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Southern Africa SOUTHERN AFRICA Regional Overview Angola • Botswana • Comoros • Lesotho • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Namibia • Seychelles • South Africa • Swaziland • Zambia • Zimbabwe M AJOR D EVELOPMENTS Externally, the Angolan conflict spilled over into Namibia, with armed attacks taking place on both sides Political developments in Southern Africa in 2000 of the border. Thousands of civilians lost their lives and threatened the fragile stability of the region as a whole. many others sought asylum in neighbouring countries. The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo At the end of 2000, the number of Angolan refugees in (DRC) had disturbing regional repercussions, as it drew Namibia stood at 17,740, of whom 10,390 arrived dur- in many of the countries in the region, directly or indi- ing the year. In Zambia, the number of Angolan rectly, while Angola’s long-standing civil war continued to have a seri- ous impact on population move- Persons of Concern to UNHCR ments. Zambia and Namibia were 350,000 particularly affected, receiving refugees from both conflicts 300,000 throughout the year. 250,000 In June, at the request of the 200,000 Government of Angola, and follow- ing intensive consultations with the 150,000 Government and other UN agen- 100,000 cies, UNHCR launched a pro- gramme to address the critical 50,000 humanitarian and protection situa- 0 tion of some 300,000 internally Refugees Asylum-seekers Returnees Others displaced persons (IDPs) located in Jan. 2000 Dec. 2000 three provinces in Angola. Total: 290,410 Total: 594,766 208 — UNHCR Global Report 2000 refugees assisted by UNHCR stood at 76,654, of whom Zambia and Namibia, have raised serious concerns. 34,645 arrived during 2000. UNHCR worked on a regional contingency plan to maintain preparedness in case of further movements. Zimbabwe was shaken during the first half of the year by political violence at home in the run-up to the par- At the same time, it has become impossible to ignore a liamentary elections in June. As veterans of Zimbabwe’s tendency throughout the region for certain individuals revolutionary war occupied several white-owned farms to abuse asylum procedures in their quest for better across the nation and the electoral campaign turned vio- economic and social opportunities. This worsens the lent, the exodus of thousands of Zimbabweans to backlog of pending asylum applications. With asylum- neighbouring countries was feared. UNHCR prepared seekers, refugees and immigrants competing for limited the necessary contingency plans for possible refugee dis- employment and services, tensions have unfortunately placements, and organised workshops on emergency sometimes arisen. As a result, states have resorted to preparedness for governments, UN agencies, national stricter policies and legal and administrative control and international NGOs in neighbouring countries. measures which have a negative impact on genuine Fortunately, the exodus did not take place and the post- asylum-seekers and refugees. The refugee situation in electoral climate remained relatively calm. With no the Southern African region is thus beset by protection Zimbabweans forced to seek refuge outside their coun- problems, some extremely serious, especially as most try, the emergency preparations were relaxed. refugees gravitate towards cities already struggling to cope with more than their fair share of urban problems. Elsewhere in the region, the most notable humanitarian Given such an environment, it is regrettable that due to problems resulted from the floods that devastated the a lack of sufficient protection staff in the region, majority of countries of Southern Africa earlier in the UNHCR was not always in a position to provide effec- year. Although Mozambique captured the international tive protection. headlines and received the greatest share of interna- tional aid, Botswana, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe were all affected. P ROGRESS T OWARDS FRICA In Botswana and Zimbabwe, the floods had an impact S OLUTIONS A on the refugee programmes, either because delivery of assistance to refugees was momentarily disrupted due to Despite operational problems, mostly due to reduced damaged roads or because refugee camps were flooded. funding, UNHCR was able to accomplish its initial Additional emergency resources were thus required strategic objectives: to ensure that refugees gain access to OUTHERN to mitigate the effects of the floods on refugees in asylum, are treated in accordance with internationally S the region. established standards and assisted to find durable solu- tions. However, refugee welfare was adversely affected C HALLENGES by the Office’s funding crisis during the year. In Southern Africa, UNHCR was repeatedly