The Observer OCT. 16, 1964

A Journal of Free Voices A Window to The South 25c

THE YARBOROUGH STORY

Elton Miller

Austin the countryside through Doc's deft fingers. cattle boat out of New Orleans and applied The Neches River, named for a docile Yarboroughs are old timers along that for admission to the Sorbonne. He didn't Indian tribe, meanders peacefully from its Henderson-Smith County line. Just across have enough credits, so, broke but de- headwaters in Van Zandt through the rich the Neches, Grandfather Harvey Yarbor- termined, he moved on to . He wrote timberlands of the iron-ore laden East ough owned a parcel of land. In 1858 he a want ad for an English language news- Texas countryside into Lake Sabine, mid- donated the site for the Hopewell Baptist paper, whose editor liked it and hired him way between Port Arthur and Orange. Church. He and a neighbor surveyed the before it went into print. The Texan studied Never subject to the wild overflows of its church site by the light of the moon, using German and attended an academy in Sten- sister stream to the west, the Trinity, or the north pole for bearings. Harvey Yar- dal, Germany, for a year, and then he was the Sabine on the east, it was a good place borough—Captain Yarborough it was—led ready to come home. for a country boy like Ralph Webster Yar- the first company of infantry out of Smith Working his way across the channel, he borough to cast his bait, catch a mess of County to join the Confederate armies. found the docks in Britain crowded with channel cat, and daydream. The Yarborough homestead stood not young men anxious to get home on the first At Chandler, the Neches River village far from the old battlefield where Gen- boat they could. One day a ship's agent where Yarborough was born June 8, 1903, eral Bowles was defeated and the last called out, "Anybody here know anything one of eleven children in the Charles Rich- Indian - resistance in to the about horses?" He said, "I'm from Texas," ard and- Nannie Jane Yarborough house- white man's invasion took place. In the so he got the job and took care of a ship- hold, the Neches is little more than a days of Ralph Yarborough's youth lads load of horses en route to the states. good creek, but at "Big Eddy" and "Little around Chandler used to visit the battle- Jobs were hard to find in 1923, and Yar- Eddy," the good fishing holes in the upper field to pick up arrowheads and trinkets borough joined a threshing crew making reaches of the Neches, there were plenty from Bowles' last stand. its way across the hot plains of of catfish and perch for many a county- The first dollar Ralph Yarborough ever and Kansas. He worked at a boarding house wide Henderson County fish fry. Just to earned outside his home was in turning the that fall in Austin for "all I could eat for be sure, the older boys would go over there old hand press that printed the Chandler all I could do." That, and the money he'd about two days beforehand and seine the Times when that paper was operated by saved as a harvest hand, put him through stream. Rupert Craig. In 1929, after he had moved the first year at the University of Texas This was the land of clay and sand, the over to the Athens Daily Review, Craig school of law. He worked as librarian and rich loam and the pineywoods, that told me, "You'll find Ralph Yarborough's quiz master and in the summer helped build spawned the fabulous Sid Richardson, name on the mailing list back there. Keep oil tanks in the wild days of '26 in the old multimillionaire Clint Murchison, cotton an eye on him. He's going places." Yar- Borger oil field. He graduated from the man Arch Underwood, and Rupert Craig, borough posSessed the vigor of a President University with highest honors. most famous editor of his time in East in his prime, the youth that ap- Years later, as he sat among the hun- Texas. Only a few miles away grew up peals to youth. He had- the courage of his dreds of books that line the walls of his Billy White, who became president of convictions. He stood pat for the things he study on Jarratt Street in Austin—he is an Baylor University, and a firebrand preach- believed. He denounced those things he expert on the civil war and can tell you er by the name of "Cowboy" Crim. knew were false. how each battle was won and lost—he The strip of land between the Trinity Finishing what school his home town would recall his boyhood days on the and the Neches also gave Texas politics a had to offer in April, 1918, young Yar- banks of the Kickapoo, nights when he hangout at Stirman's Drug Store on the borough went on to Tyler High School, slept out under the stars in Oklahoma as a north side of the square in Athens. For a there to graduate in 1919. A year later he harvest hand, the 1926 oil boom at Borger half century candidates for governor and became a cadet in the U.S. Military Acade- before Gov. declared marshal U.S. senator gathered there to test the my, but Congress, weary of war expendi- law. weathervane. They could feel the pulse of tures and war debts, decided to cut down . Elton Miller, a Texas newspaperman, has appropriations for the academy, and Yar- EARLY IN HIS LIFE, too, Yar- been acquainted with Senator Ralph Yar- borough, after a year, abandoned the borough developed an admiration for Gov- borough many years and writes here of Army as a career, enlisted in the 36th di- ernor James Hogg, who was raised on a the senator's youth, education, and legal, vision of the National Guard, and at the hill at Mountain Home, east of Rusk, and military, and political career that culminat- age of. 17 began teaching school in the rural was the great Texas warrior against the ed in his election to a six-year term in the communities of Delta and Martin Springs. railroads. When Ralph first heard his dad U.S. Senate in 1958. In the Oct. 30th issue, Between terms he attended classes at Sam talk about Hogg, he was still young enough our last before the general election, the Houston State Teachers' College in Hunts- to be playing under a huge sycamore tree Observer editor will seek to summarize ville. that stood between the Yarborough home Yarborough's philosophy and performance Wanderlust took him then, and he work- and the home of the Warrens. Mr. Warren as senator. ed his way across the Atlantic on a French (Continued on Page 3) estimate of what would happen if the elec- tion were to be held today. There is much apathy and it will take work and money to 5he Jlonor Jexa o overcome it." erately inflaming. Texas has never had a Will we turn the country over to the The Houston Chronicle's poll showing radical right simply because of careless- finer, more honest, more fearless United George Bush within a few percentage ness, indifference, and laziness? That is the States senator than Ralph Webster Yar- points of overtaking Senator Yarborough real question before the American majority borough, and if he went down now on the should disabuse all Democrats of the com- Nov. 3. forting notion that the senator is a shoo-in. basis of this smear, the honor of this state The next few weeks will determine would go down with him and many would whether Texas will continue to have in have much to answer for far into the fu- Washington a fighting Democrat, in tune ture of Texas. no cub with the times, helpful to the President All we can do is all we can do, but any- from Texas in advancing his programs, thing less between now and Nov. 3 is un- Can nothing be done to stop this state's and good for Texas as well as the nation— thinkable. adoption of a reactionary tax structure? In or by two Republican senators. 1961 the 25-year resistance to the sales tax of Texas is already the most collapsed and only the exemptions of gro- reactionary senator in the , e 5urnout ceries and drugs were salvaged for the pub- barring, possibly, Strom Thurmond. If Jti lic interest. Now Lt. Gov. George Bush joined him, Texas would have says the food exemption will probably have foisted on the country another anti-test To push aside the oratory—the Novem- to be repealed in 1965, and Gov. John Con- ban treaty, anti-, anti-war on ber elections, presidential and, in Texas, nally, supinely silent on this question so poverty, anti-federal government Gold- senatorial, will be determined by how many Democrats vote. If they vote in gocid vitally important to the poor, mounts a water Republican. "fight" to relieve big business of state prop -. Even so, the issue is deeper. numbers, President Johnson and Senator Yarborough will win handily. If they do erty taxes. The Texas Municipal League Ralph Yarborough is an honest man who not, Goldwater and Bush could squeak in. jockeys cagily, getting ready to ask the has done a very good job. He has been sub- "The polls made by professionals and our legislature for the right to pass local city jected to an insufferable smear in the Dal- precinct workers indicate that the majority sales taxes. This is Texas, is it not? Do -not las News by Billie Sol Estes and two dis- of the people in Travis County are Demo- we have here a long tradition of readiness credited "witnesses." This smear has been crats," according to A. C. "Irish" Matthews, to fight the good fight whenever and branded false—has been branded as a story one of Yarborough's Travis County co- wherever it is joined? Why, then, this cow- "without any foundation in fact"—by the managers. "But nothing indicates that we ardly silence—about personal income taxes Justice Department after an exhaustive have yet done the work to get out our vote. based on ability to pay, about corporate investigation by the Federal Bureau of In- "If out of 100 interviewees, 60 are for profits taxes, about higher oil and gas pro- vestigation. Information published in the the Democratic Party and 40 are for the duction taxes—as the forces of out-of-state last issue of the Observer provided the best Republican, and then on election day only corporate wealth and collaborationist Texas understanding yet available bearing on the 60% of the Democrats vote—that's 36 conservatives prepare again to gouge the way the story was put together—yet that votes; and if 90% of the Republicans vote poor of our state and increase the tax bur- information has not yet been circulated in —that's again 36 votes. This is a good dens on Texans of ordinary means! the daily press. ❑ Bush has been going around the state saying it doesn't make any difference THE TEXAS OBSERVER whether Estes gave Yarborough $50,000 A Journal of Free Voices A Window to the South or $9,000, Texans don't want their senator 58th YEAR — ESTABLISHED 1900 to have had anything to do with Estes. Vol. 56, No. 20 7ateND October 16, 1964 This is a politically depraved argument. The $9,000 figure refers to the maximum Incorporating the State Observer and the San Antonio, Mrs. Mae B. Tuggle, 531 Elm- East Texas Democrat, which in turn incor- hurst, TA 2-7154; Tyler, Mrs. Erik Thomsen, . total of political contributions from Estes porated the State Week and Austin Forum 1209 So. Broadway, LY 4-4862; Cambridge, to Yarborough throughout the years when Advocate. Mass., Victor Emanuel, 33 Aberdeen St., Apt. Estes was a respected citizen and a leading We will serve no group or party but will hew 3A. West Texas businessman. The charge about hard to the truth as we find it and the right The editor has exclusive control over the edi- $50,000 was a false accusation of an illegal as we see it. We are dedicated to the whole torial policies and contents of the Observer. None of the other people who are associated gift. Bush is therefore saying—merely to truth, to human values above all interests, to the rights of man as the foundation of democ- with the enterprise shares this responsibility create an unfair political effect—that there racy; we will take orders from none but our with him. Writers are responsible for their own is no difference between campaign contri- own conscience, and never will we overlook or work, but not for anything they have not them- selves written, and in publishing them the edi- butions from respected citizens and an il- misrepresent the truth to serve the interests tor does not necessarily imply that he agrees legal gift. This is characteristic of Bush's of the powerful or cater to the ignoble in the with them, because this is a journal of free slashing, opportunistic campaign—well de- human spirit. voices. signed to obscure his political affiliation Editor and General Manager, Ronnie Dugger. The Observer publishes articles, essays, and Partner, Mrs. R. D. Randolph. creative work of the shorter forms having to with the way-out Goldwater Republicans, Business Manager, Sarah Payne. do in various ways with this area. The pay his declared opposition to the progressive Contributing Editors, Elroy Bode, Bill Bram- depends; at present it is token. Unsolicited policies of the times, and his .personal fi- mer, Larry Goodwyn, Franklin Jones, Lyman manuscripts must be accompanied by return Jones, Georgia Earnest Klipple, Willie Morris, postage. Unsigned articles are the editor's. nancial identification with international oil James Presley, Charles Ramsdell, Roger Shat- The Observer is published by Texas Observer. interests. tuck, Dan Strawn, Tom Sutherland, Charles Co., Ltd., biweekly from Austin, Texas. En- Just because of such hypocritical toying Alan Wright. tered as second-class matter April 26. 1937, at with the refuted $50,000 charge, this sub- Staff Artist, Charles Erickson. 