DOCSLIB.ORG

Iır:,T99ı9 a CLAREMONT MENS COLLEGE EDUAIMDO

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iır:,T99ı9 a CLAREMONT MENS COLLEGE EDUAIMDO aoýz ~ýýr:,t99ý9 a_ aoýz ~ýýr:,t99ý9 a_ CLAREMONT MENS COLLEGE EDUAIMDO MON])LANE: BIOGRAPHY OF A MOZAM~BICAN GUERRILLA LEAJ)ER A REPORT TO CAR~L U. ZACURISSON. HB.PAINTER* BY JAMS C. KELSEY roR SENIOR THESIS X190 KAY 21, 1969 .4, PREFACE What is probably the largest war being fought in the world, after Viet Nam, is in Africa. Actually three wars, it began in Angola in 1961, Portuguese Guinea in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964. It'.is the little publicized war of liberation against the last of the colonialists, the Portuguese. Fighting against -conditions of forced labor, the lack of educational opportunitiess and the administrative ineptitude and prejudice of the Portuguese, some 30,000 African guerrillas are tieing down over 120,000 Portuguese troops. -.-,.. The Portuguese, the'least progressive of*all colonialists, are struggling to maintain their hold in Africa. But Portugal is a poor and tiny country, and the support of its 120,000 troops -takes nearly 50 per cent of its budget. With the thirty-six-year dictatorship of Premier Salazar now ended, unrest is growing. Among its mostly umeducated troops morale is low. Without direct, outside aid,-the Portuguese cannot continue in Africa for long. Fox: the guerrillas, if it does not last too long, the war-may be a blessing in disguise. Unlike other African ii o nationalists who received their independence more or less peaceably, the Portuguese Africans are winning their freedom district by district. In rebel-held territory, they are re-structuring the economy, initiating health services, nationalizing the population, and developing the educational system, themselves. Hpefully, when independence comes, this groundwork will be the basis of a future stability and prosperity. The colony in which this process has gone the furthest is Mozambique; and, more than any other man, Eduardo Mondlane was responsible. Eduardo Mondlane was well-known in the United States. He had returned to Mozambique to head the rebel movement in 1963, resigning his post as professor at Syracuse University. He had turned a back-country mission-school education in N1ozambique into a B.A. from Oberlin and a Ph.D. from Northwestern. He had married an American, worked at the United Nations for five years, and taught at Syracuse. I met Eduardo Mondlane once myself last spring at UCLA. I remember him well. He was a handsome man, with a ready smile and a quick, efficient manner that was at the same time warm and friendly. He seemed insightful, confident, and highly intelligent. An incident happened that evening that, in retrospect, seems like an orien. I was with my fiance and, while we were talking with Mondlane, a couple approached and asked him about iii enterin" rebel-held territory in Mozambique. They identified themselves as Italian journalists from a certain magazine in Milan. My " w in Italy much of her life, knew the magazine and addressed them in Italian. It turned out that their Italian was not very good. They turned and left. Whether the couple were Portuguese P.I.D.E. agents, or persons who hoped to sell whatever information they could learn, the incident seemed fateful. Eduardo jond ane had no bodyguard. Everyone knew his schedule. It is not yet known whether he was murdered by the Portuguese or by dissidents within his own movement, but 'the evidence points to the Portuguese. This thesis is 'the biography of Eduardo Mondlane and the story of the wars of liberation in Portuguese-1Africa,. ivIj., . CONTE'NTS CHAPTER, I. THE åSSASSINÅTION .... CHAPTER II. BIRTH IN THIEBUSH ..... Cl-W, TER III. COLLEGE IN THE UNZITED STATES . CHAPTER !V. BACK TO MOZA1,1BIQU2 CHAPTE V. ONE LAST YEAlt AND2 ITS AFP2'1"ATH. SOURCES CONSULTED .. 9 *. 26 * * 38 ** 65 LIST OP MA.PS PORTUUM SE DIScOVE:2IES AND POSSESSIO ?TS ....... 1 SOUTHi AF.,LICA' S POVER PROJECTS .. .. 