THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U.S., INC. S p e c i a l I s s u e CONTENTS Page P r e f a c e .......................................................................................... 9 A SURVEY OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY by Dmytro Doroshenko In tr o d u c tio n ...............................................................................13 Ukrainian Chronicles; Chronicles from XI-XIII Centuries 21 “Lithuanian” or West Rus’ C h ro n ic le s................................31 Synodyky or Pom yannyky..........................................................34 National Movement in XVI-XVII Centuries and the Revival of Historical Tradition in Literature .......................... 35 Ukrainian Chronicles of the XVII Century; The “Cossack Chronicles” ..........................................................................38 The Cossack C h ro n ic le s..........................................................44 Ukrainian Memoirs; Autobiographies, Notes, Diaries . 59 The Ukrainian Past in Foreign Historiography of the XVIII C e n tu ry .....................................................................67 Ukrainian Historiography at the Beginning of the National R e n a issa n c e ..........................................................................71 Istoriya Rusov . 76 Page First Efforts to Collect and Publish Ukrainian Historical Material .............................................................................. 92 Historical Themes in Ukrainian Literature of the XVIII C e n t u r y ............................................................................... 104 Ukrainian Historiography in the Early XIX Century; Stu­ dies of Regional History; New Attempts at a Synthesis 106 The Development of Ethnographical Studies and Their Relation to Historiography; a “People” as an Object of R e s e a r c h ..........................................................................116 Publishers of Historical Materials and Researchers into Local A ntiquity ............................................................... 157 Official Steps to Organize Archeographic Research in the Ukraine; Attempts to Found a Publication Devoted to Ukrainian H isto ry ..........................................................163 The Ukrainian National Revival in the Right-Bank Ukraine; The “Ukrainian School” in Polish Literature The “Khlopomany”; Volodymyr Antonovych . 172 The Southwestern Section of the Geographic Society in Kiev; Mykhaylo Drahom anov..................................... 187 Kievskaya Starina and Its Closer Collaborators .... 194 Research on Ukrainian History in Russian and Polish His to rio g ra p h y ..................................................................... 205 Research on Ukrainian History in the 1880’s and 1890’s 212 Mykhaylo Hrushevsky and the Shevchenko Scientific Society in L v iv .................................................................................... 248 First Decades of the Twentieth Century; Scholarship in the Dnieper U k rain e..........................................................286 The translating and editing of this study were carried out with the assistance of the Research Program on the U.S.S.R. (East European Fund, Inc.). Its publication as a Special Issue of the Annals was facilitated by a grant from the Research Program. The views of the authors are their own and do not necessarily represent these of the Research Program on the U.S.S.R. or the East European Fund. P r e f a c e Dmytro Ivanovych Doroshenko’s book, Ohlyad ukrayinskoyi istoriohrafiyi* (A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography) was pub­ lished in Ukrainian in 1923 in Prague by the Ukrainian Uni­ versity. This book is composed of a course of lectures given by the author at the Ukrainian Free University, first in Vienna in the spring of 1921 and, more extensively, in Prague during the 1921-1922 academic year. Doroshenko (1882-1951) was occupied with Ukrainian his­ toriography throughout his scholarly career of nearly fifty years. He worked on a number of problems of Ukrainian historiog­ raphy, studied with deep insight the most important stages of its development, concentrated on the major Ukrainian historians, such as Antönovych, Drahomanov, Hrushevsky, Kostomarov, Ku- lish, Lypynsky, and also took an interest in those numerous schol­ ars whose devotion and tireless work helped create Ukrainian historical science. Doroshenko, a prominent Ukrainian his­ torian of the twentieth century, had wide knowledge of, under­ stood and respected his predecessors. Actually, A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography is the first comprehensive scholarly outline of Ukrainian historiography from its beginnings in the eleventh century up to our time. Moreover, Doroshenko was the first to treat Ukrainian historiog­ raphy as a development of Ukrainian historical thought, and also first to separate Ukrainian historiography from source studies, but at the same time not isolating historical science from its source. * Dmytro Doroshenko, Ohlyad ukrayins’koyi istoriohrafiyi, published by the Ukrainian University, 1923, Prague, 220 pp.