1 he Post Office at Austin, Texas, under the Act Contributing Photographer, Russell Lee. , of March 3, 1879. Second class postage paid at ject continues to confuse or worry a num- Subscription Representatives: Austin, Mrs. Austin, Texas. Delivered postage prepaid $5.00 ber of voters, as the enemies of Senator Helen C. Spear, 2615 Pecos, HO 5-1805; , a year; two years, $9•.50; three years, $13.00. Yarborough's courageous advocacy of the Mrs. Cordye Hall, 5835 Ellsworth, TA 1-1205; Foreign rates on request. Single copies 25c; public interest intend and desire. We must El Paso, Mrs. Jeanette Harris, 5158 Garry Owen prices for ten or more for students, or bulk Rd., LO 5-3448; Houston, Mrs. Shirley Jay, 10306 orders, on request. all contemplate the possibility that Bush Cliffwood Dr., PA 3-8682; Lubbock, Doris Blais- Editorial and Business Offices: The Texas might win because of this damnable infec- dell, 2515 24th St.; Midland, Eva Dennis, 4306 Observer, 504 West 24th St., Austin 5, Texas. tion in the campaign, which Bush is delib- Douglas, OX 4-2825; Odessa, Enid Turner, 1706 Telephone GR 7-0746. Glenwood, EM 6-2269; Rio Grande Valley, Mrs. Change of Address: Please give old and new 2 The Texas Observer Jack Butler, 601 Houston, McAllen, MU 6-5675; address and allow three weeks. (Continued from Page 1) law suit saved the Permanent School Fund Yarborough had studied by coal oil lamp was principal of the school in Chandler; and the University of Texas Permanent and a Coleman gasoline lamp. He could the Warrens had two children, Ray and Fund tens of millions of dollars, besides Opal. see what REA could mean to rural Texas, saving many millions yearly for oil pro- powering machinery, brightening homes, ,Opal and Ralph went to kindergarten ducers and royalty owners. and he championed the cause. together, but then the Warrens moved to After the old adage that "A beaten path Eustace. Ralph and Opal met again in high is for a beaten man," Yarborough left poli- In 1936 Allred appointed Yarborough school at Tyler—where, according to Opal, tics when Allred became governor, entered judge of the 53rd district court. He won the girls were interested in Ralph and private practice downtown, and was ap- re-election without effort and was on the Ralph was interested in history, basketball, pointed a lecturer on land law at the Uni- bench for five years. For three of those and debate. Opal had become a school versity of Texas. He was named to the he was presiding judge of the third admin- teacher by the time, on Ralph's completion original board of directors of the Lower istrative judicial district, which contained of law school, he was ready to hang out his Colorado River Authority, which planned, 33 Central Texas counties. The late thirties shingle. But when he announced he had with the Army Corps of Engineers, the were busy for him. He was president of the just about decided to run for county at- series of dams on the Colorado for flood Travis County Bar, chairman of the Austin torney of Hendbrson County, she hit the control, fresh water, electric power, and Community Chest campaign ; he taught ceiling. "I won't marry a man in politics," lake recreation. Sunday School and was a trustee of the she said. He dropped the subject for six Rural electrification was founded. In the First Baptist Church of Austin. years. deep woods to the east when he was young, October 16, 1 964 3 Yarborough went to work in the El Paso law firm of Turney, Burges, Culwell, Holli- day, and Pollard. In June of 1928, he left there long enough to go get married to Opal Warren and take her back out there. See- ing the poverty of many of the people in El Paso, and then seeing it worsened by the 1929 depression, Yarborough became more and more concerned for his fellow man. He had never met Robert Lee Bobbitt, but Bobbitt's brother Frank had been a teacher of his in law school and was a close friend. When Robert Lee announced for attorney general, Yarborough stumped his area for him, but Bobbitt's opponent, James V. Allred, was elected attorney gen- eral in 1930. A few weeks later Yarborough went to SPOKE HERE Austin to testify on a land question before ON THIS CHEROKEE TRACE a legislative committee. Allred listened, and SITE HE HAD VISITED 25 YEARS EARLIER, WHEN HE LIVED WITH when he got back to his office, told ad- f HE INDIANS, SAM HOUSTON visters: "I want that young man for an TWICE SPOKE AS THE LEADING assistant." "But he's a Bobbitt man," they TEXAS STATESMAN ON JUNE .10, 1857, AS U S SENATOR, replied. "Bobbitt man or no Bobbitt man, I AND EARLY IN 1861 AS •te GOVERNOR want him," said Allred. 4 So the Yarboroughs of El Paso moved AT BOTH TIMES HE SPOKE to Austin, where they still live. Opal Yar- AGAINST 'SECESSION/ AND borough, a gracious hostess, gradually FAVOR OF THE UNION, began to change her mind about politicians. In 1931, at mid-depression, a son, Richard, was born to the Yarboroughs. The assistant attorney general soon was handed some of the state's big land prob- lems. His mastery of land law became an asset in the Allred administration. As head of Allred's land division, Yarborough in the famous Mid-Continent case won a $1,083,500 judgment, the second largest money judgment ever recovered for Texas, and the funds went into the Permanent School Fund. He established the state's interest in oil and gas income from 3,900,- 000 acres of land in a case involving the Magnolia Petroleum Co. He wrote the first opinion from the attorney general's office asserting the state's claim to tidelands oil and gas and advised the land commissioner to lease the tidelands out into the Gulf of Mexico. He wrote the first underground water conservation law placed on the stat- ute books of Texas. In court Yarborough argued, along with Railroad Cmsr. Olin Culberson, against a —Gilmer Mirror Photo pipeline practice of "strappage" deduction, Senator Ralph Yarborough pauses during an East Texas swing on his re-election through which the pipelines arbitrarily campaign beside a new historical marker on the courthouse lawn in Gilmer where deducted one percent of the value of all Sam Houston spoke twice, defending the Union. The little girl at the left is Sally oil they carried before paying for it. This Greene, 9. In 1938 Yarborough took a leave of and Yarborough thought the governor was - Texas. Featured on the front page was a absence from the bench without pay to run a little arrogant, too emphatic and dog- cartoon of a tornado sweeping down on for attorney general of Texas. He was matic. By the time he reached home his West Texas farmlands, titled "CIO-PAC," eliminated in the first primary and an- decision was made. It was shored up by a and Shivers was charging that if Yarbor- nounced his support for Gerald C. Mann word of confidence from Opal Yarborough ough was elected, farm labor would be in the • runoff against Walter Woodul of and a few words from a friend or two who organized by the unions. This alarmed Houston, and Mann won. The campaign left were Yarborough's confidantes. farmers. no scars on Yarborough, and he made He set up state headquarters in an old But the real message of that runoff friends in every area of Texas. A world residence near the Capitol. He was with- campaign was the Port Arthur story, a war would intervene before he would call out masterminds and professional assist- 30-minute TV documentary that opened on them again—but he would. Opal had ance in that first race for governor, but up, "This is Port Arthur, the city that is forgotten her early resolve against poli- he was resolute, ambitious, and optimistic, dead." The theme, in short, was that a tics. as those few who gathered around him communist-dominated union had moved The day the Japanese attacked Pearl soon learned. He was unknown compared to in on Port Arthur and killed the town, and Harbor, Yarborough headed for a recruit- Shivers, and it was difficult for him to get Yarborough was somehow responsible. The ing station. The grandson of Cap'n Harvey through to the kernel of the corn. The press story swept Texas like a tornado. Little Yarborough wasted little time. After serv- was against him, and so were state em- did it avail Yarborough to call it "the big ice in the Battle of the Pentagon, he asked ployees, except for the disgruntled. But lie technique" used by Hitler. When the for combat duty and was transferred to dyed-in-the-wool Democrats who had final tally was complete, Shivers was re- the 97th division, which went into action begun to see the heart of their faltering elected, 775,089 to 683,132. in the Rhineland in 1945. Then Lt. Col. governor came to Yarborough. So did liber- Yarborough thought the Port Arthur Yarborough's division was transferred to als, members of minority groups, and labor story might have ended his political career. Patton's Third Army, which spearheaded union people. On the streets of Austin the Monday after the drive into Czechoslovakia, liberated Shivers' technique unfolded: Brand Yar- the voting, a friend asked him if he would Cheb and other towns on the route to Pil- borough the tool of the CIO-PAC, call him make another race in the future. "No" was sen, and there waited for the Russians. a "nigger-lover" in East Texas, stamp him his answer. But his supporters were tele- After VJ Day Lt. Col. Yarborough was "liberal," "left-winger," "pinko." Use every phoning his home: "We can't stop now. military chief in charge of the central tool you can find in the tool chest. On his We're ready to start again tomorrow." Honshu Providence of Japan, to which the tour of the state early in 1952, Yarborough 97th had been redeployed. Central Honshu had found that misgivings had been spread- Shivers began to suffer the political Island had about a seventh of Japan's land ing about the oligarchy that had built its consequences of a multitude of scandals in area and population. In May, 1946, Yar- nest in the governor's office. Shivers was his administration. The land commissioner borough was home in Austin. pictured as powerful, uncompromising, was sentenced to the penitentiary for mis- ruthless. But Yarborough also found civic deeds as a member of the Veterans' Land H IS CLIENTS were scattered, and business leaders he had thought would Board, of which Shivers was also a mem- but he built up a new clientele that includ- support him who had received telephone ber. The ICT empire BenJack Cage built, ed, from 1946 to 1952, the Texas State calls before he arrived, warning them largely with money invested by members Teachers' Assn. He joined the Legion and against helping him. One merchant was of unions, collapsed. A. B. Shoemake's VFW and was a member of the Texas reminded what would happen to him if Waco insurance firm and many others, State Board of Law Examiners and the loans for carrying inventory were, on re- large and small, fell of their own weight, statewide tidelands committee. consideration, deemed a bad risk. An insur- of financial instability, general mismanage- Those were the days when he began ance investor was reminded that reprisals ment, or political misbehavior. After all setting his goal again toward a career in might result if regulatory bodies became this, Shivers surveyed the field and retired. politics. He was prospering personally, but antagonistic. Yarborough learned that he modern politics had come to cost lots of was fighting an organized machine. MOVED INTO THE BREACH money. Yarborough did a lot of soul- - On the stump Yarborough told people to oppose Yarborough: U.S. Sen. Price searching, the question being, "How do you that the machine that ran state govern- Daniel, who said he would quit his Senate raise sufficient funds for a statewide race ment was financially corrupt—that there seat if he won, since he was tired of Wash- without becoming indebted to some faction was stealing from the public treasury that ington, and the weather was better in or a special interest?" he wanted to investigate. He convinced Texas. Daniel had worked on the tidelands, There was, he knew, "government by 488,345 Texans, a healthy number, and and by 1956 these were safely in the hands lobby" in the capitol. He could sense its immediately many of his supporters decid- of Texas; but Daniel had gone along with presence the day he met Governor Allan ed on another race in 1954. Shivers for Eisenhower in 1952. The 1956 Shivers in the rotunda. The establishment Meanwhile, Shivers was giving the Texas race was therefore a replay of the 1952 had already decided, and Shivers was Democratic Party to the Republicans. At Shivers-Yarborough race, with a new man giving Yarborough the word: John Ben the Amarillo state Democratic convention, in Shivers' place. Daniel had been long Sheppard, the young man who had been a Shivers and the Democratic executive com- gone from the attorney general's office be- leader of Jaycees in Gladewater and Long- mittee pledged their allegiance to their fore the scandals hit the land board, so he view, had been selected to follow in Shivers' supposed enemy, the Republican Party, in disclaimed any liability for the Texas footsteps. the 1952 presidential election. Yarborough scandals. The campaign was rough and Yarborough actually ' was considering, made speeches urging election of the tumble, bnt never like 1954, although that day in the capitol, whether to run for Stevenson-Sparkman ticket. Daniel labeled Yarborough the tool of labor attorney general again, but as he hustled Party loyalty vs. defense of the tide- unions. In the, first go-round Daniel was away from the statehouse grounds, six lands, (the ostensible basis for the Texas 165,498 votes in front-628,914 to 463,416 months before election day, he was boiling vote against Stevenson,) was the dominant —but minor candidates forced a runoff, mad. Texas, he was sure, was in the tight- issue in the 1954 rematch, and Yarborough and of 1,392,831 votes cast in the runoff fist grip of the Brown Boys, big oil, big lacked only 23,787 votes catching up with primary, Daniel got 698,001, Yarborough gas, big sulphur, big bankers. They sought Shivers in the first primary of that hot 694,831. Once again Yarborough had been control by money. Had Shivers set himself summer. Shivers had 668,536, or 49.53%, denied the governorship by a whisker. up as a god to dictate the political future to Yarborough's 644,749, or 47.78%. Two A special election was called to replace of Texas? minor candidates had forced a runoff. Daniel in the U.S. Senate. Yarborough an- If Shivers had avoided Yarborough that Shivers forces knew then they were in nounced, as did Martin Dies, the former day in the rotunda, Texas political history grave danger of defeat. congressman, and , a Hous- might have been different, but he did not, Shivers campaigners got out what Yar- ton Republican leader. Two candidates pulled off some of Yarborough's support, 4 The Texas Observer borough called "a smear sheet" in West James P. Hart, former chancellor of the critics who called him a "minority sena- count was Yarborough 760,856 to Blakley's University of Texas, and John C. White, tor." Shivers had given Dallas financier 536,073. In November that year, Yarbor- commissioner of agriculture. Nevertheless, William Blakley an interim appointment ough took his GOP opponent, Roy Whitten- Yarborough led the field, 310,842 votes to to the U.S. Senate when Daniel quit, and burg of Amarillo, 587,030 to 185,926. The Dies' 255,016 and Hutcheson's 202,721. in 1958 the same forces plunked for Blak- grandson of a Confederate soldier thus had Still, since this was a high-man-wins ley against Yarborough in an all-out fight it made for a full six-year term as a election, Yarborough had to cope with for the six-year Senate term. The final senator from Texas. Li Governor Faubus vs. Mr. Rockefeller

