); pe- low-lying areas and depressions the landscape. Peat pots/strips and

Winter 2011 36 WESTERN A rborist fluted gallon (and larger) containers the intermediate and interior valleys high soil salinity up to an EC of 8 to can help to prevent such poor root of California, and the low and high 16 dS•m-1 (WON 2008) and is recom- characteristics. deserts of California, southern Ne- mended for planting in saline areas Because Eucalyptus spathulata is vada, and western Arizona. Much of (Hart 1972). propagated by seed and there is much this area in the southwestern United As evidence of its widely adapt- variation in form and habit, selections States falls within USDA Zones 9 to able nature, Eucalyptus spathulata with smaller leaves and denser foliage 11. However, E. spathulata is appar- has been successfully cultivated in may be more horticulturally desirable ently not well adapted to humid tropi- coastal areas of California and the for desert areas (Chris Martin pers. cal areas like (Elliot and Jones low and high deserts of California and comm.) although selections with less 1986). Also, whether it would grow in Arizona. Libby Davison (pers. comm.) dense foliage are suitable for coastal the cold, damp Pacific Northwest is states that E. spathulata withstood California where shade is not so dubious when considering the climate the proverbial 1-in-100-year freeze critical. in its native range in southwestern of 17 F in 2011 in Tucson. However, A relatively fast-growing species Australia. Brenzel (1995) listed the she also noted that its placement in when young, Eucalyptus spathulata can cold hardiness of E. spathulata as 15 the low-desert landscape may be attain about 18 feet in height in only to 20 F and it easily tolerates summer critical for long-term performance if four years (Kelly et al. 1983) while maximums exceeding 100 F. not survival. When exposed to daily UFEI (2011) listed its growth rate A tough and rugged species, temperatures exceeding 100 F, trees in as two to three feet per year. Culti- Eucalyptus spathulata tolerates harsh eastern exposures or with some shade vated plants in South Australia have conditions, including cold, heat, in the afternoon performed well for reached 30 feet tall in 13 years (Kelly wind, smog, aridity, and sea coast many years while trees subjected to et al. 1983). However, in western Ari- exposure, and is moderately drought full, day-long sun and/or reflected zona and California this species has tolerant although occasional sum- light, like in a highway median or on typically grown to about 25 to 30 feet mer irrigation is beneficial in hot, the south or west side of a building, tall and at least as wide in 25 years and desert areas. It thrives in a variety were sun- and/or heat-stressed and has trunks about one foot DBH. of substrates, including heavy loams had much shortened functional life and clays, and seasonally inundated, spans. Chris Martin (pers. comm.) Environmental tolerances poorly drained, compacted, and concurs and feels that an overheated Several web sources list Eucalyptus alkaline or slightly acidic soils. SHF root zone from too much surrounding spathulata for Sunset Zones 5 to 6 and (2011) reports that it performs better asphalt and concrete shortens the use- 8 to 24 in the western United States. in wet, alkaline soils than it does in ful life of this species. Thus, it is theoretically adapted to acidic soils. However, excessive water John Eisenhower (pers. comm.) nearly the entire west coast and coast- and nitrogen may encourage reports that Eucalyptus spathulata al plains and valleys from Seattle, succulent growth and weak . grows unusually well, albeit some- to San Diego, California, It is especially tolerant of extremely times slowly, to 40 or 50 feet, is well

Figure 7. (Left) Flowers of Eucalyptus spathulata are arranged in small, axillary, (3-)7-flowered clusters and have a cylin- drical to conical, reddish operculum or lid and greenish hypanthium or base. Note the conspicuous oil glands on on left. Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Arcadia, CA. Figure 8. (Right) Fruits of Eucalyptus spathulata are hemispherical to obconical or pear-shaped. Los Angeles County Arbore- tum and Botanic Garden, Arcadia, CA.