76 vi I am coal" and you wrench me brutally from ,the ground, and make me your mine ,,boss'" . V1, I am coal ' and you light me, boss to serve you eternally as a moving force. " but not eternally, boss. I am coal and I have to butn, yes and burn everything with the force of my combustion. I am coal the exploitation burns me burns me alive like tar, my brother, until I am no longer your mine, boss. I am coal I have to burn burn everything with the fire of my combustion. Yes! I will be your coal, boss! (Grito Negro. by Craveirinha, on Hozambicans working in the South African mines) A guerrillo cultivating the soil carrying ammunition or medicine Building a hospital, a school or studying in a distant land Iy place is where FRELIMO decides The line of battle is where the Revolution takes me (Marcelino dos Santos, foreign secretary.of FRELIMO) I** - CHAPTERl I THE ASSASSINATION Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated February 3, 1969. He had awoke early, as usual, that morning in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Since his wife was on a trip in Sweden, he took his morning swim in the bay alone. Then, after taking breakfast, Mondlane went to the office at FRELIMO headquarters. He had pulled FRELIMO (the Mozambique Liberation Front) together from sev.ral groups in 1962 to liberate his country Mozambique, the Portuguese colony.in East Africa* stretching some 1,600 miles along the coast, one of the three African colonies that Portugal tenaciously continues to hold. In four years, Mondlane had made much progress. FRULIMO had taken the two northern provinces of Mozambique with some 800,000 inhabitants-and was expanding or creating, as was usually the case, educational and'health services. Further, in the past year, the war had entered a new stage; with new weapons, FRELIMO guerrillas were successfully attacking Portuguese bases and expanding the offensive into new areas. There was much work to d6 that morning of the third. Reports were still coming in from Cabo Delgado province, where four days before FRLIMO guerrillas had over-run the Portuguese 2 camp at Ntndola and destroyed two new bridges nearby.I But, by the afternoon, as things were in order, Mondlane gathered his mail and prepared to go to the home of a friend where ho could work alone. He often did that, using the homes of friends who vent away for weekends or trips.2 Lately, .he had been working regularly at the home of an American, Miss Betty King, a well-known figure in Dar and an old-time friend of Dr. Mondlane and. his wife. But, before leaving the office, while gathering his mail, Mondlane noticed a»,package fromLöndon. it was obviously a book. Mondlane was a highly educated man and had been an assistant professor. of,anthropology at Syracuse University. lie must have hoped the book would be of interest, for, early that afternoon,, soon after he reached the empty beach house and sat at 'hs desk, he opened the package and triggered the bomb inside. Eduardo Mondlane was killed instantly : - . A world-wide reaction followed Dr. Mondlane's death. Hundreds of messages of sorrow arrived at FRELI140 headquarters. The black African press hailed him as an 1Mozambique Revolution (Dar es Salaam: FRELIMO), January-February, 1969, p. 21. 2Edward Alpers, private interview at UCLA, May 8, 1969. Edward Alpers is an assistant professor of African History at UCLA. He is one of the few authorities on Mozambican precolonial history. During and after the two years, from July 1966 to February 1968, that Alpers spent in Dar teaching at the University of Tanzania, he was a close friend of Eduardo Mondlane. outstanding liberation leader; and among the messa-es of condolences were ones from Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kenneth Kuanda of Zambia, Sekou Toure of Guinea, Gamal Nasser of the U.A.R., and heads of state of several other nations.1 A statement from the Liberation Committee of the Organization for African Unity said that Mondlane had been a victim of ,those who are confounded and irritated by the achievements of .RELIMO.2 And, at Mondlane's funeral, Nyerere told those present that "the best way of crying for him is to increase our efforts for the liberation of Africa." 3 Even the*'' Portuguese had to respect himr as a man'who was tieing down nearly 50,000 of their tröops and as a sophisticated and well- educated leader. In the United States, the State Department expressed its regrets over his assassination;4 and four members of Congress,, among, them, Senator Edward Brooke, read their condolences.into the Congressional Record.5 Meanwhile, the University of Syracuse established the Eduardo Mondlane Memorial Pund; and, at the United Nations, where he had worked for five years, memorial services were held. IUozambique Revolution (Dar es Salaam: FRELIMO), January-February, 1969, pp. 9-12. 2"Africans Condemn Mondlane Slaying, " New York Times# February 5, 1969, p. 37. 3Time, Feb. 14, 1969, p. 36. 4"Africans Conåeemn Mondlane Slaying," New York Times, February 5, 1969, p. 37. 