Hoyt H. Purvis

Houston tige, industry, and education while con- maintaining all the while that gambling Ten autumns ago, Arkansas had its first ducting a blanket campaign. Clearly, was a local matter and he would not serious Republican contender for governor Rockefeller is looking West to neighboring interfere. But suddenly the State House since Reconstruction. Pratt Remmell, who Texas and to Oklahoma, which elected a of Representatives passed by 91 to 3 a had served as mayor of Little Rock, ac- Republican governor in 1962 and may or resolution calling for officials to shut down tually forced the Democratic nominee, may not send Republican Bud Wilkinson Hot Springs gambling. Faubus quickly Orval Eugene Faubus, to crank up his to the Senate this year, for inspiration, changed his tack and said if local leaders Ozark charm on the campaign circuit. Still rather than to Southern neighbors where didn't stop the gambling, state troopers Faubus won handily, and no Republicans some are still trying to fit Faubus' 1957 would. Two days later, what the New York and few Democrats have challenged him suit. Daily News called the "biggest non-float- since. In his reign Faubus has constructed Despite the fact that there has been ing dice game in the land" ground to a a political machine of a magnitude never much more desegregation in Arkansas than halt. It was a characteristic Faubus move. before approached in Arkansas and in the Deep South states, civil rights is a As the Benton Courier stated, "When .. . matched elsewhere only by the .likes of basic issue and will remain so as long as Faubus finds which way his bandwagon is Huey Long. Faubus is around. Although he won in heading, he isn't content to ride. He hustles Slightly before Faubus' ascension, New 1962 as an Arkansas-style moderate, lately around front and escorts it across the finish York socialite-heir Winthrop Rockefeller, he has sounded more like the man who line." whose divorce had been in the headlines, made Central High famous seven years took residence in Arkansas. No one expect- ago. For instance, he said: "The first time This kind of reasoning enshrouded Faubus' endorsement of the Johnson- ed him to stay long, but, as is now well they [demonstrators] lie down in the known, he developed an interest in the streets to block the traffic of a legitimate Humphrey ticket, too. Calling himself a dutiful Democrat, Faubus noted that he state's politics and became chairman of the business operation, they're going to get still agreed with Goldwater's criticism of Arkansas Industrial Development Com- run over. And if no one else will do it, the Supreme Court. The governor has said, mission. His successful efforts to lure in- I'll get in a truck and do it myself." He "Justice Warren would make a good justice dustry to Arkansas, coupled with strong said New York Governor Nelson Rocke- of the peace somewhere, if they didn't have support of agriculture, the arts, and edu- feller could not handle that state's riots too many people in the township." He also cation, kept him in the public spotlight. and there was no reason to believe brother accused the court of being like the "Nazi Thus Rockefeller, who decried Eastern Winthrop could do any better in Arkansas. myths - about the state and set out to courts of Hitler" and of "comforting the change them, arose as the only one who Winthrop describes himself as a moder- Communists." could seriously challenge the man whom ate on the issue, having opposed the civil- Arkansas Gazette editorialist Patrick rights • bill because of the police powers it When Humphrey visited Little Rock Owens dubbed the "Peerless Leader." gave the federal government, but willing Faubus went to bed with a cold, but he ap- to abide by it. Though Nelson Rockefeller's peared with Johnson and Gov. Connally Rockefeller is given little chance to strong rights stand is being used against at Texarkana and saw the President look break Faubus' hold on Nov. 3, but the gov- Winthrop, it may also help him. Without his way when quoting Robert E. Lee: ernor himself, in all modesty, said Rocke- having to take a strong stand personally "Abandon all these local animosities—and feller's campaign is "the best organized and thus alienate many Arkansans, he still make your sons Americans." political effort we have seen in this state." enjoys Negro support because of the family And Rockefeller backers have anything identification. Negroes account for nearly but a defeatist attitude. 15% of the electorate. THERE'S MORE to the Faubus strength than his rotations on issues, the FAUBUS, who long ago added Faubus has gone full circle in his career of political paradox. Recently he accused bandwagon psychology, and the efficiency Little Rock polish to his Ozark charm, is of his political machine. He has a great tie a master on Arkansas' old-fashioned ora- • the Arkansas Council of Human Relations, which had urged total desegregation, of with the people largely because of the 1957 torical go-rounds and has campaigned hard. Little Rock affair. Nearly every Arkansan He backed a large-scale voter registration having originated as a communist front. In 1954, when some overzealous backers felt the state was treated unfairly in the effort, extending even to state-regulated reporting of those events. The distorted nursing homes. State employes have been of Gov. Francis Cherry had treated Faubus' 1935 attendance at Commonwealth College and one-sided approaches of some national openly encouraged to campaign. journals irritated Arkansas people, and Faubus says, Rockefeller's campaign was like minor-league McCarthys, Faubus parlayed his righteous indignation into a this caused many who probably would not organized by Texans who ran the campaign have otherwise to unite behind Faubus. of Sen. John Tower. In truth the Tower decisive turn in the campaign. The man from Greasy Creek first said he didn't Writers who called the people uncouth hill- coterie could take lessons from Rockefeller. billies gave him a chance to play his Actually, he's much more in the John Con- attend the institution, identified by H.U.A.C. as a communist front, then favorite role—the underdog, the champion nally vein, devoting little time to ideologi- • of the common man, fighting the power- cal questions, concentrating on state pres- changed his story. He has been effectively changing his mind ever since. ful outside forces. The 'Faubus Charisma elicits such feeling as this, expressed in Hoyt H. Purvis is a Houston newspaper- Until March of this year illegal casinos man. flourished in Hot Springs, with Faubus October 16, 1964 5 the Nevada County Picayune at Prescott : near the bottom in almost every possible But "Win" Rockefeller, with his western "God created Arkansas. He gave us rivers, comparative category among states. This hat and open collar, still must crack the valleys, mountains, plains, timber and raw created an underdog complex, but at the rural bloc; he must dent the bastion of materials, and a Christian - man to lead us same time a desire to see the state pro- Faubus support in the Mississippi delta who has vision and a desire to help hu- gress. Now, when Faubus cites the massive counties; and he must reverse a tradition manity, and though his leadership, Arkan- increases in education expenditures, or that is so strongly Democratic that it sur- sas is coming into its own." highway improvement, or the nation's vived both Eisenhower popularity (which Outsiders have often failed to recognize largest percentage increase in per capita that of five of its six neighboring states did that Arkansans have a tremendous state income, it doesn't damage his stature. • not) and the 1948 Dixiecrat movement pride. Witness the popularity of a recent Rockefeller came to understand this (which two of its neighbors did not). song, "El Dorado," which boasts that pride; otherwise he could not be considered Whatever the outcome the first Tuesday Arkansas has more oil wells and beautiful a serious candidate. He appealed to it with next month, Winthrop Rockefeller has women than Texas ever saw, or the fa- his part in helping to bring 600 new in- ended, for a while, the stagnation of Arkan- natical backing of the Razorback football- dustries and 90,000 new jobs and in his sas politics. Win or lose he promises to run ers. For years Arkansas was listed at or cultural and agricultural contributions. again in 1966. ❑ I Knew Frank Dobie Martin Shockley

Denton dependent spirit and a fierce love of free- not changed my opinion, that I know no When I heard of Frank Dobie's death, dom. I had always considered the mustang more honorable principle for a good man's I thought of the death of the old poet in the sorriest specimen of horseflesh, ham- life. "Night of the Iguana." Nobody said, mer-headed, wall-eyed, ewe-necked, sway- Now that he is gone, each of us bears a "Please, God, now"; but even those of us backed, bushy-tailed, onery and danger- larger responsibility for the support of who sometimes think we might manage ous; then I read a book by Frank Dobie those ideals which were more ably sup- things better must approve. Mr. Dobie read and learned that the mustang is a noble ported while he lived: to stand up taller his special issue of the Texas Observer, creature with a proud and independent on the side of decency; to speak out more received his Presidential award, saw the spirit and a fierce love of freedom. Now, courageously for the cause of justice; to first copy of his last book, and went they tell me Mr. Dobie is writing about extend more generously to others those quietly to sleep. Well done, God. rattlesnakes, and I anticipate an agonizing rights which we most cherish for ourselves. It may be regretted that the University reappraisal." Frank enjoyed it as much as A man who fights for his rights is a brave of Texas, only now recovering from the I did. man, and I respect him; but a man who Rainey scandal and the Painter shame, Never a narrow regionalist, he found fights for the rights of others is a noble never accorded him the full measure of among the mustangs and the longhorns man, and I honor him. honor which is his due. He was awarded significant symbols of universal human Frank Dobie never held office, yet by honorary degrees by Southwestern Uni- values. I have sometimes felt that Texans proclamation of the he versity and Oxford. His name will be lack the perspective to appreciate Frank was buried in the state cemetery. In the honored among authors and scholars while Dobie, a greater man in Orford than in heart of Texas, he lies deep. ❑ the names of the regents-who drove him Austin. Texans tend to think of him as a out will live, if at all, in infamy. mossy-horned maverick, the symbol of in- GARTEN OF THE GODS Among many fond memories, I recall the transigent individualism. This he was, but Good people one has known amusing irony of introducing him to the he was far more. I identify in his career are like real bread Texas Folklore Society. I was toastmaster five of the major concerns of my time. after supermarket stuff, water that year when he was main speaker and First, he loved and understood his land after a strawberry shake. honored guest. I remember my introduc- and his people; his career was based upon tion: "A Texan not by birth but by choice, the interpretation of his own. Southwest- With them one can walk. I came to Texas with about average ignor- ern heritage. Second, as a professor he With them two can talk. ance and prejudice. I had always considered forcefully repudiated the popular cult of the coyote a pesky varmint, a cunning educational mediocrity, always demanding In their company, chicken thief, a sneaky villain best seen quality, always urging toward that excel- content to be contented, over the sights of a 30-30; then I read a lence which we have not yet achieved. one can sit afternoons at a Scholz's Garten book by Frank Dobie and learned that the Third, he spoke for equal justice for all under the trees, where a little breeze coyote is a noble creature with a proud races even before the Supreme Court, the alternates with sunshine and independent spirit and a fierce love United States Congress, and the Christian on the back of necks. of freedom. I had always considered the Churches came to join him. Fourth, among I hope that you have such a place. longhorn a stupid cow critter, all bone, isolationists and Dixiecrats he constantly gristle, and stringy meat, mean, vicious, affirmed his faith in an international so- There Lanza's voice and hard to handle; then I read a book by ciety based upon law, justice, and universal scratchily encourages all Frank Dobie and learned that the longhorn human rights. Fifth, among Birchites and to "Drink, drink, drink . . ft is a noble creature with a proud and in- bigots he stood always and uncompromis- There too much intellect's suspect ingly for intellectual freedom. I know no and if one thinks at all Martin Shockley, a professor of English it's of which leaves fall at North Texas State University, has been man with whom I can more closely identify in intellectual interests and moral values. on red-and-white checked tablecloths president of the Texas Folklore Society, and which do not. Poetry Society of Texas, and Texas Confer- In all five, the Dobie position, once mav- erick, is now majority. There blood may flood to faces, causing ence of College Teachers of English and is smiles. now president of the Texas Conference of Addressing the Texas Institute of Let- the American Association of University ters, Harry Ransom said that he had tried Well, maybe it is the beer. Professors and secretary-treasurer of the hard to understand Frank Dobie, and had But with good people I have known, Texas Institute of Letters. decided that the fundamental principle of Dobie's life had been to pitch in on the side They somehow changed me and—I shone. 6 The Texas Observer of the underdog. I thought then, and have JON BRACKER The Shining Grass

