rssN 0121-812 Vol XXVI 2009.2010

The Journalof WILDLIFE ANdPARKS Journalofllildlife andParks (2009-20t0) 26 : 109-jj8

MOTH (: HETERoCERA) OF SUNGAI SEDIM FOREST RESERVE,,

Norela Sulaiman,Zarul Idham bin Kazal Maidin, Maimon Abdullah and SaidahMd Said

SchoolofEnvironmental and N.ttural ResourceSciences, Faculty of Scienceand Technology, Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

samplingofmoth in sungaiSedim Forest Reserve in KedahMalaysia were conducted from August 17,h until 19'hand December 7'huntil 9'h2007. The objective ofthe studywas to determinethe dlversity of (Lepidoptera : Heterocera). A totalof 196individual representing 116 species in 12 families werecollected during six daysof sampling. is themost dominant family with 4r species,followed by Geometridae(36 species), Lymantridae (11 species), Sphingidae (10 species), (5 species),Arctiidae (3 species),Uranidae (3 species;,Drepanidae 12 speciesj, saturnidaeand Nolidae (each with two species);and Lasiocampidae and Limacodidae leach with one species).In general,the most abundantspecies is Gangarideavardena swinioe iNotodontidae), wtife thecommon species ts Hypochrosis binexqta walker (Geometridae).A total of gl species (69.83%) areknown asrare species.The Shannon weiner index value was highest (H,:3.37) recordecr for samplingduring 18/08/07,followed bv samplingatH':3.3'.' (lgr}8/oi), H':3.30 (i7/08/07), H":2.84 (07/12/07) and H':2.78 (0s/r2r07),respectively. The overarlH' valuefor 5 dayssamplrng is 4.46 while theEvennes index (E') is 0.94.The highestvalues of H' andE, indicesshow thai Surigai sedimForest Reserve, Kedah has a veryhigh diversity ofmoth species and is evenlydistributed.

INTRODUCTION

Mothsare group a ofspecialized,night-flying Lepidoptera. Generally they canbe recognizedby their dull colours,and featheryantennae, but alsoby the way they rest,with the wings srretcir and expanded.The baseof the hindwing is expandedand strengthened,supporting arul- coupling with the lorewingwhen flight. Mothshave a widevariety of wing shape.This study *ui cood,r"tedii the SungaiSedim Forest Reserye, district of Kulim Kedah.This forestis classifiedas a dipterocarp forest.The areacove6 almost 100 km'? with coordinate 100'47'10.7" E and 0524'50.3,'N. Suniai sedim ForestReserve is situated33 km from Kulim and 130km from Alor setar It rocatedwithin thJGunung Inas ForestReserve is oneofthe bestplaces to go for whitewater rafting. The r5km longriver hai fastflowing watersand rapids excellent rorwhite water sports activities. The river is alsoone ofthe bestheart-stopping waterrapids in theworld. Sungai Sedim is a very niceprace to go to enjoythe nature becauseofthe diversityof flora andfauna. Sungai Sedim famous as conservationforest, catchment'swatel area,virgin forest,wildlife conservationforest, research forest and recreation forest.This study documented the diversityof moth faunaofsungai SedimForest Reserve.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A study of mothsfauna was conductedat SungaiSedim Forest Reserve, Kedah was caried out from from Augustl7r until 19'hand December 7th until 9ri2007.sampling of mothswas using 160 watt mercuryvapour bulb light trapspowered by a portablegenerator, hang in front of a wtrite Norcla Sulainan, Zat"ul ldhan bi Kazal Mai.lin, Mainon Abdullah & Saidah Md Said cloth screenthat are directedtowards the surounding ofthe forestfrom 1900to 2200houm that cameand trapped at the screenwere collected manually. The specimenswere killed in the killing jars containingcotton wools soaked with €thyl acetate.Later, the specimenswere pinned, ov€n- iried. identifiid. labeledand classified in the laboratoryat the Centrefor InsectSystematic, Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia (CIS-UKM). Species identification is donewith theaid of standardreferences such asBorror & Delong(197i), Barlow (1982), Carter (992) andHolloway (1987). Spesies identified than repositedin CIS-UKM depository.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Moth Fauna