-J-l. 9 10 PREFACE Doroshenko’s complete book has been translated from the Prague edition of 1923. The chapters of the book, their sub­ divisions and corresponding titles fully agree with the Ukrainian original; the bibliography has been shifted to the end of each chapter. During the last decades Ukrainian historical science made great progress: numerous Ukrainian scholars have been engaged in historiographical studies and many problems have been worked out more completely than they were at the time Doroshenko wrote his Survey. Many details have since been illuminated, many disputable problems elucidated. Therefore a supplementary chapter on the development of Ukrainian historiography from 1917 up to 1956 written by Oleksander Ohloblyn, formerly pro­ fessor of history at Kiev University, has been added. In the course of the editorial preparation of this book, Ohloblyn introduced some new data on research in footnotes, completed the bibliography with data on recent publications, and made a few small editorial abridgements, mostly excluding repetitions encountered in the Ukrainian text, which are designated by the punctuation marks [...]. A few negligible inaccuracies of the Prague edition have been corrected and more recent biographical data added on some historians. The data cited by Doroshenko in footnotes on articles reviewing certain historical works have been abbreviated, except data on his own critical articles. Editorial footnotes of the present edition have no asterisks, those by Doro­ shenko have an asterisk added to the number. Titles of bibliog­ raphical sources published in Roman lettering and the names of corresponding authors are cited in full agreement with the original. Those published in Cyrillic lettering are transliterated according to the system shown on page 453. A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography by Dmytro Doroshenko INTRODUCTION The purpose of this survey of Ukrainian historiography is to outline the development of scholarly research and study in Ukrain­ ian history. That work, unfolding like a chronicle, begins with the eleventh century, that is, from the time of the first literary monuments in the Ukraine-Rus’.1 Even the old chronicles show a highly developed sense of national solidarity and loyalty to the state. They are deeply interested in their country’s past and show a desire to investigate and to elucidate it and thus relate it to contemporary events. This is characteristic also of all other re­ searchers into the past, from earliest times to the birth of the modern era, when old chronicle writing was replaced by new scientific methods of historical research. The development and popularity of historical studies of one’s own ancient history also characterized the Ukrainian national revival which began at the turn of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. Therefore the present outline of Ukrainian historiography will also deal with the development of Ukrainian national and his­ torical thought. Before 1917 Ukrainian historiography was not treated fully in a university course. The reason for this was general lack of recognition accorded Ukrainian historical scholarship, which for a long time was given no place in institutions of learning, possessed no scholarly journals of its own, and was for a long time dependent upon Russian or Polish historical sciences. Only dur­ ing recent decades has Ukrainian historical science begun to as­ sume a separate and independent position among the sciences. For that matter Ukrainian history was afforded scant attention by the universities. Thus Kiev University offered in 1880-90 spo­ radic lectures on Ukrainian history by Professor Volodymyr Antonovych. [ ...] For some time in the late 90’s of the nine­ teenth century Professor D. Yavornytsky offered a course on the 1 The term “Rué-Ukraine” (Rus-Ukrayina) is used here according to M. Hrushev- sky, who called his monumental history of the Ukraine Istoriya Ukrayiny-Rusy (History of Ukraine-Rué). із 14 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY history of the Cossacks at Moscow University. Not until 1906 did Professor Oleksander Hrushevsky begin to lecture on Ukrainian history at Odessa University, and Professor Oleksandra Yefymenko at the Women’s College in St. Petersburg. Professor O. Hrushev­ sky, who lectured in Ukrainian, left soon after this for St. Peters­ burg University. In 1894 a chair of East European history was founded at the University of Lviv. Special attention