Cover1 JFQ9 10/1/96 9:13 AM Page 1 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLYJFQ The Greater Middle East New Age Military Operation Downfall Jointness Defined Somalia: Lessons Unlearned Autumn95 Theater Missile Defense A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL JFQ Cov2 10/1/96 9:18 AM Page C2 C2 JFQ / Autumn 1995 JFQ Prelm Pgs 10/1/96 9:23 AM Page 1 JFQ AWord from the Chairman t has been said that the deserts of the Middle East are where hopes and dreams go to wither and die. It is a warning worth recalling. Enough skeletons of fallen empires and forgotten Icities lie buried in the sands to confirm the wisdom of that caution. In our own day we have seen hopes and dreams lan- guish there, which demonstrates anew that the warning has not lost its gravity. Just six years ago this region was the most bricks, one volatile canvas painted over another. dangerous place on earth. It was here that the Then, suddenly, the background on one of the United States faced the canvasses was washed away. greatest odds of going to war This permitted two historic brushstrokes that with the Soviet Union. A have been applied since then. One was the Per- clash of interests and a sian Gulf War. For the first time in forty-five years chronically unstable politi- the West fought alongside Arab states against a cal culture made the chance common enemy. More amazing, that very enemy of miscalculation frighten- was an Arab nation. At once two great taboos ing. As well, the conflicts were lifted. Moderate Arabs learned that America that have erupted during is a trustworthy and valuable ally and vice versa. every decade since Israel’s And our European partners, wary of venturing founding—including one into this region as U.S. allies ever since the Suez occasion that took us to the crisis of 1956, finally set the past aside. brink of nuclear confronta- The second brushstroke was applied when tion—seemed destined to Yitzak Rabin and Yassar Arafat stood with their continue far into the future. hands clasped on the White House lawn. For the All that has changed. region’s future, their handshake that day carried The end of the Cold War was an impact comparable to the fall of the Berlin one reason for the differ- Wall. Indeed, the Arab-Israeli confrontation tor- ence, although that event tured and mangled the region in ways that the was not the cause of regional Iron Curtain had never inflicted on Europe. problems. Far from it. But It would be tempting to suggest that all is DOD ( Helene Stikkel) neither did it heal any rifts. now well. But, of course, it is not. Twice since the Instead, bipolar competition Persian Gulf War our forces have returned to worked its way between the cracks of shifting ha- deter Saddam Hussein from again lashing out at treds, alliances, and ambitions that grew from a tempestuous past. It was mortar between the (continued on page 4) Autumn 1995 / JFQ 1 JFQ Prelm Pgs 10/1/96 9:23 AM Page 2 I CONTENTS 1 A Word from the Chairman I OUT OF JOINT by John M. Shalikashvili 24 Jointness by Design, 5 Focus on the Middle East Not Accident by Hans Binnendijk by Michael C. Vitale I JFQ FORUM I FROM THE FIELD AND FLEET 31 The Greater Middle East 7 Letters to the Editor 32 Five Pillars of Peace in the I Central Region 10 Human Rights and by J.H. Binford Peay III the Commander by Barry R. McCaffrey 40 The Middle East: Challenges JFQ Born of Success by Chas. W. Freeman, Jr. 46 The Growing Reach of Radical Islam by William H. Lewis 50 Gulf Security and Iraq’s 14 Leading the Revolution Uncertain Future in C4I by Phebe Marr by Jeremy M. Boorda 55 Iran and the “Great Satan” by Mark J. Roberts 18 Military Education for the New Age 58 Turkey’s Role in the Greater by Ervin J. Rokke Middle East by Jed C. Snyder 64 Regional Implications of PHOTO CREDITS NBC Proliferation The cover features Apache helicopter (McDonnell Douglas); the insets (from top) include Kuwaiti honor guard (U.S. Air by Robert G. Joseph Force/Dave McLeod), transmitting photographs via satellite phone system (U.S. Air Force/Randy S. Mallard), Coast Guard I barge picking up troops on Saipan (U.S. Coast Guard), marines raiding Somali market (U.S. Navy/Terry C. Mitchell), 70 Joint Theater Missile and USS Cape St. George firing surface-to-air missile (U.S. Navy/Johnny Wilson). Defense Strategy The front inside cover displays (clockwise, from top left) Bradley fighting vehicle (U.S. Air Force/Tracy Hall); landing by Robert W. Soofer craft returning to USS Ashland (U.S. Navy/Alexander C. Hicks); USS Arthur W. Radford being replenished by USS Tempest off Haiti (U.S. Navy/Gregory S. Cinelli); marines providing cover in Somalia 75 Theater Ballistic Missile (U.S. Navy/Terry C. Mitchell); and F–16 supporting NATO airstrikes in Bosnia (U.S. Defense Air Force/Debbie Hernandez). The table of contents includes photographs (from top left) of soldiers securing by Ronald R. Fogleman building in Haiti (Combat Camera Imagery/Val Gempis), Patriot missile batteries (DOD), and F–16, FA/18, and A–10 flying over Northern Italy (Combat Camera Imagery/Jamie Bowman). 