37 Winter 2011 WESTERN A rborist young trees judiciously to maintain a strong trunk and a well balanced, spaced, and proportioned system of scaffold branches. Prune to establish and maintain a single trunk and an elevated canopy for street tree use or other situations where clearance is required. If judicious pruning and training is not done, Eucalyptus spathulata will likely be multi-trunked with a lowered canopy, which would then make it suitable as a background, screen, or wind-break. Older trees require no special pruning or manage- ment other than occasional thinning of crowded dead wood in the denser clumps of foliage towards the branch ends (Fig. 9). However, because wood of E. spathulata is especially strong, it Figure 9. This Eucalyptus spathulata at The Huntington Library, Art Collections & is easily able to support the dense fo- Botanical Gardens in San Marino is about 30 years old, has two, steeply spread- liage and built-up dead wood so this ing trunks, each about eight inches DBH, and is about 30 feet tall and wide. Note thinning is mostly for cosmetic pur- the accumulation of dead twigs and small stems toward the branch ends. poses (John Eisenhower, per. comm.) but should be done only sparingly adapted to the high clay content, high mental conditions where most other (Chris Martin pers. comm.). salinity, and high pH of the soils in species would be unsuitable and inap- Chris Martin (pers. comm.) notes the Phoenix area, and seems highly propriate. It finds use as a specimen, that neglecting young trees and then tolerant of wind. accent, shade, patio, background, attempting to train them when older Chris Martin (pers. comm.) notes screen, wind-break, and street tree. is less effective and fraught with prob- that Eucalyptus spathulata planted out For street-tree use minimum parkway lems, and the resulting, relatively in 1992 in the Phoenix area, which has width and cutout size are probably large pruning wounds are especially a similar if not harsher climate but four and six feet respectively and trees esthetically unpleasing when set similar soils as Tucson, are now 25 to must have early, judicious pruning against the handsome trunk and they 30 feet tall and slightly wider. and training to establish and maintain are slow to cover over. There is no information about a single trunk and elevated canopy. Chris Martin also reports that its cultivation in southern Nevada Indeed, maintaining an elevated Eucalyptus spathulata responds well but infrequent, severe cold typically canopy allows the trunks with their to regular applications of a balanced severely damages or destroys most smooth, handsome, ornamental bark fertilizer with micronutrients, espe- Eucalyptus. However, considering its to be easily admired and appreciated cially iron, and regular irrigation, fast growth rate and the infrequency (Martin 2011). Its relatively small particularly in the summer. of severely cold weather in southern size makes it ideal for residential use Nevada, E. spathulata should be at- and limited planting spaces where Problems/litter tempted there. it is more in scale with houses and Eucalyptus spathulata is largely free There is no information about how low buildings. Although foliage can of serious problems. Its hard, dense Eucalyptus spathulata would perform be dense towards the branch tips, wood is not prone to breakage, even in turfgrass or groundcovers where the open, spreading branching habit in high . Old, mature trees can it might be overwatered. However, allows the canopy to cast relatively produce an abundance of flowers it does grow naturally in seasonally light shade, increasing the number and subsequent fruits. Because fruits wet or flooded areas so it might be of groundcovers, shrubs, and other are woody, hard, and rounded, like tolerant of regular irrigation. small plants that can be successfully those of many other eucalypts and grown below. other species, they may be problem- Uses atic on smooth hardscape surfaces Eucalyptus spathulata fills a variety of Pruning/management like driveways and sidewalks. Bark, uses in the urban and landscape Grow and/or select trees of upright from normal late spring and early and is especially useful in sites with form with a strong, straight central summer shedding, may accumulate poor soil and other harsh environ- leader or trunks. Prune and train beneath the tree. Leaves typically

Winter 2011 38 WESTERN A rborist drop in spring and early summer as new leaves appear while small stems and twigs senesce in summer and fall (Chris Martin pers. comm.), persist- ing and accumulating in bunches or clumps near branch ends. Elliot and Jones (1986) report that mature trees in open and exposed situations may split near the base al- though this phenomenon is unknown in California and Arizona. However, because excessively heavy growth near branch ends may partly be re- sponsible for the splitting, occasional thinning to reduce top weight might be beneficial. In desert areas Eucalyptus spathu- lata may be somewhat tricky or dif- ficult to establish in the landscape. In the Coachella Valley in the California desert Spencer Knight and Diane Hollinger (pers. comm.) note that this species is seldom used due to the ap- parent sensitivity to root disturbance during potting up in the nursery or planting out in the landscape. In Ari- zona Janet Rademacher (pers. comm.) reports that also seem fragile and sensitive to disturbance when - ing out, and she recommends that the trees be handled carefully and gently to avoid root damage when planting. Don Waltemeyer (pers. comm.) states that the trees appear sensitive to lack of water during establishment, and he recommends regular, judicious irriga- tion during this period. Waltemeyer also notes that, like most other plants, E. spathulata is sensitive to too deep planting. John Kelly (pers. comm.) notes that Eucalyptus spathulata sometimes has a tendency to uproot and lean or fall over. John theorizes that irrigating Figure 10. Santa Barbara has several Eucalyptus spathulata as street trees, and in a too small area, which promotes the specimens in the island on Emerson Ave. at Orena Way, about 60 feet tall a confined, less extensive root system and with multiple trunks one to two feet in diameter, are likely the largest in that provides less support and an- the United States. chorage and is more likely to fail, is the probable cause of this failure. He recommends more extensive irriga- nursery and are the result of delayed related Eucalyptus and Corymbia, are tion to encourage a more wide-rang- potting up. unknown on E. spathulata in Califor- ing root system, which would better nia and Arizona. However, I have anchor the tree. Another possible Pests and diseases observed slight leaf-margin cutting cause of this of failure is root Eucalyptus spathulata mostly has no from Eucalyptus tortoise in bound or kinked, circling, or girdling serious pests and disease. Pests, such coastal California. UFEI (2011) reports roots, which were produced in the as psyllids, that plague species of the that E. spathulata is resistant to Texas