A total of 196 individual reprcsenting116 species in 12 families were collectedduring six days ol sampling.Noctuidae is the most dominantfamily with 41 species,followed by Geometridae(36 ,p""i"q Ly*unttidae (11 species),Sphingidae (10 species),Notodontidae (5 species),Arciidae (3 specie$,Uranidae (3 species),Drepanidae (2 species),Saturnidae and Nolidae (each with two species);and Lasiocompidae and Limacodidae (each with one species)(Appendix 1)' This comprises upprotitnut"ly 9.59%olthe total known speciesin the Borneo(Table 1) andconstituted the new record foithis forestreserve, since there is no previouslypublished report offauna moth in this area.

In general,the highly abundantspecies is Gangaarideavardena Swinhoe (Notodontidae), while the commonspecies is Hypochrosisbinexata l,,lalker (Geometridae). A total of 81 species(69.837o) are known as rare species.The mostdominant family found is Noctuidaewith 4l speciesor 3 5.34%ofthe total mothscollected. This is becauseNoctuidae family around the world is exceeding 25,000species whilst the numberof Geometridaefamily is 15,000species (Carter 1992) They vary in sizefrom ten millimetersin wingspanto 20 centimetersor more,although with only a few exceptionsthey aredull mothswith grey,brown or black wingsand few obviousmarkings. Two markson the forewing- onecircular and one kidney-shaped are often diagnostic' Mot h (Lep idoptera : Heteroc ) Of Sungai Sedim Forest Resene, Keclah, Malaj,sia

TableI : comparativenumber and percentage ofmoth speciesfound at the SungaiSedin Forest Reserve, Kedah andthose of theBomeo.

No. ofspecies in each No ofspecies in each Percentageof species Family family in Sedim Forest family in Borneo compared to those of Study) the Borneo Noctuidae 4I 480 8.54yo Geometridae 36 385 9.53% Lymantridae 1l 76 14.4'70/o Uranidae 3 ll 2',1.27yo Nolidae I 0 0 Sphingidae l0 42 23.81% Arctiidae 3 70 4.29% Notodontidae 5 35 t4.290/0 Drepanidae 2 26 '7.69yo Lasiocampidae I l6 6.25% Limacodidae 1 l2 8.330/. Saturnidae 2 5 40yo ll6 t2to

Comparison With Moth Speciesin Other Areas of Malaysia

In comparison, the total number of moths speciesrecorded in this study (116 species)is lower comparedto those of Kinabalu Park (706 species)(Jainah 1984),Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia ReserveForest (766 species)(Norela 1993)and SayapForest in (722 species)(chong 1993), respectively(Table 2). The mostprobably reason is the limited duration ofsampling period compared to those locations that cover much more time of sampling in order to have a good picture of the moths fauna diversity. on the other word, Sungai sedim Forest Res€rve Hutan has been converted into recreationalareas and developedwith basic infrastructures for visitors, and this could be the underlying factor for the decreasein species richness observed. Thus this result might be one ofthe factor that causethe lower number of speciesobtained in this study. In conclusion, the diversity of moths fauna in this study was consideredmoderate, taking into accountthe limited sampling period and areacovered as comparedto similar efforts from other part of Malaysia. Norela Sulaiman, Zarul Idham bin Kazal Maidin, Mainon Abdu ah & Saidah Md Said

Table2 : compantivenumber and percentage ofspecies recorded at SungaiSedim Forest Reserve (SDFR), KinabaluPark (KP), HutanSimpan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi (UKM), and SayapSabah (SS).