forced to AND C ONCERNS revise its refugee assistance budgets in order to identify possible savings. Laws and official policies in the region are generally favourable towards refugees and asylum-seekers. On a regional level, various initiatives were undertaken, Virtually all the countries in the region have now some with the Southern African Development acceded to international refugee legislation. One of the Community (SADC), to address a number of refugee most positive developments in this connection was in questions of regional interest as well as broader political January, when Swaziland acceded to the 1951 questions pertinent to refugees. Workshops on interna- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the tional protection and refugee law were held for govern- two Conventions on statelessness. In broad terms, gov- ment officials and NGOs in Botswana, Mozambique ernments in the region have kept their doors open to and Namibia to enhance knowledge of asylum and pro- those seeking asylum. Nevertheless, UNHCR’s mandate tection issues. Despite these efforts, asylum applications remained far from easy to fulfil. One of the biggest chal- remained pending in a number of countries, often lenges faced by governments and UNHCR in the region because of insufficient institutional capacity to end the was to sustain the institution of asylum in the face of the backlog. A significant improvement was noted in international community’s apparent inability to root out Botswana, where procedures were streamlined so that the conflicts which create refugees and impede their newly arrived asylum-seekers could rapidly transfer to return. The ongoing conflicts in Angola and the DRC, Dukwi refugee camp. Another major achievement was which have resulted in increasing refugee emergencies in in South Africa, where the regulations implementing UNHCR Global Report 2000 — 209 the 1998 Refugee Act were issued and a new eligibility In Botswana, the arrival of new Namibian refugees from procedure came into force. Accordingly, a project was the Caprivi region (including some who had repatriated being mounted to clear as many as 30,000 asylum in 1999) compelled UNHCR to suspend repatriation applications. for this group of refugees. UNHCR’s activities sought durable solutions and basic humanitarian assistance for Many of the long-staying Angolan and Congolese the new arrivals. UNHCR continued to assist Namibian refugees in the region have managed to integrate into refugees at Dukwi refugee camp with food, relief items their host communities pending their return home. (blankets, mattresses, clothing and toiletries) and educa- Across the region, progress was made in promoting self- tion (127 primary and 37 secondary school students). reliance among refugees through income generation and The number of Somali refugees was also on the increase. vocational skills training programmes: in Zambia, for They were not able to obtain refugee status because of example, 28,320 Angolan refugees were able to produce the “country of first asylum” principle as applied by the enough food to feed themselves and enjoy a significant Government of Botswana. While continuing its inter- surplus. Prospects for voluntary repatriation, however, ventions for a more flexible application of this principle, were slim: the repatriation of Angolan refugees UNHCR had to resort to resettlement in certain cases remained suspended and the repatriation of Congolese in the absence of viable alternatives. In all, 57 vulnera- refugees was not encouraged, given the lack of progress ble people were resettled, but this had the unintended in the implementation of the Lusaka peace agreement effect of attracting more asylum-seekers from other during 2000. countries, hopeful that they too would be resettled. About 40 Somali refugee children were registered at the O PERATIONS primary school in Dukwi refugee camp and a further six In 2000, the Regional Directorate for Southern Africa at the educational resource centre. Some 30 adult was run by 11 international and 13 national staff. It refugees attended English courses. Cases of malnutrition oversaw operations in 14 countries. UNHCR’s opera- were cut by half among infants, although they still tions in Angola, Zambia and South Africa are described remain prevalent among the adults. Vaccination cover- in separate chapters. age increased from 60 per cent to 95 per cent. UNHCR 210 — UNHCR Global Report 2000 supported a number of retail outlets run by Somali UNHCR failed in its efforts to overturn regulations refugees. Other refugees were engaged in subsistence restricting the refugees’ freedom of movement and crop production and commercial poultry-farming. access to employment. Their plight was compounded by Angolan refugees continued to receive basic
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