5Amrica Today, February-March, 1969, p. 1. I4 Eduardo Iondlane was probably the only' uerrilla leader in the world who was friendly to the United States. He had studied at Oberlin and Northwestern, had married a white American from Illinois, had worked in the-trusteeship department of the United Nations, and had taught at Syracuse. Therefore, he had many American contacts. The late Senator Robert Kennedy, commenting on the ease with which Mondlane travelled in influential circles, reportedly once said: "He could be a Kennedy." But Mondlane was not an American apologist, nor even "a pro-Western nationalist," as the New York Times called him after his death.2 Mondlane followed a strict policy of non-alliance between East and Vest, and he was constantly annoyed at his U.N.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
    Notes Chapter 1 1 Smith, A., The Wealth ofNations. ed. E. Cannan, New York, 1937, Book IV, ch. vii, part 3, p. 590. Chapter 2 J Pares, R., 'The economic factors In the history of the Empire'. Economic History Review, vol. VII (1937), p. 120. 2 Madariaga, S. De, The Fall ofthe Spanish American Empire. Lon­ don, 1947, p. 69. 3 Haring, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America . New York, 1947, p.305. 4 -po342. 5 Lannoy, C. De and Linden, H. V., Histoire de l'Expansion coloniale des Peuples Europeens: Portugal et Espagne. Brussels, 1907, pp. 226-36. Chapter 3 1 Moreau De Saint-Mery, M. L. E., Lois et Constitutions des Colonies francoises (sic) de l'Amerlque sous Ie vent. Paris, n.d. vol. I, p. 714. 2 - IV, pp. 339-40. 3 Girault, A., Principes de Colonisation et de Legislation coloniale. 5th ed. Paris, 1927, vol. I, p. 219. 4 Saintoyant, J. 1A Colonisation francoise sous l'Ancien Regime . Paris, 1929, vol. II, p. 432. 5 Turgot, A.-R.-J., 'Memoire au Roi sur la guerre d'Amerique', in L. Deschamps, Histoire de la Question coloniale en France. Paris, 1891, p. 314. 429 TRB COLONIAL EMPIRES 6 Deschamps, L., op.cit., p. 316. 7 Lannoy, C. De and Linden, H. V., Histoire derExpansionc%nlak des PeuplesEuropiens. Neer/ande et Denemark, Brussels, 1911, pp. 353-4. Chapter 4 1 Schumpeter, E. B., Eng/ish Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697-1808 Oxford, 1960, p. 18. 2 -p.18. 3 Jensen, M. (ed.), American Colonial Documents to /776. London, 1955, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Crp 2 B 2 0 0
    ...... ..... ...... ..... .......... ... ........ .!;:i - - ... K.-- i:--B ........ .. ........ .......... .... ... ... ..... .... ... ... ... ..... .... oiu on .... ....... .. Coun n torri.e.,va ol, til Mozamb4w's War of ln.dOen en,-,o 19"64-1974 THOMAS 1. HENRIKSFN .... --------. ........ ........ ... ..... .... ... .......... i- - ro P. ....... .......... .................... 27 Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LL Revolution and Counterrevolution Mozambique ... 9- i . + J . ,i+J m+. Revolution and Counterrevolution Mozambique's War of Independence, 1964-1974 THOMAS H. HENRIKSEN Contributions in Intercultural and Comparative Studies, Number 6 P Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut * London, England 9G-1.103 H r Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Henriksen, Thomas H. Revolution and counterrevolution. (Contributions in intercultural and comparative studies, ISSN 0147-1031 ; no. 6) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mozambique-Politics and government-To 1975. 2. National liberation movements-Mozambique. 3. Guerrillas-Mozambique. I. Title. I. Series. DT463.H46 967'.903 82- 6132 ISBN 0-313-23605-4 (lib. bdg.) AACR2 Copyright © 1983 by Thomas H. Henriksen All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-6132 ISBN: 0-313-23605-4 ISSN: 0147-1031 First published in 1983 Greenwood Press A division of Congressional Information Service, Inc. 88 Post Road West Westport, Connecticut 06881 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Once again, for Margaret Mary, Heather, Damien and Mungo Contents Tables ix Preface xi 1. Background to Revolution: Pacification and Resistance 3 2. The Military Insurgency of the Revolution 27 3. The Military Counterinsurgency of the Counterrevolution 45 4. Mobilization 71 5. Countermobilization 93 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1919-1933