Georgia Earnest Klipple

Austin At the mid-morning break the teacher Mees, look — Paul," the children cried The school prepared for the return of announced, "Today we will take a trip happily. "The manager she give Paul the the children as if the President of the around our school to look for beauty." olives. He likes them." United States was coming. The teachers The school was an oasis in the slum by Richard went through the cafeteria line. heard an address by Robert Choate, ap- the railroad yard. Crepe myrtle and althea He bought a cookie and drew a glass of pointed by President Lyndon Johnson to bloomed cerise and white against the brick water. head the committee to combat juvenile walls that.. rose two and a half stories "Is that all you are going to eat?" asked delinquency in culturally deprived areas above the surrounding shacks. The sky the teacher. of America. "You have to get them in- was bright blue and September thunder- "Yes, Mees, I just got a neekel," he said. volved in the community," he said. heads piled high. Grass on the schoolyard The teacher gave him a quarter. "Take Mrs. C.... 's bulletin board announced: was green. The sprinkler was turned on a this and get yourself a tray," she said. "This is our class," and displayed their hill that rose toward the railroad. The The lunch was meat loaf with catsup, preregistered names over cartoon faces. A skeleton of a tree, black and luminous corn, spinach, chocolate milk, rolls, butter, chart by Mrs. B....'s door proclaimed silver, accented the sky. The whistles and and cupcakes with decorated white icing. boldly: "I am important. I must prepare bells of maneuvering trains sounded. Richard was a happy boy. to take my place in the world of work and Benjamin took two long involved drinks "I am glad to eat," he told the teacher. brotherhood." Prints of the old masters at The fountain. "Mees, can I get another "We have only one thing left in our house and of contemporaries on loan from the drink of water?" he asked. "No, you shall to eat—and I don't like it." He laughed a Texas Fine Arts Association hung in the not get three drinks in five minutes' time," little. "My seester she have baby maybe halls at child's-eye level. the teachfr replied firmly. "Mees," Benja- today," he added in a rush of confidence. Children streamed over the sidewalk. min said childingly, "Not by bread alone!" The teacher sent home a card applying "This summer ,sornebOdYr fell off the roof At her off period the teacher told Mrs. for lunch discount, to be filled out by Rich- and the ambulance came and there was C.... Benjamin's remark. "God love him," ard's parents. He brought it back the next blood all beer," said Joe. The children said Mrs. C..... "His oldest brother is a day, along with a nickel to repay the teach- ,filled'" the building. lay preacher, so Benjamin is familiar with er for her quarter. Richard's mother was Bible quotations. I had Jesus, Maria, Jose, The teacher made out an enrollment separated from his father. She worked in Carmen, Alesandi-o, and Chris during my card. "Can you sign your name on this a store. She had six children. She made fifteen years here. There were thirteen in $60 a month. blank?" she asked the mother. "I can print the family. the letters," said the mother proudly. "But Richard received a discount of 20 cents. "I'll never forget Chris. I read a Bible not very well," she added with modest He could now eat, a full tray for a dime. story every morning to my class. One haste and a deprecating little laugh. "I "Mees, the baby he die," said Richard. morning I read about Abraham and Moses. just learn last year." "Eet was a boy," he said sadly. "They— " 'When we die,' he asked, 'will we really how you say it?—put heem in the ground "I would like to learn to read and write," see Abraham and Moses?' at eleven today. My mother she go." said another mother. She made an "X" in "When he went home to lunch that day "Who died?" asked Joe,, his eyes big. the space entitled "Signature of Parent or the water cooling fan at his house was not "The baby of my seester," said Richard. Guardian." working. He sprayed it with the water The children gathered around in respect hose to wash it off and get it to running and awe. "They put heem in the ground RICHARD APPEARED by the again. He didn't come back to school that . . ." began Richard for this second audi- side of the teacher as silently as his In- afternoon. There happened to be an ex- ence, faced with the unexpected importance dian ancestors must have crept upon a foe. posed power line. He was standing in a of sorrow. He was about four feet high with an puddle of water and he touched the line ". . . bury . . ." interrupted Joe excitedly enormous crop of wavy black hair, which and died instantly." but politely. he had greased and combed with great ". . at eleven today," concluded Richard. pride. He took a comb out of his pocket. AT LUNCHTIME blonde, dark- "My other seester she have baby." "Mees, will you keep this?" he asked. "I eyed, beautiful Miss N...., who was 22 "Today?" asked the startled teacher. don't want to lose it." years old and looked like a movie star, Richard shook his head. "Not today, but brought her class of under-achievers into she have baby." Paul came to the desk. His eyes were the cafeteria. They bought their trays "Soon ?" painfully black against his face pale under and sat down at the table. They • bowed "Yes, Mees, soon." the olive. "Mees, I don't feel too good," he their heads and folded their hands. Some- said. "Do you feel faint?" asked the teach- one struck the chimes. The cafeteria was er. "Yes, I feel faint," he said. THERE WAS a faculty meeting silent. In low gutteral jigtime they re- after school. "Paul came to see me today," The teacher hustled him downstairs to cited: said Mrs. B..... "I've had several of Paul's the health room, where he collapsed on "Thank you, God, for the world so sweet, brothers and sisters—there were eleven of the cot. She went to the cafeteria to get Thank you, God, for the food we eat, them. They came here during the reces- him a spoonful of sugar and a glass of Thank you, God, for the birds that sing, sion. Paul's father couldn't get a job. Just water. "Paul probably didn't eat a proper "Thank you, God, for everything." so they could keep body and soul together breakfast," she explained to the cafeteria Each child had a ripe olive on his tray. I had Paul's father clean our yard. They manager. "He didn't eat any," replied the Paul, who had been roused from his rest manager. "None of them do." on the health room cot, had six. "Look, October 16, 1964 7 were the best workers you ever saw. They "They're humanitarian," continued the opponent, Bill Hayes. State Rep. Kika de la worked for us for years. When Paul's teacher. Garza, Democrat, Mission, is expected to brother wanted to get married he had com- "And not patronizing," said the princi- win the Valley seat Kilgore is vacating plications because his bride-to-be was in pal, "which is the right way." over his Republican opponent. Des Barry, Mexico,, so my husband helped get her out The teacher who took the children in truck company executive, is giving Demo- in time for the wedding." search of beauty at recess read the chil- crat Bob Casey a run for the money in The faculty planned the P-TA program dren's stories of their search. Houston—Barry identifying himself with for the year. They would show an educa- Emilio wrote: "One thing that was Goldwater in Houston's silk-stocking dis-_ tional film at each meeting and have beautiful was the shining grass." tricts. Observers do not venture predictions someone from the Health Department "The grass looked like diamonds," Gloria with confidence, either, on the outcome of speak on nutrition, care of the teeth, and said. "The big blue sky was above." Democrat Richard White's challenge to so on. In Alfred's opinion, "A tree with pink Cong. Ed Foreman, Odessa. Goldwater "I have a bad time when I go home at flowers was the most beautiful." enthusiastically endorsed Foreman in Mid- night," said Miss N..... "I sit down to a "One tree - interested me," observed land-Odessa. good meal and. I remember that my chil- Eddie. "One tree is bare." dren will not have one until tomorrow "The water was sprinkling and the train Cabe!! vs. Alger noon." was making a lot of noise," noted Angie. Surely the most acrimonious congres- "I am impressed by the dedication of "I heard water splashing on the wall," wf sional contest this fall in Texas con- this faculty," remarked a new teacher. Rose Ann remembered. tinues in Dallas. Charges and counter- "They're all here by choice," said Mrs. "The water and the wind were gentle," charges: B..... "It's a constant challenge to me. wrote Jimmy. Every day I think, 'Now I have the key to "I heard a train," said Annie. "I heard a The Dallas Times-Herald, having en- that blank wall'—and I never do." bird, too." dorsed Democrat Earl Cabell, published a series of studies in news columns on Alger's voting record which presented Alger as a rejected loner, way out against the UN and military expenditures, and without a single piece of passed public Political Intelligence legislation to his credit. A spokesman for Alger called this series a prostitution of *news columns: the Times-Herald replied that it was just looking at Alger's record, Our Congressmen interesting litmus-test on the extent to as he had invited citizens to do. which members of the Texas delegation Alger's campaign manager said Cabell Look for Sen. Martin Dies, Jr., Lufkin, have supported President Johnson's pro- has a " type political to be the next man to take on Re- grams so far. philosophy." Alger, warmly endorsed by publican-voting Cong. John Dowdy, D.- From among House-side issues Curran John Tower, said businessmen and others Athens, in 1966. State Rep. Charles Wilson, selected civil rights, the international de- plan to vote for Johnson out of fear they'll Trinity, is reported already making pre- velopment assn., food stamps, the wheat- lose a contract or "suffer other reprisals" parations to campaign for Dies' seat in the cotton bill, a foreign aid test vote, federal if they don't. "President Johnson's tactics Texas Senate. pay raise, mass transit, the foreign aid ap- . . . are based on political. bribery, coercion, V Cong. Henry B. Gonzalez, San Antonio, propriation, anti-poverty, and state legis- and intimidation," Alger said. "Well, I'm was one of 18 U.S. congressmen who lative reapportionment. Here is the "sup- not afraid. . . I put the nation first, the sent an open letter to President Johnson port of Johnson" tally of Texas representa- state second, and my district third. If the asking for massive federal assistance to tives -on this basis, with pro-Johnson votes nation solves its problems, Dallas can take end further violence in connection with first, non-support totals second: care of its own." If Johnson-Humphrey civil rights activities in Mississippi. The Gonzalez and Brooks, 10-0 (all for John- win, he said, the ADA will be "one heart- son) ; Patman, Purcell, Thomas, and Young, 18 recommended more FBI agents and beat away" from national rule. offices in the state, federal hearings in 8-2; Wright, Thompson, and Beckworth, Mississippi, and a full FBI report. . . . It 7-3; Roberts, 5-5; Poage, 4-6; Pool, 3-7; Cabell, whose campaign opening was at- is asserted, in a campaign advertisement Casey, Kilgore, Rogers, 2-8; and Alger, tended by Gov. Connally, said Alger rele- for Gonzalez' re-election in the San An- Foreman, Burleson, Dowdy, and Fisher, gates "the people who elected him in the tonio Express, that he has provided news- 0-10 (no support for Johnson). first place to a poor third in his considera- letters and radio and TV reports to his Senate-side, Curran's issues were oil tion2t. Cabell upholds federal interest in constituents "by investing 40% of his depletion, the tax cut, wheat-cotton, de- assistance to the aged and the poor and salary to this important part of his public letion of the fair employment section of argues that certain functions, such as inter- trust." the civil rights bill, civil rights cloture, state highways, construction of navigable civil rights, mass transit, anti-poverty, waterways, and federal housing, should be V Cong. Joe Kilgore, McAllen, retiring handled by the federal government. Cabell from Congress, will .join the Austin beef imports, foreign aid loans, and medi- care. Yarborough was with Johnson, 9-2 put in an appearance at a fund-raising din- law firm of Powell, Rauhut, McGinnis, and ner in Dallas for Sen.. Yarborough. Lochridge. Kilgore, talked out of running (differing with him by supporting beef against Sen. Yarborough last spring by import quotas and tighter requirements There has been one Alger-Cabell debate the White House, is being publicized as a for foreign aid loans to commercial enter- on TV in Dallas. Alger said Cabell can't future statewide candidate or a heavy- prises). Tower opposed Johnson, ten times divorce himself from Johnson, Humphrey, weight in tory state Democratic politics. out of eleven and supported him once if and Yarborough. Cabell said Dallas is part one counts a vote for the oil depletion of the U.S. and can't change this. At the V Cong. Jim Wright, Fort Worth, a near- end of the debate, Alger waved a letter he certain candidate for the U.S. Senate allowance as support. Yarborough opposed Strom Thurmond's said was a "mystery letter." He couldn't in 1966, has taken the stump for the John- release it, he said, but Cabell could do son-Humphrey ticket, speaking recently, amendment to deny the entire federal judiciary any power over reapportionment, what he wanted to about it. Cabell said for instance, at county Democratic head- this was a cheap trick. quarters openings in Tyler and Corpus as well as voting for the mild "sense of Congress" resolution on this subject Christi. Gradually the story came out. Cabell has accused Alger of voting against fed- gor Ned Curran, a Washington reporter (against which resolution Tower was who writes for Texas papers, ran an paired). eral appropriations to study development V The Belden Poll gives Cong.-at-large of the Trinity River project. In a private 8 The Texas Observer Joe Pool a 65-22% edge over his GOP letter. to Bob Cullum, Dallas chamber of commerce president, Cabell said Alger was County Judges and Cmsrs.' Assn. endorsed cern about 830,000 citizens whose pension "the real and only" reason Congress had abolition of state property taxes. Gregory dollars are shrinking and 730,000 Texans not implemented the project. Ben Carpen- Lipscomb, student president of the Uni- who are classified as functional illiterates. ter, president of the Trinity Improvement versity of Texas, intends to lead a fight Recently his Texas Water Commission Assn., wrote Cabell a "personal and confi- against raising college tuition, which the proposed the state take up the Bureau of dential" letter saying he hoped the project governor's higher education commission Reclamation's idea that pipelines or a canal would not get involved with politics and has proposed. move surplus water from east to west that he did not agree with Cabell's observa- However, the legislative committee of in Texas. Dr. J. B. Adair, consultant to tion to Cullum that Alger was the only the Texas Municipal League adopted a the Texas Education Agency, asked the reason for congressional delays. Carpenter recommendation for the sales tax (spe- State Board of Education to commit itself sent a copy of the letter to Alger, also on cifically : "In view of the state's selection to a program to use all the state's resources a personal and confidential basis. After of a retail sales tax as a basic source of against illiteracy. Bill Cobb, the governor's Alger waved it around during the debate, revenue . . . the same source will best ful- budget director who is working with the Carpenter released it, snapping Alger for fill the supplemental revenue needs of governor's advisory committee on mental what he had , done—and announcing that municipalities"), and league directors are retardation planning, says the governor is he, Carpenter, was voting for Cabell. to consider the recommendation in mid- worried about this phenomenon and wants The Dallas Morning News, noting that December in Austin. to know what the state can do about it. Alger has been "unable to pass a single V The "Texas Racing Association" is V In Palestine before the Rotary Club, major bill," endorsed Cabell, stressing "the soliciting $10 contributions. This is according to that town's Herald-Press, factor of effectiveness." something, since Robert K. Kleberg, Jr., Lt. Gov. Smith said the legislature must of the King Ranch is honorary chairman make- three major decisions — on higher Battle of the Lobbies of the board, and B. G. Byars, the Tyler education, how to pay for improvements millionaire, Douglas B. Marshall, the Hous- A battle of the lobbies is now sharply therein, and congressional and legislative ton scion of the Cullen interests, John D. redistricting. Smith also mentioned as other foreshadowed for the 1965 legislature. Murchison of Dallas, and Perry Bass of The Texas State Teachers' Assn. tele- issues the legalizing of parimutuel betting, Fort Worth, associate of Gov. Connally, selling liquor by the drink in eating places, graphed a policy decision to take on the are among its trustees. "This association Texas Research League and the Texas control of oyster shell dredging on the is trying to bring first-class horse racing coast, oil and gas pooling, an amendment Manufacturers' Assn. both, if necessary, with legalized pari-mutuel wagering to in pursuit of its program for a $45 a to repeal the poll tax, and equal rights for Texas," says the association's plea for women. In Corpus Christi, according to the month pay raise for teachers. funds. L. P. Sturgeon, TSTA