39 Winter 2011 WESTERN A rborist root rot and but, like the campus of California Polytechnic lanceolate leaves 0.08 to 0.2 inch wide, many trees, can be attacked by bor- State University in San Luis Obispo flower buds in groups of seven, and ers, root (Armillaria), and are about 30 feet tall and have trunks hemispherical fruits. The less com- Phytophthora root rot. In Arizona E. over one foot DBH with several steep- mon E. spathulata ssp. grandiflora is spathulata is reported to be susceptible ly ascending scaffold branches. generally a smaller, shrub-like tree to bacterial wet wood, which is typi- Eucalyptus spathulata seems more or large shrub, has wider, narrowly cally spread on unsterilized pruning widely planted in the Tucson and elliptic leaves 0.2 to 0.4 inch wide, equipment (Martin 2011). Phoenix areas of Arizona. In Tucson flower buds in groups of three, and trees south of Centennial Hall at The pear-shaped fruits. Availability University of Arizona are about 20 Although the wood of Eucalyptus Despite its many attributes, Euca- feet tall with trunks 15 inches or more spathulata is hard and dense, it has no lyptus spathulata is rarely seen in DBH after 20 years. Additional trees commercial value. The flowers are the California and Arizona nursery are in the median of Campbell Av- attractive to bees and are useful for industries. Two Arizona nurseries in enue (Libby Davison pers. comm.). production (Elliot and Jones the Phoenix area, Treeland Nursery in Eucalyptus spathulata is scattered 1986). The wood and especially the Mesa and Nakase Brothers Wholesale throughout the Phoenix area and the bark are rich in tannins (Penfield and Nursery in Laveen, currently offer E. largest tree, a majestic specimen 50 Willis 1961). spathulata. feet tall and wide is at Baker’s Retail Nursery on North 40th Street at East Acknowledgements Trees in California and Arizona Osborn Road (Chris Martin pers. Several people shared informa- Eucalyptus spathulata is rare in Cali- comm.). tion with me or showed me living fornia. In Southern California The specimens of Eucalyptus spathulata in Huntington Library, Art Collections & Notes southern California, including Susan Botanical Gardens in San Marino ob- The eucalypts include about 700 spe- Eubanks, librarian, and James E. tained a small plant in 1981 that now cies comprising three genera, Eucalyp- Henrich, botanist, both at the Los An- has two, steeply spreading trunks, tus (ca. 600 species), (seven geles County Arboretum and Botanic each about eight inches DBH, and is species), and the recently segregated Garden in Arcadia; Kathy Musial, cu- about 30 feet tall and wide (Fig. 9). The Corymbia (ca. 100 species). Angophora rator of living collections, and Shadi Los Angeles County Arboretum and differs from Eucalyptus and Corymbia Shihab, curator of the palm and the Botanic Garden in Arcadia obtained a in its adult leaves oppositely arranged Australian garden, at The Huntington small plant in 1997 that now is a large on the twigs and flowers having bris- Library, Art Collections, and Botani- shrub or small tree about 15 feet tall tly glands interspersed with white cal Gardens in San Marino; Spencer and wide. Santa Barbara has several hairs and distinct and Knight, landscape manager, and E. spathulata as street trees, and the lobes but lacking an operculum (cap Diane Hollinger, landscape specialist, specimens in the island on Emerson or lid formed by and that both with the city of Palm Desert; and Ave. at Orena Way, about 60 feet tall falls off as flower opens). Corymbia Tony Rangel, Palomar Community and with multiple trunks one to two differs from Eucalyptus in its flow- College, San Marcos. feet in diameter, are likely the largest ers arranged in corymbs, a structure In Arizona several people shared in the United States (Figs. 1, 10). Also where individual flower stalks arise information about Eucalyptus spathu- in southern California, Tony Rangel from different levels on the twigs but lata, including Libby Davison, a (pers. comm.) notes that several trees all flowers are held in more or less the consulting arborist in Tucson, John of Eucalyptus spathulata in the Palomar same . Eisenhower, a consulting arborist and Community College Arboretum are Matt Ritter (pers. comm.) notes owner of Integrity Tree Service, Inc. about 25 feet tall and wide. that Eucalyptus spathulata is closely in Phoenix, Chris Martin, professor Matt Ritter (pers. comm.) reports related to a group of mallees and in the Department of Applied Sci- that in the Bay Area in northern Cali- characterized by their glazed ences and Mathematics, Arizona State fornia noteworthy trees of Eucalyptus leaf surfaces, leaves with densely ar- University in Tempe; Janet Radem- spathulata about 40 feet tall grow near ranged oil glands that obscure vena- acher, Mountain States Nursery near the Oakland Coliseum and the I-880 tion, spreading inflorescences with Phoenix; John Kelly, formerly of the Freeway at the 66th Street on-ramp. long and flattened peduncles, and University of Arizona Cooperative Several old trees, also about 40 feet flower buds with a long operculum Extension in Tucson; and Don Walte- tall, are in Fremont in Central Park and typically fully erect stamens. meyer, owner of Treeland Nursery near Paseo Padre Parkway. Two subspecies of Eucalyptus in Mesa. Matt also notes that trees of Euca- spathulata are recognized. E. spathulata Robert Muller, director of research lyptus spathulata planted 25 years ago ssp. spathulata is generally a larger at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden in the Leaning Arboretum on plant and tree, has narrower, linear- and co-author of the superb book Trees