    1 VIII - The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1919- 1933* Glyn Stone University of the West of England, Bristol As the senior partner in the Anglo-Portuguese alliance for most of its history British governments had consistently interpreted their commitments to Portugal in terms of their own interests, notably strategic and economic ones, and had reserved their position when called on to render assistance to their oldest ally. In 1873, for example, they had not unconditionally guaranteed Portugal’s integrity and independence when she had been faced with a possible invasion by Spanish Republican forces, nor in 1877, when the Portuguese had asked for assistance in defending their Indian colony of Goa. The alliance also did not prevent the British from engaging in discussions with Germany over the fate of the Portuguese colonies in 1898-1899 and 1911-1914, with only the outbreak of the First World War rendering them null and void. Despite the wishes of the Portuguese authorities to enter the war immediately on the allied side, the British applied diplomatic pressure upon Lisbon not to become a belligerent. They suspected that if Portugal became involved she would make ‘very inconvenient demands for more territory’.1 When they relented in early 1916 and encouraged the Portuguese to requisition German ships in their ports, in the certain knowledge that the Germans would declare war on Portugal, they did so because of their desperate need for increased naval tonnage. Portugal’s military engagement in the common struggle did little to increase British sentiment in her favour. On the contrary, London was much irritated by what they saw as the lamentable performance of the Portuguese armed forces, first in East Africa and later on the Western Front.
    [Show full text]
  • Lusophone Africa-Rule of Law Political
    INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE JURISTES - COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JUR.'STAS INTERNATIONALE JURISTEN-KOMMISSION 6, RUE DU MONT-DE-SION, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND - TELEPHONE 25 53 00 CABLE ADDRESS-. INTERJURISTS PORTUGUESE AFRICA AND THE RULE OF LAW A STUDY OP THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC and SOCIAL SITUATION OF THE AFRICAN POPULATIONS IN THE PORTUGUESE TERRITORIES OP CONTINENTAL APRICA Ph.COMTE June 15f 1962 TABLE OP CONTENTS PRELIMINARY NOTE MAPS OP ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE INTRODUCTION Chapter I. INTEGRATION*, THE THEORY AND ITS LIMITS Part I. The Political Unity of the Portuguese Nation §1. Political. Unity against the .Historical Background of Portuguese Colonial Policy §2. Political Unity under Current Positive Law I. The Principle of Political Unity II. Administrative Diversity * Part II. Assimilation of the Natives in Law :§1, Assimilation in the History of Portuguese Colonial Policy ; §2. The Status of the Natives Under the 1933 Constitution I, The Constitution of 1933 II* The Organic Law Relating to Portuguese Overseas Territories (Act'n°2066 of June.27, 1953) III. The Statute of Indigenous Persons of Portuguese Nationality in the Provinces of Portuguese Guinea, Angola.and Mozam­ bique (Legislative Decree n$S‘*666 of May 20, 1954) §3» Legislative Decree n°43.893 of September 6, 1961 Chapter II. THE POLITCAL ^ND ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS Part I. The Political Rights of the Native Part II. The Administrative System §1. The Organs of Central•’ Pt^wer I. The Constitutional Organs of the Portuguese Republic II,- The Administration of the Overseas Provinces §2, The Organs .of Administration.in the .Overseas Provinces ; §3, The Administration of the African'Rural Areas Part III, The Judicial System I, The System Prior to September 6, 1961s Duality of Jurisdiction II.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Origins of the Threefold Reality of Mozambique : Fiscal Capacity and Labour Systems
    COLONIAL ORIGINS OF THE THREEFOLD REALITY OF MOCAMBIQUE: FISCAL CAPACITY AND LABOUR SYSTEMS African economic history working paper series No. 21/2015 Kleoniki Alexopoulou Dacil Juif Wageningen University [email protected] [email protected] [1] ISBN 978-91-981477-9-7 AEHN working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. The papers have not been peer reviewed, but published at the discretion of the AEHN committee. The African Economic History Network is funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Sweden [2] Colonial origins of the threefold reality of Mozambique: fiscal capacity and labour systems Kleoniki Alexopoulou & Dacil Juif * Wageningen University Abstract The question whether institutions in Africa were shaped by the metropolitan identity of the colonizer or by local conditions is lively debated in the African economic history literature. In this paper we contribute to this debate by revealing regional differences in tax capacity in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. Samir Amin (1972) divided the African continent