public relations Caller-Times there, Smith said, "Although V A National Petition Your Government I am not advocating it, I feel that we will director, called the League "a private cor- Club, established by a Henderson Bap- poration supported by large taxpayers probably have to eliminate some of the tist minister, intends to seek a legislative exempted items under the sales tax, such (many of them corporations based in other submission of a referendum of some kind states)" in the course of disputing the as food." on civil rights in 1966. V Speaker Tunnell was cast in an un- league's recent report on school financing V Charges of conflict of interest have as "an obvious attempt to convince mem- expected role during the Mental Hos- been made against State Parks and pital Institute of the American Psychiatric bers of the legislature that local districts Wildlife Commissioner J. M. Dellinger. His are not doing enough and that the state Assn. in Dallas. He said that since there company, it has been announced, submitted are no facilities for mentally ill children is making the maximum effort." This ref- a low bid of $1,508,318.55 for construction erence, which was published in the October in Texas, 637 of them are in state mental of a 4.126-mile segment linking George- institutions that are designed for adult Texas Outlook, the teachers' magazine, town and Round Rock on Interstate High- implies what no major Texas interest psychotics. Texas, Tunnell said, is 49th way 35. Rep. Bob Eckhardt of Houston among the 50 states in annual per capita group has heretofore contended: that the said he was troubled by this, since Dellin- league is in effect a special-interest lobby, expenditures for the maintenance of ger's duties as commissioner involve con- mental hospitals, 43rd in per capita ex- just like any other. trolling the dredging of shell used in road Sturgeon's article also condemns the penditures for care and treatment of paving. "I think the governor used bad T.M.A.'s suggestion that teachers be given public mental hospital patients, and in the judgment in appointing a man of those lowest 20% of the states, in other main "merit" raises as "a device" that can be connections to the Parks and Wildlife Com- used to avoid giving them the raise they criteria as to the adequacy of state care of mission. His [Dellinger's] predilection mentally ill people. "We are not really want. The State Board of Education has would be with the exploitation of shell endorsed a teachers' pay raise, but did not solving the problem," Tunnell said. instead of its conservation," Eckhardt said. V In sum, the three most powerful lead- specify an amount. Last week Jack Crichton, GOP candidate V Speaking for the Texas Research ers of the 1965 legislature are agreed for governor, sounded the same theme, League, Alvin Burger, its director, that there will be legitimate needs that challenging Connally whether Dellinger will call for new spending; the governor said that possible sources of new state had a conflict of interest. "As governor of revenues in 1965 include removing the food wants the state property tax abolished; Texas," Crichton said, "I would appoint no and drug exemptions of the sales tax; in- man to a regulatory office who had any October 16,, 1964 9 creasing the sales tax on percent; or re- present or prospective interest in any busi- storing the corporation surtax that has ness which his office was empowered to expired. James McGrew, the league's re- regulate." search director, also suggests as possible DOBIE AND SILVER sources removing the sales tax exemption Word from the Big.3 COW PEOPLE, by J. Frank on farm machinery or removing or alter- Dobie, Little, Brown $6.00 ing the gross receipts tax as to telephone 1# Governor , Lt. Gov. MISSISSIPPI: THE CLOSED companies. Burger says there has been no Preston Smith, and Speaker Byron SOCIETY, by James Silver, serious talk about personal or corporate Tunnell have offered various insights into Harcourt, Brace & World $4.75 income taxes, higher oil or gas taxes, or their ideas for the next legislature this higher motor fuel taxes. fall. Mailed anywhere post-free when V Although its leaders have been trying V Connally's main emphasis will continue payment accompanies order. to pave the way for its endorsement to be higher education. He will crusade of a permissive city sales tax, the Texas for the abolition of the state property tax. GARNER & SMITH BOOKSTORE Municipal League in convention in Dallas He will renew legislative interest in the 2116 Guadalupe, Austin, Tex. did not endorse it, but rather adopted a water problem. He is also expected to take Phone: GR 7-0925 generalized tax resolution. The Texas steps with respect to his expressed con- the lieutenant governor says the food Carr's press man, have been out of town couldn't raise the money and has taken a exemption will probably have to go. The much of the past three months. Although job in . session may therefore be expected to tend his GOP opponent—John Trice—is no to revert to the configurations of legisla- threat to him, Carr has sanctioned bumper The Jacksonville Daily Progress, an tures during the period— stickers and literature urging his re-elec- East Texas daily that has endorsed progressive spending, financed by regres- tion, and re-election committees are being Johnson and Yarborough, dipped a toe into sive taxation. organized for him. Carr is in the awkward the iceberg lake of civil rights sentiment 1,00 Sen. A. M. Aikin, Paris, and Rep. position of holding down one office when in the South. In an editorial defending the Ronald Roberts, Hillsboro, have been everyone knows he's planning to run for a Supreme Court on issues other than civil honored with appreciation dinners. . . . higher one. During his press conference on rights, the Daily Progress let the line drop, Ex-Rep. B. H. Dewey, Bryan, has been his supplement to the Warren Report, re- "There may be a backlash now and then designated Democratic nominee for justice porter Mary Jane Bode of Stuart Long's for leaders who try to move faster than of the peace, replacing an incumbent who news service slipped and called him "Gover- the people accept, but in the end these died. nor Carr." Harley Pershing of the Fort backlashes are doomed to failure." Worth Star-Telegram admonished her, g/ U.S. District Attorney Barefoot Sand- Connally and Carr "Not yet, Mary Jane." ers of Dallas, in a speech to an area V For some time Carr has been making Rotary Club in Dallas, noted that the V Governor Connally would win 78% to remedies under the civil rights act are in- 16% over Republican Jack Crichton speeches all over Texas against crime. Recently, however, he has spiked them with junctive rather than criminal. "Generally had the election been held the first week speaking, under the public accommodations of September, the Belden Poll indicated. specific proposals that juveniles charged section the government only brings suit Belden said Connally has the support of with misdeeds be held at the police station until their parents or guardians personally where there is a pattern or practice of Democrats, 98-1%, and Republicans are discrimination," he said. split, 48-48%. appear for them ; that no fines should be Connally's executive assistant now is accepted from juvenile offenders, nor any V The Abilene Reporter-News is now Larry Temple, 28. He replaced Howard hearings be held concerning them, unless following an odd practice on its edi- Rose in the $15,000 a year job. Rose, whose their parents are there; and that there torial page. Every interpretive column on name once appeared in an advertisement should be widespread publicity in the news the page is preceded by the identical note, endorsing John Tower over Bill Blakley media of arrests•and court actions concern- in black face indented type: "(EDITOR'S for the U.S. Senate in the name of con- NOTE: This is a syndicated column, not an servative principles, has returned to private In our Oct. 30th issue we shall deal in editorial. The views are those of the law practice in Midland. Temple is a depth with the presidential and senatorial writer.)" relaxed young man who gives an impres- campaigns this fall in Texas. V The San Antonio Express-News ran a sion of mildness and efficiency. special from Corpus Christi observing V The Connallys have built a new home ing juveniles. "Let parents see their chil- that George Paar of the brush country is on their ranch in Floresville. Third- dren in the police station and in our courts. just about out of the brambles. Creditors term speculation is cropping up, as it Let parents suffer the embarassment of in a $2 million federal bankruptcy suit usually does about this time in a second- public knowledge of their failures as par- against him have been mailed 81 cents on term governor's career, and as usual one ents," Carr is now being quoted. the dollar; two lower court convictions can't tell what's a plant and what's an returned against him have been invalidated artless guess. Parr in the Clear on appeal, and despite as many as 300 V In a major oil policy speech to the indictments that once pended against him The Nov. 3 ballot in Texas carries Texas Mid-Continent Oil & Gas Assn., three proposed constitutional amend- and his followers, he is now considered Gov. Connally said "We are throttled by free of criminal charges. excessive foreign oil imports" and called ments: to end the authorization to let the legislature transfer up to one percent a loof A "Texans for Kennedy Club" has been for a new formula against them; rued the formed in San Antonio for New York losing battle against federal regulation of year of the permanent school fund to cur- rent school spending; to give the Texas senatorial candidate Bobby Kennedy. Mem- gas producers;. and said, "We have to fight Water Cmsn. regulatory power in the bers include E. B. Duarte, president of the hard, year-in year-out, to prevent destruc- Bexar County Young Democrats, Dick tion of the one bulwark against disaster— creation of water and reclamation districts; Meskill, editor of the Alamo Messenger, the depletion allowance. . . . You finally and tR extend the Texas answer to medi- and such figures in San Antonio politics as get to the point, and I think this industry care (payments to vendors for medical care Mrs. Nancy Phillips, Mrs. Kathleen Voigt, is to the point, where enough's enough." for the aged) to old people who are not on old age assistance or welfare rolls. The Sturge Steinert, and Mrs. Allie Tune. V Atty. Gen. Waggoner Carr reportedly Texas Medical Assn. endorsed the latter has two members of his staff scouting .V The conservative Cuero Record, in its for support for him for a race for governor amendment, saying it would make federal zeal for Senate candidate George Bush, or senator in 1966. Sonny Davis, an at- medicare unnecessary in Texas. excerpted a quote from a Bush speech there torney on Carr's staff, and John Steigall, V The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reprinted for a banner headline last week, but grem- the Observer's editorial endorsing lins got into the type and it read, "Turn- 10 The Texas Observer Johnson-Humphrey, along with the Dallas coat Are Worse Than ." Times-Herald's Johnson endorsement edi- V Texas AFL-CIO has named Henry torial. Munoz, Jr., of San Antonio to head its BOOKS ON POLITICS The Houston Post and Progressive • PARTY AND FACTIONAL DIVI- newly created department of equal oppor- SION IN TEXAS, by James R Magazine reprinted Charles Alan Wright's tunity to discourage racial discrimination Soukup, Clifton McClesky, and Observer piece, "A Republican Makes Up in employment and to promote anti-poverty Harry Holloway, University of His Mind" [for Johnson], and the Demo- Texas Press $5.00 and job rehabilitation measures—the first • DANGER ON THE RIGHT, The cratic National Committee made plans to state labor organization of its kind in the Radical Right and Extreme Con- distribute it. U.S., according to Texas AFL-CIO Presi- servatives, by Arnold Forster & V Brown & Root of Houston was selected dent Hank Brown. Benjamin R. Epstein, Random House, paper $2.95 by the National Aeronautics and Space V Ex-Sen. Doyle Willis lost his fight to D DANGER ON THE RIGHT, cloth $4.95 Administration to negotiate a cost-plus regain his Fort Worth city council seat Mailed anywhere post-free when operational and maintenance contract at when the State Supreme Court ruled payment accompanies order. the manned spacecraft center near Hous- against him. He was disqualified from the GARNER & SMITH BOOKSTORE ton. It's expected to reach $10 million. council when he entered a legislative race, 2116 Guadalupe, Austin, Texas V Greg Olds, the journalist who tried to for which he was later found to be in- Phone: GR 7-0925 promote a liberal weekly in Dallas, eligible. plored the calls and backed freedom of speech—for left or right. By the time Ben Levy called the forum to order, more than 100 people were shoehorned into the small A Farce in Houston meeting room. Reporters espied a handful of card-carrying Birchers and perhaps 20 Cuban exiles, refugees denied freedom in Ron Bailey their own country and apparently bent on denying it to citizens of their adopted home- Houston itself was a shocker to the faint of heart land. There being no forum for the radical left who doubted the left had a role this year. in Houston—nor almost anywhere in the But the players, not the play, were the John Stanford was the first to speak. The nation for that matter—Attorney Ben Levy thing. audience knew he is being prosecuted by rushed in where less gung-ho angels might The cast featured John Stanford, the the U.S. Department of Justice for failure fear to tread. A few months ago, Levy, a alleged communist from San Antonio. Com- to register as a communist, and seeing him quixotic man hitherto given to gentler munist or no, Stanford is a self styled Marx- in the flesh must have been a disappoint- causes like the American Civil Liberties ist, an avowed radical of the left, and the ment. For a radical, he appears hopelessly Union, announced the establishment of the prospect of an encounter with a real flesh- miscast. Indeed he looks far more like an Houston Socialist Forum. A kind of town and -blood leftist seemed pregnant with pos- accountant, the profession he pursues for meeting of the left, it would monthly air sibilities. "The pity of it," said a newsman, a livelihood. He is a mild looking man, hair opinions alien to the ears of most Houstoni- "is that when we want a radical we have neatly parted near the middle, eyes quiet ans and, he hoped, help counter the strident to import him." behind rimless spectacles, engulfed in a cries of the radical right. Navy blue suit too large for his slight frame. The forum's first couple of meetings were A LL WEEK critical calls came He read his speech like a bookkeeper gentle enough, although a hardy band of to the Jewish Community Center where the John Birchers were among the most faith- balancing the profit and loss columns of a forum was to meet on Sunday night. Such political ledger. The early profits accrued ful customers. As befits our electronic age radical doings, the callers suggested, might the first debate was a vicarious one: a tape- to the Democrats. "A coalition of fanatical force them to curtail their contributions to ultra right groups," he said, "have captured recorded encounter between Norman the United Fund, which supports the center. Thomas, the old Socialist, and William In an editorial the Houston Chronicle de- October 16, 1964 11 Buckley, the young editor of the National Review. One visitor who tuned in on the discussion remarked: "It was as if this were 1930 and the had never happen- ed." But the tame talk was merely a prelude. If the goods in the new marketplace of ideas seemed slightly shopworn, livelier merchan- dise was on order. At issue in the next meet- ing, Levy announced, would be "The Role of the Left in the 1964 Election." The topic Ron Bailey works for a national maga- zine in Houston. #ript z' Since liMfi The Place in Austin GOOD FOOD GOOD BEER 1607 San Jacinto OR 7-4171 In Texas... at a picnic, beer is a natural Hard-nosed Mortgage Loans, When you're relaxing at your favorite outdoor beauty spot with no romance added . . . . friends or family, and your thirst's whetted by fresh air and exer- cise—that's the ideal time for a cool, refreshing glass of beer. In fact, you can name your recreation—swimming, hiking, or just J. W. "TOMMY" TUCKER watching TV—and chances are nothing in the world fits it quite as well as beer. Correspondent Your familiar glass of beer is also a pleasurable reminder that we live in a land of personal freedom—and that our right to enjoy P. 0. Box 66103 beer and ale, if we so desire, is just one, but an important one, of Houston, Texas 77006 those personal freedoms. JAckson 4-2211 In Texas ... beer goes with fun, with relaxation UNITED STATES BREWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 905 International Life Bldg., Austin 1, Texas the Republican Party—the Dixiecrats, Ku and the interests of imperialism," he said, rasped a voice from the rear of the room. Klux Klan, John Birch Society, the Minute- and added a call for "a broad people's As if to punctuate that querulous ques- men and that new breed, the Gold- coalition against fascism, racism and pover- tion, the man in the white shirt suddenly Wallaces." ty." As Stanford saw it, the role of the left leaped toward Stanford, fist cocked and In his view from the left, of course, the this year consisted in nothing more than a voice booming: "Speak up. I am for Cuba Democrats had their losses too. "Both vote for LBJ. The "Goldwater conspiracy" too." A countryman—the white shirt's bro- Goldwater and Johnson support capitalism had to be smashed. ther, we later learned—stepped to the podi-