Winter 2011 40 WESTERN A rborist of Santa Barbara, discussed Eucalyptus spathulata with me. My colleagues Literature cited Mike Henry, Janet Hartin, and Den- Brenzel, K. N. 1995. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corp., nis Pittenger helped to locate people Menlo Park, CA. knowledgeable about E. spathulata in Brooker, M. I. H. and D. A. Kleinig. 1990. Field Guide to Eucalypts. Vol. 2. South- the Coachella Valley in the California western and Southern Australia. Inkata Press, and , Australia. desert. Matt Ritter, author and Chippendale, G. M. 1988. Eucalyptus, Angophora (). , professor at California Polytechnic Vol. 19. Australian Government Printing Office, , Australia. State University at San Luis Obispo Elliot, W. R. and D. L. Jones. 1986. Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable and an unusually well versed and for Cultivation. Lothian Publishing Company, Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. accomplished student of the euca- Hart, A. J. 1972. Tree planting in salt land areas and some recommended species lypts, provided much information and establishment practices, in: N. Hall (Ed.), The Use of Trees and Shrubs in about E. spathulata in California and the Dry Country of Australia. Australian Government Printing Services, Canberra, eucalypts in general. Matt, James E. Australia. Henrich, Ken Greby, Chris Martin, Kelly, S. G. M. Chippendale, and R. D. Johnston. 1983. Eucalypts. Vol. 1. Van and Libby Davison critically reviewed Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY. the manuscript and offered valuable Martin, C. A. 2011. Eucalyptus spathulata. On-line: http://www.public.asu. suggestions. edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/eucalyptusspathulata.html. Ac- cessed: September 16, 2011. Donald R. Hodel is the Environ- Muller, R. N. and J. R. Haller. 2005. Trees of Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara Bo- mental and Landscape Horticul- tanic Garden, Santa Barbara, CA. ture Advisor for the University of Penfield, A. R. and J. L. Willis. 1961. The Eucalypts. Botany, Cultivation, Chem- California Cooperative Extension istry, and Utilization. Leonard Hill, Ltd., , and Intersciences Publishers, in Los Angeles, a position he has Inc., New York. held for 28 years. Don develops SHF (Saratoga Horticultural Foundation) 2011. Eucalyptus spathulata. On-line: and implements educational and http://www.stanford.edu/~rawlings/PDF/018.pdf. Accessed: September 2, 2011. applied research programs for UFEI (Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute). 2011. SelecTree. “Eucalyptus spathu- the professional tree and land- lata Full Tree Record.” SelecTree. 1995-2011. On-line: http://selectree.calpoly. scape management industries. He edu/treedetail_all.lasso?rid=570. Accessed: September 2, 2011. specializes in the selection and WON (Windmill Outback Nursery). 2008. Eucalyptus spathulata. On-line: http:// management of trees and palms. www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_spathulata.htm. Accessed September 2, . 2011. Photos by Donald R. Hodel

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