into three different “macro-regions of colonial influence”: Africa of the colonial trade or peasant economy, Africa of the concession-owning companies and Africa of the labour reserves. Interestingly, we argue that Mozambique encompassed all three different “macro-regions” in one sole colony. In regression analysis we find differences in “tax capacity” along this threefold categorization. We use a newly compiled dataset that includes government revenue (direct/indirect taxes) raised on a district level between 1930 and the 1973, derived from the statistical yearbooks and national accounts of Mozambique. Focussing on one country has the advantage over cross country comparisons that one can keep the metropolitan identity constant.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Preprint
    Waves and legacies: The making of an investment frontier in Niassa, Mozambique Angela Kronenburg García1,2,3,*, Patrick Meyfroidt1,4, Dilini Abeygunawardane1,5 & Almeida Sitoe2 1 Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 2 Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique 3 Department of Historical and Geographic Sciences and the Ancient World, University of Padua, Padova, Italy 4 F.R.S-FNRS, Belgium 5 Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle, Germany * [email protected] Abstract To understand how land-use frontiers emerge, we studied the actors driving investments in Niassa province, Mozambique. Our ethnographic research over 2017-2018 among commercial agriculture and forestry investors shows that successive waves of actors with different backgrounds, motives and business practices, arrived in Niassa to establish farms or plantations yet repeatedly failed. Waves come and go but leave sediments – legacies – that add up to gradually build the conditions for a frontier to emerge. The accumulation of these legacies has given rise to a new wave by actors from within the region, indicating that over time endogenous processes may replace externally-driven waves. Introduction ‘The farthest edge of the investing frontier has now reached Mozambique.’ (The Economist, Nov 23, 2013) Frontiers are spaces facing a rapidly expanding force (Imamura 2015). From a land-use change perspective, frontiers are relatively resource-abundant areas where a new land use is rapidly expanding across the landscape (Rindfuss et al. 2007).1 In many contemporary frontiers, rapid land-use change is driven by large-scale, capitalized actors producing commodities for distant markets (le Polain de Waroux et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Reality Checks in Mozambique - Building Better Understanding of the Dynamics of Poverty and Well-Being –
    Embassy of Sweden Maputo Reality Checks in Mozambique - Building better understanding of the dynamics of poverty and well-being – Year One, 2011 Sub-Report, District of Lago in cooperation with: The ‘Reality Checks in Mozambique’ is implemented by ORGUT Consulting in association with AustralCOWI and the Chr. Michelsen Institute on behalf of the Embassy of Sweden in Maputo. The Reality Checks are implemented 2011-2016 and each year field work is carried out in the Municipality of Cuamba, the District of Lago and the District of Majune in the Niassa Province. This is the annual sub-report from the field in one of these locations. In addition, an Annual Report is produced each year to summarise the findings and conclusions. The field team for the District of Lago is: Dr. Inge Tvedten, Margarida Paulo and Zefanias Mawawa. This document has been financed by the Embassy of Sweden in Maputo. The Embassy does not necessarily share the views expressed in this material. Responsibility for its contents rests entirely with the author. Cover photo: Kajsa Johanson ORGUT Consulting AB, November 2011 REALITY CHECKS IN MOZAMBIQUE, YEAR ONE, 2011: SUB-REPORT, DISTRICT OF LAGO TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 The Reality Checks ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2 District of Lago ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3. the Biodiversity of Mozambique