12 Just once during Stanford's accounting um and waved an invisible red cape at Stan- The Texas Observer was there a hint of heckling. One of the ford. "No one in a communist country can Cubans, wearing a white shirt open at the do what he can do," he announced grandly. neck and later identified as a member of the Someone else yelled : "He's for Russia." So Cuban Student Directorate, met a Stanford quickly that they seemed to spring out of SUBSCRIBE contention with a loud but polite: "I beg the walls, more Cubans jumped forward and your pardon." unfurled a banner: "Communists kill Americans in Vietnam." OR RENEW After Stanford's talk, moderator Levy Flustered and florid, Levy struggled for THE TEXAS OBSERVER announced that questions would be wel- comed at the end of the formal speeches. "I control. "In the future," he said, "we will 504 West 24th Street see we have a few unfriendly visitors who have the police here. Those who claim to Austin 5, Texas have been highly hostile in the past," said represent free speech won't give it to us." Levy. For twenty minutes the demonstrators Enclosed is $5.00 for a one- shouted and milled aimlessly about the "Don't we have freedom of speech?" year subscription to the Observer podium; it became impossible to tell the for: speakers without a program. The white Subscriptions for $4 shirt led the chorus: "Communists. Com- Name munists. Murderers. Murderers." Stanford Subscriptions to the Observer can sat rather bemused, passively puffing on Address be bought by groups at a cost of $4 a his pipe. A man whose book collection was City, State year, provided ten or more subscrip- rifled by the legal authorities might expect tions are entered at one time. If you little better from the masses. ❑ This is a renewal. belong to a group that might be in- terested in this, perhaps you will want ❑ This is a new subscription. to take the matter up with the others. MEETINGS (Adv.) THE THURSDAY CLUB of Dallas meets each Thursday noon for lunch (cafeteria style) at g:'SV574Ye;4(1.i3:SL-ZYSZM.. 5:223Z3:5ZVatMCSEZ::i1A:SMM2S3:1«illXZEM(YSZYS:(KSZii:ZIMre;;;CESZ(VeZiP*. the Downtown YMCA, 605 No. Ervay St., Dallas. The TRAVIS COUNTY LIBERAL DEMO- CRATS meet at Saengerrunde Hall, Scholz' 71te Garten, at 8 p.m. on the first and third Thurs- asetOet as a ektigtmaS days. You're invited.