Number ofspecies in each family No Family SDFR* UKM I Noctuidae 4l 269 178 280 2 Geometridae 36 240 143 181 3 Lyamantddae 39 33 4 Uranidae 3 4 2 4 5 Nolidae I 0 2 0 6 Sphigidae 10 1l 0 46 7 Arctiidae 3 52 83 '19 8 Notodontidae 26 14 33 9 Drepanidae 2 't4 20 13 l0 Lasiocampidae I 1l 3 n ll Limacodidae I I t8 8 12 Saturnidae 2 5 0 '7 13 Cossidae 0 2 2 9 t4 Bombycidae 0 8 I 8 15 Zygaenred^ 0 4 I t6 Epiplemidae 0 6 4 I t'| Eupterotidae 0 5 0 4 l8 Callidulidae 0 1 0 I l9 Hepialidae 0 0 0 0 20 Metarbelidae 0 I 0 I 21. Brahmaeidae 0 0 2 22 Cycliydidae 0 0 0 0 23 Thyatiridae 0 3 0 0 24 Pyralidae 0 0 207 0 25 Thytiridae 0 3 14 0 26 Tortricidae 0 0 10 2'7 Lecithoceridae 0 0 6 0 28 Tineidae 0 0 5 0 29 Gelechiidae 0 0 3 0 30 Oecophoridae 0 0 2 I 31 Pymustidae 0 0 2 0 Psyschidae 0 0 I 0 33 Xylorytiidae 0 0 I 0 34 Eriocottidae 0 0 I 0 35 Choreutidae 0 0 I 0 Total 116 706 766 '122 o%ofBorneo 9.590/0 58.35% 63 .31% s9.67%

Sources: Jainah, 1984 (KP) ; Norela,1993 (UKM); Chong1993 (SS): present study (SDFR)* Mot h (Lep idoptera : H eterccera) Ofsungai Seain Forest Resene, Kedah, Matarsia

Cumulative Speci€sDiversity

Table 3 shows the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H,), Shannon-WienerEvenness index (E') and total cumulative species(S') for five sampling occasions.

Table3 : valuesof Shannon-Wienerdiversity Index (H*), Shannon-WienerEvenness (E*) andTotal cumulative species (S.).

(17t08/O'7) 08/08/07) (19/08/07) (07/12/01) (08/12/0'1') t+2+3+4+5 E' 0.96 0.98 0.9'1 0.95 0.91 0.94 H' 3.30 3.3'7 3.4'7 2.48 2.78 4.46

Notes : H'values with the same alphabetsare not significantly different (p>0.05).

Cumulative analysis is used to determine the adequateof sampling efforts; whether more samplings are otherwise neededto point out the true speciesdiversity and richnessof the study area, The cumulative Shannon-weinerdiversity Index (H') lor day one is 3.30 (Table3). The index for second day samplingwas slightly increasedto 3.37 and getting increase again for the thircl day sampting occasion. However, the differences were statisticallynot significant(p>0.05) between day one with day two sampling;and day two with day three. The H' decreasesto 2.48 for the fourth day and the difference is statistically significant (p<0.05) comparcd to other days. The fifth sampling effort was not significantly difference (p>0.05) compared to fourth day and this could be due to recapturedthe same speciesin the subsequentsampling. Thus, it can be generally concluded that the minimum sampling efforts required providing a representativedescription of moth species diversity at Sungai Sedim Forest Reservefor fifth day samplingoccasion. The Evennessvalue (E') was almost constartfrom thefirst to fifth sampling occasionwith range from 0.91 to 0.9g (Table 3), which seem to indicate the lack ofdiversity in food plants and climate factor.

It can be deducedthat more regular surveys, more longer duration of sampling and more wider areaswould provide a better representativepicture ofthe moths fauna for the area.Thus, this would include not only in terms ofspecies diversity, evenessand richness compositionbut also the status ofthe biological diversity that occur in the area,that has an interaction with the moth fauna.