    Biodiversity and War: A Case Study of Mozambique John Hatton, Mia Couto, and Judy Oglethorpe Publication Credits Authors: John Hatton, Mia Couto, and Judy Oglethorpe Publication Services: Grammarians, Inc. Publication Manager: Kate Sullivan Copyediting/Production Editing: Grammarians, Inc. Cover Photo: Martin Leuders Cover Design: Steve Hall Desktop Publishing: Mike Alwan BSP Armed Conflict and the James Shambaugh Environment Project Director: BSP Director of Communications: Sheila Donoghue Director of BSP’s Africa and Judy Oglethorpe Madagascar Program and BSP Executive Director: Please cite this publication as: John Hatton, Mia Couto, and Judy Oglethorpe. 2001. Biodiversity and War: A Case Study of Mozambique. Washington, D.C.: Biodiversity Support Program. This is one of seven BSP case studies undertaken as research for BSP’s Armed Conflict and the Environment (ACE) Project. The other six case studies can be viewed on BSP’s Web site, at www.BSPonline.org. This publication was made possible through support provided to BSP by USAID’s Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number AOT-A-00-99-00228-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. © 2001 by World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington D.C. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other noncommercial purposes is authorized without prior permission of the copyright holder. However, WWF, Inc. does request advance written notification and appropriate acknowledgment. WWF, Inc. does not require payment for the non- commercial use of its published works and in no way intends to diminish use of WWF research and findings by means of copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Tax Capacity and Labour Regimes in Portuguese Mozambique (1890S–1970S)*
    IRSH 62 (2017), pp. 215–252 doi:10.1017/S0020859017000177 © 2017 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Colonial State Formation Without Integration: Tax Capacity and Labour Regimes in Portuguese Mozambique (1890s–1970s)* K LEONIKI A LEXOPOULOU Wageningen University & Research Department of Social Sciences PO Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] D ÁCIL J UIF Wageningen University & Research and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas Calle Madrid, 126, 28903 Getafe (Madrid), Spain E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Samir Amin (1972) divided the African continent into three “macro-regions of colonial influence” with distinct socio-economic systems and labour practices: Africa of the colonial trade or peasant economy, Africa of the concession-owning companies, and Africa of the labour reserves. We argue that Mozambique encompassed all three different “macro-regions” in a single colony. We reconstruct government revenue (direct/indirect taxes) raised at a district level between 1930 and 1973 and find persisting differences in the “tax capacity” of the three regions throughout the colonial period. * We would like to thank Ewout Frankema, Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk, Jutta Bolt, Pieter Woltjer, Kostadis Papaioannou, Christina Mumme, Carsten Burhop, Erik Green, Rachel Meyer, as well as three anonymous referees and the editorial board for their insightful comments. We also owe our gratitude to the archivists and librarians in Lisbon, Maputo, and Pretoria for their valuable advice and to Jessica M.C. Lima for her assistance; to the participants of the Workshop on “Colonialism, Growth and Development in the Southern Hemisphere, 1800–2000” at Lund University (April 2015); as well as to the participants of the ERSA workshop on “The Fiscal History of Sub-Saharan Africa” at Stellenbosch University (May 2015) and of the Social Science History Association conference in Baltimore (November 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Lived Landscapes of War and Liberation in Mozambique
    Women’s Lived Landscapes of War and Liberation in Mozambique This book tells the history of the changing gendered landscapes of northern Mozambique from the perspective of women who fought in the armed struggle for national independence, diverting from the often-told narrative of women in nationalist wars that emphasizes a linear plot of liberation. Taking a novel approach in focusing on the body, senses, and landscape, Jonna Katto, through a study of the women ex-combatants’ lived landscapes, shows how their life trajectories unfold as nonlinear spatial histories. This brings into focus the women’s shifting and multilayered negotiations for personal space and belonging. This book explores the life memories of the now aging female ex-combatants in the province of Niassa in northern Mozambique, looking at how the female ex-combatants’ experiences of living in these northern landscapes have shaped their sense of socio-spatial belonging and attachment. It builds on the premise that individual embodied memory cannot be separated from social memory; personal lives are culturally shaped. Thus, the book does not only tell the history of a small and rather unique group of women but also speaks about wider cultural histories of body-landscape relations in northern Mozambique and especially changes in those relations. Enriching our understanding of the gendered history of the liberation struggle in Mozambique and informing broader discussions on gender and nationalism, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of African history, especially the colonial and postcolonial history of Lusophone Africa, as well as gender/women’s history and peace and conflict studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Origins of the Threefold Reality of Mozambique: Fiscal Capacity and Labour Systems