In many cases the Observer makes a very Name THREE "SPOTS" good Christmas gift, and a fairly inexpen- Address You Can't Afford sive one. We shrink from the commercial- City, State ism of Christmas, too, and therefore hope this way of doing something real with a ❑ (Check here if you want us to sign your name to the gift card.) ss" gift may appeal to you this year, as it does 10 each year to large numbers of our readers. Name If you have There's o world of fun in Phoenix and meant to give someone the Ob- Address you're in the center of it all at the server this is a practical time to do it, too, WESTWARD HO. Right downtown, City, State with everything close at hand. Fine because of our Christmas rates. rooms and suites, luxury pool and gar- ❑ (Check here if you want us to sign your dens, superb dining and entertuinment For the first gift subscription, the usual name to the gift card.) rooms. Air-conditioned. Free parking. $5 rate applies; for the second one, $4.50; Name In the center of San Antonio, the for the third and for each subsequent gift GUNTER is virtually a city in itself, Address with fine shops and services just off subscription, $4. You can send ten gift the lobby. Rooms and suites of lux- subscriptions for $40. City, State urious comfort, fine foods served round the clock. Family rates, no extra ❑ (Check here if you want us to sign your charge for children under 14. Air- We will send a_ straightforward, well- name to the gift card.) conditioned. Special motor lobby. printed gift announcement in color to each Name Enjoy beautiful Corpus Christi more by of the recipients, and we will hand-sign staying at one of the world's most beau- Address tiful hotels, the ROBERT DRISCOLL. these with your name as the giver, if you Drive-in lobby, lovely new rooms with so specify in the relevant place on the City, State breathtaking views. Superb swimming (Check here if you want us to sign your pool and cabanas. Finest food, per- forms below. ❑ sonalized service, full hotel facilities. name to the gift card.) Excellent location. Air-conditioned. Thank you, and Merry You Know What. Please attach an extra sheet if necessary. •■■•••••■•."...0 TO: Sarah Payne, Business Manager, Texas This offer does not apply to renewals, Observer, 504 W. 24th St., Austin, Texas except for renewals of previous Christmas gift subscriptions. Please send the Observer as a Christmas gift to the following people: Enclosed • Name Signed: Address Name ASSOCIATED City, State Address FEDERAL'S ❑ (Check here if you want us to sign your City, State PRESTIGE HOTELS name to the gift card.) (Adv.) the white shirt was first on his feet with At last all the non-questions had been AMID THE TAUNTS, the second a question punctuated with a period. "These asked and moderator Levy mercifully ad- scheduled speaker, Lyndon Henry, was people are communists," he declared and journed the forum with an apology for almost inaudible. Henry is a representative sat down. From a fat-faced man wearing "having to take distasteful action against of the Young People's Socialist League in horn-rimmed glasses and flanked by two those who have a miscomprehension of Austin and wears the fierce-looking Buffalo attractive brunets with snarling faces but American freedom." Bill mustache currently in vogue among no tennis shoes came applause. leftists of the Eastern Establishment. Right The last word, however, belonged to the off he proclaimed a pox on both American "What are you doing here?" Levy asked right. the white shirt. political houses and said the left ought to "You are a rat fink," shouted the white sit this election out. "I am here to expose the communists." shirt. "Back to Russia with you." Just as Henry was calling for formation "You don't understand democracy," re- October 16, 1964 13 of "an armed working class," word spread torted Levy, more in sorrow than in anger. that four pollee cars had arrived. A few 5 - 3/4 x 17 Flourscent Red & There was a reasonable question inquir- minutes later a burly police sergeant was Blue on White Tagboard seen standing at the rear of the room, arms ing whether the Communist Party advo- cates the forcible overthrow of the U.S. folded and looking bored. The war being Prices Per 100 government. Not at all, replied Stanford. waged by. the U.S. in Vietnam, continued 100 500 1,000 10,000 Henry, was "brutal and repressive," and the He had help from one of the snarling brunets. "Not through force," she said U.S. should withdraw its troops and support 5.00 4.0C 3.5C 3.00 the National Liberation Front. Having as- darkly. "Through more subtle and devious sailed his country for killing Viet Cong means." Her fat-faced companion finished Include Sales Tax her thought. "," he said. (Hoots Communists, Henry then suggested the Make Checks Payable to troops be transferred to Mississippi "to and jeers from the chorus.) shoot the butchers" of civil rights workers. So it was lost : what had promised to be FUTURA PRESS "I might add we'd like to see Johnson win an educational encounter between the just to demonstrate the worthlessness of radicals of the left and the right—a kind HI 2-8682 liberal solutions," said Henry. of Frankenstein of Texas politics meets HI 2-2426 1714 80. CONGRESS Pointing out that "it's Robert F. Kennedy the Wolfman—degenerated into a verbal who's persecuting Stanford," Henry added : Bay of Pigs. AUSTIN "They'll probably be persecuting us—I don't Advertisement know why they haven't already." "They will. They will," came the answer. It had become a tragicomedy and the Cubans and their allies had now taken on the role of a Greek Chorus. By the time Henry had finished—and Swine! Levy had threatened to have the offenders thrown out—four policemen were in the room. Four more and a K-9 dog waited out- "If the book be false in its facts, refute traps" (FACT reveals which makes are most side. "I want to file charges against two them. If it be false in its reasoning, dis- dangerous of all), "Wife-Swapping in Cali- people," said Levy. prove it. But, for God's sake, let us freely fornia," "Coca-Cola as a Menace to Health," hear both sides!" These words by Thomas "Bobby Kennedy: Savior or Fanatic," "The There remained only the question-and- Jefferson are the motto of a new national World's Fair Is a Money-Grubbing House of answer period. Up and down all evening, magazine called FACT. FACT is published Horrors," "Suicide Among College Students," in the conviction that an unbiased and utter- "Should the Government Break Up AT&T," ly fearless magazine can survive in modern "How the Post Office Snoops Into Private America. FACT bows down before neither Mail," "San Francisco: Sanctuary for the Big Business, Church, state, nor even before Homosexual," "The Rebirth of the Ku Klux the prejudices of some of its own readers. Klan," "The Social Utility of Pornography," SPLIT RAIL INN "Why the Negro Revolution Must Lead to The first issue of FACT contains articles Violence," "Is Cancer Psychosomatic?", and on "Catholic Plunder of the U.S. Treasury," other articles which most magazines "America's First Negro President" (he has wouldn't dare to print. 217 South Lamar already been elected; FACT reveals who he was), and on "Time: The Weekly Fiction The response to FACT so far has been Magazine." In the latter feature, at FACT's electrifying. Bertrand Russell describes invitation, the following celebrities give FACT as "well prepared, irreverent and seri- first hand knowledge of inaccuracies by ous." California's Governor Pat Brown says Where Union Time: Irwin Shaw, Sloan Wilson, Tallulah FACT "pulls no punches." The New York Bankhead, Sen. Ernest Gruening, Bertrand Post says FACT is "lively, unconventional, Russell, ,Mary McCarthy, P. G. Wodehouse, handsome." The San Francisco Chronicle, Eugene Burdick, Conrad Aiken, John labelling FACT "audacious," says it may be- Osborne, Vincent Price, Burgess Meredith, come "Mencken's American Mercury of our Men Meet Ralph Ingersoll, H. Allen Smith, Taylor day." And a John Bircher wrote in calling Caldwell and Dwight Macdonald. us "Swine!" The second issue of FACT contains the FACT, published bimonthly, is available story of how—and why—the American press by subscription at $7.50 per year. To enter hid the truth about cigarettes and cancer for your subscription, please fill out coupon 25 years; a report on millionaires who do not below and mail with $7.50 to FACT, 110 W. pay a cent in taxes; a hitherto-banned manu- 40th St., New York, N.Y. 10018. script by Mark Twain; a psychological MARTIN ELFANT analysis of anti-Negro jokes; and more. Do it now and start to enjoy a crusading new magazine which is dedicated to present- Scheduled for publication in future issues ing the naked truth and letting all censors Sun Life of Canada of FACT are: "American Cars Are Death- be damned.

101111111111111111MOSIMMOISMIXONIVIIIMOMONSMEMMEMICIMMUROMMIMMIRMONOMOMMIMMOMMISMOBRIMIRMOW 1001 Century Building ■ FACT, 110 W. 40th St., New York, N.Y. 10018 ■ ■ I enclose $7.50 for a one year subscription to Fact. ■ Houston, Texas ■ Name ■ ■ ■ Address ■ CA 4-0686 ■ In City State ZIP Is TO-2 ® FACT 1964 Kieesmommennommoissomw000mmmemesesimmomossimusommonsiessonommonsomemos000mosowswiewonwoo '

When Was This Golden Age Beloved of Birchers?

The world's great age begins anew, grazing on government land. And the The golden years return, H. Mewhinney ranchmen who owned those cattle never The earth doth like a snake renew paid the government a dime. Her winter weeds outworn : the later Greeks did not believe in it at all, Heaven smiles, and faiths and empires except playfully and whimsically. Now that was a subsidy with a ven- gleam geance. It was a subsidy that makes Frank- All the past summer and especially in Like wrecks of a dissolving dream. lin D. Roosevelt look like a piker. recent weeks, I have kept on reading those So much for subsidies. Now do you think A brighter Hellas rears its mountains letters that the supporters of Barry Gold- water and the people who painstakingly there- was no government interference in From waves serener far, those halcyon days? Consider then what Anew Peneus rolls his fountains describe themselves as non-members of the John Birch Society keep writing to the happened to Red Cloud, to Sitting Bull, to Against the morning star; editor. Crazy Horse, to Rain in the Face, to Black Where fairer Tempes bloom, there sleep Kettle, to White Antelope, to Dull Knife, to Young Cyclads on a sunnier deep. They want to go back to the early days Little Wolf, and to Two Moons. They con- —Shelley, chorus, "Hellas." of the republic. They want to go back to the sidered it interference. days when there was no income tax—and Under the rule of Kronos, men lived in a that would be before the Civil War. They And you think that was the Golden Age? state of Paradisal innocence, and the earth want to go back to the days when a man When the men in the steel mills and the bore all things untilled. It was the Golden could make his own way, without govern- coal mines worked 72 houris a week? When Age. ment subsidies and .without government the thin little children labored in the fac-

—Greek legend. interference. It is not quite 'cleat just when / tories? When Elizabeth Browning wrote that would have been. We see all these this— The trouble is that there never was any television shows about the cowboys and the Golden Age. Indians. The television shows do not make But the young, young children, 0 my It is a dream of the poets. It is a Greek it clear that those heroic early ranchers brothers, legend, so early, so primitive, so naive that were getting one of the biggest subsidies They are weeping bitterly! that any Americans ever got. The grass They are weeping in the playtime of the Reprinted by permission from the Hous- was free. It was a gift from the govern- others, ton Post. ment.• In Montana, in Idaho, in Wyoming, In the country of the free. in Colorado, in the Dakotas, and in Ne- 14 The Texas Observer braska, all those millions of cattle were And that was the Golden Age?