80 Deep Strike: The Evolving The back inside cover captures Coast Guard patrol boat Adak with USS Face of War Wisconsin off Sandy Hook (U.S. Coast Guard/Robin Rossler). The back cover reproduces a work of art from the Mexican War entitled Hill by Albert R. Hochevar, James A. Robards, Omatuzzo by James Walker (U.S. Army Center of Military History). John M. Schafer, and James M. Zepka 2 JFQ / Autumn 1995 JFQ Prelm Pgs 10/1/96 9:23 AM Page 3 AUTUMN 95 / NUMBER 9 114 A Guantanamo Diary— Operation Sea Signal by W. Darren Pitts I OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 121 Lemuel Cornick Shepherd, Jr. I THE JOINT WORLD 122 Lessons Learned, Exercises, Education, History, and Periodical Literature 86 Operation Downfall: I OFF THE SHELF The Devil Was in the Details 124 The Art of War—Past, Present, by D.M. Giangreco Future: A Review Essay by David J. Andre 95 JMETL: The Key to Joint Proficiency 128 More Than Deeds of by John R. Ballard and Steve C. Sifers Derring-Do: A Book Review by John M. Collins 99 Beyond the Range of Military Operations 129 From Strategists to Strategy: by Ann E. Story and Aryea Gottlieb A Book Review by Audrey Kurth Cronin 105 Lessons Unlearned: Somalia and Joint Doctrine 131 A Prince of a Tale: by C. Kenneth Allard A Book Review by Patrick L. Clawson 110 Developing Naval Doctrine ...From the Sea 132 The Military in Israeli Society: by James J. Tritten JFQA Book Review by Joseph E. Goldberg Joint Force Quarterly Hans Binnendijk JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Editor-in-Chief by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and top- Patrick M. Cronin fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 9 for de- employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations tails). Please direct all editorial communications to: Executive Editor forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, Editor Robert A. Silano contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the Joint Force Quarterly Editor unified commands, and joint force development. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ Martin J. Peters, Jr. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- Washington, D.C. 20319–6000 pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Production Coordinator not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense Telephone: (202) 475–1013 / DSN 335–1013 Calvin B. Kelley or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted FAX: (202) 475–1012 / DSN 335–1012 Senior Copy Editor portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Internet: [email protected] Justin Burkhart without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- This publication has been approved by the Secretary of Editorial Intern (Summer 1995) ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- rial is quoted from or based on its contents. Defense. The Typography and Design Division of the U.S. Government Printing Office is responsible for layout and art direction. ISSN 1070–0692 November 1995 Autumn 1995 / JFQ 3 JFQ Prelm Pgs 10/1/96 9:23 AM Page 4 I A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN Joint Force Quarterly (continued from page 1) GEN John M. Shalikashvili, USA Publisher his neighbors. For nearly four years we have pa- trolled northern Iraq to prevent the slaughter of ADVISORY COMMITTEE the Kurds. Tehran’s mosques still resonate with Lt Gen Ervin J. Rokke, USAF I National Defense University sermons by angry mullahs who spew hatred Chairman against America and exhort their followers to ex- port a revolution of dubious benefit that has im- BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) I Office of the Chairman poverished and Brig Gen David E. Baker, USAF I The Joint Staff isolated Iran. It Col John W. Brooks, USAF I Air Command and Staff College was adherents of hopes and dreams this faith who Brig Gen Roger E. Carleton, USAF I Armed Forces Staff College now have a better planted a bomb in MG Richard A. Chilcoat, USA I U.S. Army War College the World Trade A. Denis Clift I Joint Military Intelligence College chance of surviving Center.