    Colonial origins of the threefold reality of Mozambique: fiscal capacity and labour systems Kleoniki Alexopoulou & Dacil Juif * Wageningen University Presented at the African Economic History Workshop in Wageningen, 2015 Abstract The question whether institutions in Africa were shaped by the metropolitan identity of the colonizer or by local conditions is lively debated in the African economic history literature. In this paper we contribute to this debate by revealing regional differences in tax capacity in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. Samir Amin (1972) divided the African continent into three different “macro-regions of colonial influence”: Africa of the colonial trade or peasant economy, Africa of the concession-owning companies and Africa of the labour reserves. Interestingly, we argue that Mozambique encompassed all three different “macro-regions” in one sole colony. In regression analysis we find differences in “tax capacity” along this threefold categorization. We use a newly compiled dataset that includes government revenue (direct/indirect taxes) raised on a district level between 1930 and the 1973, derived from the statistical yearbooks and national accounts of Mozambique. Focussing on one country has the advantage over cross country comparisons that one can keep the metropolitan identity constant. We conclude that the tax system developed as a response to the local conditions. and the differences between the three regions were exacerbated during colonial times. * Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Ewout Frankema, Pieter Woltjer, Kostadis Papaioannou, Christina Mumme and Carsten Burhop for their valuable comments. Also we owe our gratitude to the participants of the Workshop on “Colonialism, Growth and Development in the Southern Hemisphere, 1800-2000” at Lund University (April 2015) as well as the participants of the ERSA workshop on “Longitudinal data in African history” at Stellenbosch University (May 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • The First World War in Portuguese East Africa: Civilian and Military Encounters in the Indian Ocean
    The First World War in Portuguese East Africa: Civilian and Military Encounters in the Indian Ocean Ana Paula Pires1 Abstract The Great War witnessed the most important military operation carried out by Portuguese troops outside the country’s borders during the first half of the twentieth Century. Portugal was the only country involved in the conflict which, between 1914 and 1916, was able to preserve a position of undeclared neutrality in Europe and, simultaneously, wage war against Germany in Africa. The defense of the Portuguese colonial empire’s integrity has often been signaled by historians as one of the factors which justified the declaration of war against Germany in March 1916 and Portugal’s participation in the European theatre of operations alongside its ally, Great Britain, from early 1917 onwards. This article seeks to analyze the way in which the Great War was considered by the colonies, especially Mozambique, by discussing the Portuguese military intervention and the way it was understood and witnessed by civilian and military figures alike. Keywords East Africa; World War One; Mozambique; Empire; Mobilization. Resumo A Grande Guerra foi a maior operação militar no exterior em que participaram tropas portuguesas durante a primeira metade do século XX. Portugal foi o único país envolvido no conflito que, entre 1914 e 1916, conseguiu manter uma posição de neutralidade não declarada na Europa e travar, simultaneamente, uma guerra em África contra a Alemanha. A defesa da integridade do império colonial português, tem sido apontada pela historiografia como um dos factores apresentados para justificar a declaração de guerra à Alemanha, em Março de 1916, e a participação portuguesa no teatro de guerra europeu, ao lado da aliada Grã-Bretanha, no início de 1917.
    [Show full text]