CONCLUSION

A total of 196 individual representing 116 speciesin 12 families were collected during six days of sampling.Noctuidae is the most dominant family with 4l species,followed by Geometridae (36 species),Lymantridae (ll species),Sphingidae (10 species),Notodontidae (5 species),Arctiidae (3 species),Uranidae (3 species),Drepanidae (2 species),Saturnidae and Nolidae (eachwith two species);and Lasiocampidaeand

Limacodidae (eachwith one species).In general,the most abundantspecies is Gangarideatardena Swinhoe (Notodontidae), while the common speciesis Hypochrosis binexqta walker (Geometridae). The overall H'value for 5 days sampling is 4.46 while the Evennesindex (E') is 0.94.The highest valuesofH' and E' indicesshow that SungaiSedim ForestReserve, Kedah has a very high diversity of moth speciesand is evenlv distributed. Norcla Sulainan, Ziml ldhan bin Kanl Maidin, Maimon Abdullah & Saklah Md Said

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authorswould like to thank Mr Mohd Zabidi Yaakoband Ahmad AdnanMohamed from Faculty of Scienceand Technology,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for his assistancein field sampling, the Director of JabatanPerhutanan Negeri Kedahfor their permissionto use the facilities and kind assistanceofthe stafl This researchwas funded by the studentgrant 2007, provided by Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia.

REFERENCES

Barlow,H.S. (1982),An Introductionto the Moths ol SoutheastAsia. MalayanNature Society, KualaLumpur. Boror, D. J. & Delong,D. M. 097D. An Introductionto the Studyof .3rd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehartand Winston, Inc. Carter,D.J. (1992). Eyewitness Handbooks: Butterflies and Moths. London : Dorling Kindersley Limited. Chong,S.M. Q993). Tinjauan fauna rama-rama di duahabitat yarg berbezadi Sayap,Kota Belud, Sabah. TesisSmSn (Kep). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Sabah. Unpublished. (in Malays) Holloway,J.D. 0976). Moths of Borneowith specialreference to Mt. Kinabalu,. KualaLumpur. Malaysia Nature Society. Holloway,J. D., Bradley,J. D. & Carter,D. J. (1987).Lepidoptera. lst Edition,edited byBetts, C. R. UnitedKingdom: C.A.B International. Jainah,B. (1984).Tinjauan fauna rama-rama di sekitarkawasan bangunan Ibu PejabatTaman KinabaluSabah. Tesis SmSn (Kep). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Sabah. Unpublished.(in Malays) Norela Sulaiman.(1993). Pemonitoran Rama-rama di UniversitiKebangsan Malaysia Kampus Bangi, SelangorDarul Ehsan.Tesis S. Sn. Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia, Bangi. Unpublished.(in Malay$ Mo th (Lep idop Era : Heterocera) n5 Ofsungai Sedim Forest Resene, Ketlah, Malaysia

Appendix I : Number ofspecimens ofeach moth speciesrecorded for Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve,Kulim Kedah over the sampling occasion. Sampling ocassion No. Taxa December August2007 200'7 t7 l8 19 '1 8 NOCTUIDEA Subfamili: Ophidernia I Ani s o neu ra aluco Fabricius I 0 0 0 0 2 A n i soneura saI e b rosa Guenee I 0 0 0 0 l Bastilla arcuata Moorc I 0 0 0 0 4 Catocala mocula Hampson 0 0 0 0 5 Ischja inferna Swithoe I 0 0 0 0 6 Isc hj a hemiphaea Hampson I 0 0 0 0 ,1 Mar ap an a f av ic os la Glenee I 0 0 0 8 Pangrap ta ch i I an a Sw rnhoe I 0 0 0 0 9 Tocher a o I i,ac ea Sw inhoe 2 0 0 0 0 Subfamili : Acronictinae l0 A bul ina un ifo/h1i s Sw irhoe 0 0 0 0 u BuzarasaikehiWalker 0 0 0 l2 Pangrapta poeto ides M.G. Allen 0 0 0 0 Platyja umminia Cramer 0 0 0 0 Subfamili: Stictopterinae t4 Bamra albico Walker 0 I 0 0 l5 Daddal a quadr isingnala Walker 0 0 I 0 0 l6 Erebus aphespetis aphesperis H\rbner 0 I 0 0 t'7 Gar d i r t h a i nex ac t a Walket 0 0 0 0 18 Holodes caranea Cramer 0 0 I 0 0 l9 PI atj a um b r i na D orble day 0 0 2 0 20 Simp lica rufaoaccidentalis Holloway 0 2 0 0 0 2l Speftedonia alix G.uenee 0 0 2 0 22 Tocha ra creber r ima rdalker 0 0 t 0 0 23 Ves I ur a m i n ere us a I i s Walker 0 I 0 0 0 Subfamili : Hypeninae Achaea serva Fabricius 0 0 0 0 I 25 Av a t ha tep es c en s W alker 0 0 I 0 0 26 Avitta guttulosa Swinhoe 0 0 I 0 27 Ep ispar is c os t i str i ga W alket 2 0 0 0 0 28 Op hiusa trapezium Gtenee 0 0 2 0 0 29 Sypka p e$u bs i gnat a Wa,lker 0 0 1 0 0 30 Ug ia se r r i I in ea Hampson 0 0 I 0 0 I16 Norela Sulainan, Zarul Idhan bin Kanl Maidin, Maihon Abdulah & Sa lah Md Said