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Observations Our New Society NAAAAAAA.AAAA Austin is not difficult to distinguish between a "Why must now our nation be radically fight among individuals and one among Col. Garrison's Blasts altered because of what is called the crisis nations; the first is a fight, the second is Astonishment is not, these days, a fre- of our times? The basic problems are no a war. quent feeling, wonders are so common- different in our times than under Lincoln The significant feature of our society is place and we're all so jaded, but I was as- or Washington . . . We have merely changed the uniqueness of the interactions which tonished, anyway, to read the current the horse for a tractor, the hand tools for a have developed because of the rapid tech- opinions of Colonel Homer Garrison, the machine." nological advancement and the growth of chief of our state police, on his subject the population. The effects of television of specialization. — in a 1960 speech to the Utah state convention of the Junior and radio and the telephone are profound, "In some cases we've been handcuffed Chamber of Commerce, as quoted in The as are those of the automobile and the air- in our efforts to prevent and detect crime," New Republic, March 27, 1962, and "Gold- plane. The effects of labor unions, the stock the AP quoted Garrison in Dallas. Part of market, and a highly productive agricul- water From A to Z," compiled by Arthur the problem, Garrison said, comes from Frommer. tural technology now are so great that they court rulings which seriously hamper po- must be given new significance. The Physical scientists speak of interactions lice investigative work, plus the constant relatively huge population and its urban and deliberate cries of police brutality. in their descriptions of natural phenomena. character are new. The word "interaction" sounds sterile in "Those who scream the loudest about po- These are new phenomena, never before lice brutality are the same ones who do these descriptions. It may refer to such encountered. Our society • is new, never simple processes as the collision of two nothing when a police officer is killed or before encountered. It is vital to under- assaulted," Garrison was quoted. billiard balls on a pool table or the attrac- stand that this "newness" is not just the tion between two magnets, but can also be Then, before the Texas Municipal result of a larger size, that a greater tech - applied to a variety of complex processes. nology is not just a greater efficiency. October 16, 1964 15 The requirement is that the "things" in The newness is not only "more of people," interaction affect one another. Thus we "more of houses," "more of money," but can apply this concept to something like also essentially and basically different Classified the complicated emotional exchange be- interactions and responses. tween two human beings. We have de- To turn back to the notions of our Organizations veloped a vocabulary based on interactions: fathers is not learning from history, but College students in the South have recently everyone has felt embarrassment or anger. formed the SOUTHERN STUDENT ORGAN- ignoring the present. IZING COMMITTEE (SSOC), a student or- We must accept the existence of human C. C. HINCKLEY ganization dedicated to working for a new interactions and their effects. South in the areas of civil rights, civil liberties, (A post-doctoral fellow at the University academic freedom, poverty, and other relevant Another aspect of interactions is the way of Texas who received his last degree in political and social issues. Newsletters and they occur. Persons may communicate in chemistry there in May.) additional information may be obtained by a variety of ways, directly, by letter, by writing Box 6403, Nashville, Tennessee. telephone, and so on. Each of these methods STATEMINT OF OWNERSHIP, tions under which stockholders and security increases the opportunity for interaction, • MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION holders who do not appear upon the books of and further is likely to affect the response. (Act of October 23, 1962: Section 4369, the company as trustees, hold stock and se- Title 39, United States Code) curities in a capacity other than that of a Advertising firms have long recognized bona fide owner. Names and addresses of indi- that different responses are to be expected Publisher: File two copies of this form with viduals who are stockholders of a corporation your postmaster. which itself is a stockholder or holder of bonds, from different means of appeal. There are 1. Date of filing: Oct. 6, 1964 mortgages or other securities of the publish- other interactions besides communication, 2. Title of publication: The Texas Observer ing corporation have been included in para- 3. Frequency of issue: Biweekly graphs 7 and 8 when the interests of such in- but there are basic similarities. The inter- 4. Location of known office of publication dividuals are equivalent to 1 percent or more action exists, and the mechanism of the (street, city, county, state, zip code): 504 West of the total amount of the stock or securities interaction affects the response. 24th St., Austin, Travis County, Texas of the publishing corporation. 5. Location of the headquarters or general 10. This item must be complete for all pub- It is not difficult to extend these notions business offices of the publishers (not print- lications except those which do not carry ad- ers): 504 West 24th St., Austin, Travis County, vertising other than the publisher's own and to groups of people or to nations. Here the Texas which are named in section 132.231, 132.232, interactions gain new dimensions, and we 6. Names and addresses of publisher, editor, and 132.233, Postal Manual (Sections 4355a, and managing editor: Publisher (name and ad- 4355b, and 4356 of Title 39, United States Code) must include large scale trade and other dress): Texas Observer, Ltd., 504 West 24th St., Average activities involving contact between groups. Austin, Travis County, Texas; Editor (name Number and address): Ronnie Dugger, 1017 West 31st Copies We must admit these as new interactions, St., Austin, Travis County, Texas; Managing Each Single undefined in terms of individuals prirriarily editor (name and address); None Issue Issue because of the scope of the responses. New 7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its During Nearest name and address must be stated and also im- Preceding To Filing mechanisms exist for the same reasons. It mediately thereunder the names and addresses 12 Months Date of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent A. Total No. copies or more of total amount of stock. If not owned printed (net press by a corporation, the names and addresses of run) 6,500 6,700 the individual owners must be given. If owned B. Paid circulation by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, 1. To term subscrib- its name and address, as well as that of each ers by mail, carrier J. W. "TOMMY" TUCKER individual must be given.) Texas Observer, delivery or by other Ltd., 504 West 24th St., Austin, Travis County, means 5,572 5,798 Texas; Mrs. R. D. Randolph, 2131 Welch St., 2. Sales through Appraisal of Real Estate Houston, Harris County, Texas; Ronnie Dug- agents, news dealers, ger, 1017 West 31st St., Austin, Travis County, or otherwise 135 160 Texas C. Free distribution 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and oth- (including samples) 3317 Montrose Boulevard er security holders owning or holding 1 percent by mail, carrier de- or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages livery, or by other or other securities (If there are none, so state): means 10 10 Houston, Texas 77006 None D. Total No. of copies 9. Paragraphs 7 and 8 include, in cases where distributed (sum of the stockholder or security holder appears lines B1, B2, and C). 5,717 5,968 JAckson 4-2211 upon the books of the company as trustee or (Signature of editor, publisher, business in any other fiduciary relation, the name of manager, or owner) the person or corporation for whom such I certify that the statements made by me trustee is acting, also the statements in the two above are correct and complete. paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge Signed: Ronnie Dugger and belief as to the circumstances and condi- POD Form 3526 Aug. 1963 League, Garrison criticized "a wierd con- of civil liberties to reconsider his emotions cept by which we lean over backwards to or his line of work. Memo to Ted Dealey protect the so-called rights of the criminal. As for rioters, just what rioters does the Ted Dealey, the publisher of the Dallas . . . Crime is alibied in every possible way. Colonel have in mind? Does he mean the Morning News, in 1961 told President Ken- The police are shackled with court deci- civil rights demonstrators whose peaceful nedy, "We need a man on horseback to sions which favor the guilt) to the detri- sit-ins and stand-ins did more than any- lead this nation." Now look, Dealey, you ment of the general public." The italics thing else to reform the law of the land can't kid us: you've got him, and his name have been supplied. on civil rights? If so, he is venturing be- is Goldwater. We saw where he gave you "The news media, or at least a large seg- yond his field of competence into politics, fifteen minutes the other day. What we ment," Garrison said, "appear to believe for surely this is the leading domestic po- want to know is, why don't you endorse that it is a better story to play up allega- litical issue of this decade. Does he mean him? Clamber up on back of his horse and tions of police brutality than it is to place Southern mobs who have beaten up those gallop away! As far as possible. the emphasis 'on who started the riot. In demostrators? Does he mean the police some instances, we even see undertones of are always in the right, even in Mississippi Mr. Gardner on Democracy sympathy with the rioters." and Alabama? Or does he mean, by use of this highly emotional term, "rioters," to The comments of William H. Gardner, The statement about "those who scream the Houston Post's political affairs editor, the loudest" has no place in the remarks, make his point in a way that is difficult to argue with? after the September Texas Democratic public or private, of any law enforcement convention are very well taken. Gardner officer, much less in a public speech by It is of course true that some of the wrote, in a column: the man who runs the state police. It is accusations of police brutality are false or emotional, inexact, and illogical. It's the "Texas political conventions have become exaggerated, but even the possibility of so streamlined and harmonious that they sort of thing one might expect from some- such brutality having occurred is so seri- one who is overwrought, but not from the are in danger of fading out of the picture." ous, the press and the public rightly de- The state Democratic convention was "dull man we count on for steady-handed law mand that it be investigated. If this puts enforcement. and boring" and "incredibly brief." lawmen on the defensive, they must accept " 'This is the kind of convention I like,' On the main question, Col. Garrison ap- this as one of the occupational hazards of pears to have forgotten that citizens are said the governor with a smile of satis- being a policeman in a free country as dis- faction. not guilty, that they are not criminals, un- tinct, say, from a police state. til they have been convicted by a jury. Po- "But, governor, did the delegates and licemen cannot assume that a man is a `Such as fear . . . dislike .. . party workers like it? They had hardly criminal when they are investigating him; got their chairs warm in Dallas' Memorial they are not judges or juries. As Fred The so-called "lie detector," which it Auditorium when there was the permanent Cohen of the University of Texas law fac- isn't, has been featured in Dallas Morning chairman, Preston Smith, banging his gavel ulty said in speeches in Austin this month, News stories that appear to cast doubt on for adjournment," Gardner continued. "The judicial emphasis has been on pro- the integrity of Senator Yarborough, which "And, more important, did it accomplish viding protections for those accused of those who know him do not doubt. My the principal purpose of the September crime. The presumption of innocence re- perusal of current literature has thrown convention, which is to rally the faithful mains fundamental to our system of crim- into my attention two treatments of the for the fall campaign, to light the fires of inal jurisprudence." Any policeman who polygraph. enthusiasm, to send the delegates out over resents this venerable presumption and "No experimental research has been done the state determined to bleed and die for the consequent court-defined requirements to prove that lie detectors work or that the party? for the protection of the rights of the ac- they don't," writes Stanley Meisler in the "The few lackluster speeches they heard cused owes it to this country's traditions Nation Sept. 28. "A recent article in the in Dallas could not have inspired any Harvard Business Review concluded that great upsurge of party spirit. Why, nobody 16 The Texas Observer the polygraph can be unreliable unless the even got mad, that I could see. . . . operator takes into account room tempera- "No doubt it would have delighted the ture, humidity, time of day, air content, heart of an efficiency expert, but it was and the recent activities of the subject. . . . cold and a little ruthless. Above all, it Very few polygraph operators have the ignored the emotions, which are a vital [necessary] competence and training. . . . part of politics and especially of a political The polygraph is certainly unjust, im- campaign. perfect, and dangerous." "It may seem absurd to say so, but Commenting on Jack Ruby's polygraph political •conventions just shouldn't be too test, the Warren Report says: "The poly- efficient. The masterminding of every graph may record responses indicative of move from the stage, both before and deception, but it must be carefully in- behind the green curtain, leaves the dele- terpreted. . . . In evaluating the polygraph, gates restless, frustrated, bored, and a little due consideration must be given to the angry. fact that a physiological response may be "They have been _very pointedly remind- caused by factors other than deception, ed that they are there just to fill the seats such as fear, anxiety, nervousness, dislike, and applaud at the proper moments, and and other emotions. There are no valid not to have a real part of their party's statistics as to the reliability of the poly- program." graph. . . ." J. Edgar Hoover was quoted in the War- Censures Still in Force ren Report: The current—September, 1964—list of, "It should be pointed out that the poly- censured colleges published by the Ameri- graph, often referred to as 'lie detector,' can Association of University Professors is not in fact such a device. . . . The FBI includes two from Texas, Texas Tech in feels that the polygraph technique is not Lubbock, for the political firing of three sufficiently precise to permit absolute judg- professors, including Byron Abernethy, in ments of deception or truth without qualifi- 1958, and Sam Houston State in Hunts- cations. The polygraph technique has a ville, for the political firing of Rupert number of limitations, one of which relates Koeninger in 1963. These censures stand to the mental fitness and condition of the like tombstones alongside the road toward examinee to be tested." better higher education in Texas. R.D.