Subfamili: Acontinae

3l He t ero sp i Ia fu Ige rc a Grrenee 4 0 I 2 0 Hypopyrc assigero ides Sp.n 0 0 I 33 Hypospila bolinoides Grenee 4 2 0 0 0 Is chyj a su breducta Sp.n 0 0 I 0 Subfamilv : 35 H amo d e s Iu t e a'l'l alket 0 0 0 36 I sc hyj a p at ap I es i us Roths child 0 I 2 0 0 37 Ugia disjungens Walker 0 I 0 0

Subfamili: SarrothriDnae 38 Asotapreducta Butller U 0 0 39 E rc heia cyI lar ia Ctamet 0 0 0 40 Ha odesptup itia Guerin-Meneville 0 0 0 z 4l Othre s i sfu i on ia Clerck 0 0 0 0 GEOMETRIDAE Subfamili: Oenochrominae Ambly chi a hymenar i a Provt 0 0 0 0 Catoria tamsi Pront I 0 0 0 0 44 Cleorapendleburyi Prcut 0 I 0 0 0 45 Dysp hani a gl auces cens Walker I 0 0 0 0 46 Lapho bates mesotoechia Pro\lt I 0 0 0 0 Otmit hosp i Ia av icu la,,ra Guenee I 0 0 0 0 48 Sarcinodes ma lakar ius Prout 0 0 0 49 Sundascell ia epelys Prout I 0 0 0 0 50 TeId en i a uh i st r i ga ta W alker I 0 0 0 0 Subfamili: Geometrinae Cleor ia at Ienaria Walker 0 0 0 0 52 CycI op hora f avi ss ima Pr out 0 0 0 53 Ophthalmilis bas iscrip la Walket 0 0 I 0 0 54 P elat op hyga ranlhyala Hampson 0 0 0 0 )) Semi o t h i sa av i tu sa r i a Walker 0 0 0 0 56 Tanaorh inus rffi esii Moor e 0 0 0 0 57 ThaI as so de s depu Is ata Walker 0 2 0 0 0 58 Xerodespilosa M.G . Allen 0 U I U 0 59 Zeheba lucidata Walket 0 0 0 0 Subfamili : 60 CeI erena signata Walker 0 0 I 6l Cleor a bati I lata F letchet 0 I 0 0 C leola detem ika t a Walker 0 0 0 I (Lepidoptera Mot h : Heteroc era) tI7 OfSungai Sedim Forest Resene, Kedah, Maluysla

63 D indica po lyp h aenaria Grrenee 0 0 I 0 0 64 Fasce I I ina aur ifera W anen 0 0 I 0 Hypo cros is b inexat a Walker 2 I 3 0 66 Hyp oc ro si s plwh op h ea t a W alker 0 3 0 0 8 67 Hypoclos is st em aria Grrenee 0 0 I 0 0 68 La ss a ba \ti n ac ea P rolJt 0 0 0 I 0 69 Luxiar ia hy a lodel a Proti 0 0 0 I 0 10 Nadagara synocha Prout 0 0 I 0 '11 Otat hal ass odes fac cosa Prott 0 0 0 0 72 Pingasa rubinontana Hooloway & Sommerer 0 0 0 0 '73 Xy I i nop hy I Ia lryp oc austo Wane n 0 0 Subfamili : Sterrhinae '75 Aparandr ia specu I aria Gtenee 0 0 I 0 76 Omiza lycoraria Gtenee I 0 0 2 0 77 Tand o r h i nu s v i r i d i I ut eat aW alket 0 0 2 2 0 LYMANTRIDAE 78 A rctorn is magnacI ava Collenette 3 0 0 0 2 '79 Arctornis aptha Sp.n 0 0 0 0 I 80 A rc t ot' n i s p erfe ct a W alket I 0 I 0 0 8l Hema petriinnae Btyk 0 0 2 0 82 Imaus manda Walker 0 0 I 0 0 83 Leu coma impressa SnelTea 0 0 0 0 84 Lymantria minot a '1/anEecke I 0 0 lt:) Mi cr om o rp h e ch a Ic os t om a C ollerleIie 0 0 0 0 86 Nyg m i a gu t t uI a t a Snellen 0 0 0 0 I 87 Ny gm i a p epe r i t es C ollenette 0 2 0 0 88 Situla denudate Walker 0 0 0 2 0 URANIDAE 89 B arac hydeceti a rufescers Butler I 0 0 0 0 90 P hazaca aos ioides W alket 0 0 0 0 9l Uraptelo ides astheniata G\ene 0 0 0 3 0 NOLIDAE 92 Bienina donnas Walker 0 0 0 0 SPIIINGIDAE Subfamily: Sphinginae 93 Ca I I am bu I1x nt bi co s a A m an da kothschild 0 0 0 0 94 Cechenena h eI ops Walker 0 I 0 0 0 95 Oxtyam bu lyx pryai DistarLt 0 U 0 U 96 Theretranessus Dntry 0 0 0 0 ll8 Norcla Sulainan, Zarul kihan bin Kazal Maidin, Mainon Abdullah & Saidah Md Said

Subfamily: Macroglossinae 9'7 Acos melyx Socrat es BoisdL a 0 0 I 0 0 98 Enp inanga borheens is B.otler 0 0 I 0 0 Enp i nanga borne ens i s Blutler 0 0 0 0 3 100 Megacoma o bI ique W^lker 0 0 0 0 I l0l P an a q a do her ty i P.othschild 0 0 0 0 3 t02 Teheretranessus Drrry 0 0 0 0 I ARCTIDAE Subfamilv I Lithosinae 103 A nagn ra su bfasc i a Walket 0 0 I 0 0 104 Asota subsimiis Walker 0 0 0 0 I 105 B ars ine ros eororatus Bntlel I 0 0 0 NOTODONTIDAE 106 Foru ogen toni a orb ilel hampson 0 I 0 0 0 10'7 Gangarides asea Walker 0 0 2 0 0 108 Gangarides varde na Sw inhoe 0 0 5 5 2 109 Hy p eru es c hreI Ia i ns u I i co I a Kiiakoff 0 0 0 I 0 110 Thrsolepisrufobronnea Rothschild U 0 0 I 0 DREPANIDAE III Albata revercaria lerersaria Walker 0 I 0 0 0 tt2 Camptc,psestis maldyara Yoshimato 0 0 0 I 0 LASIOCAMPIDEA 113 Trabala indra Roepke 0 0 2 0 0 LIMACODIDAE 114 Scop el ode s at hela Swithoe 0 0 0 0 2 SATURNIDAE 115 atlas Lin/Jaens 0 0 0 0 ll6 Samia bolheensis Drvry 0 0 0 0 I Cumulative no. of individuals t6 57 t04 118 149 Cumulativeno. of species l0 2'7 38 44 5l Totalno. of specimens t7l Totalno. of species 60