ARCTIC VOL. 37, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 1984) P. 562-573

Images of Pre-Discovery Alaska in the Work of European Cartographers MARVIN W. FALK*

INTRODUCTION PRE-ALASKAN MAP TYPES European prediscovery mapsof the area now known as No North America Alaska concern four interlocked issues: (1) an extension of knowledge of California and the northwest coast of America; We begin with the first concept: there is no North America. (2) the nature of the Arctic; (3) what lay north of Japan; and This was based upon an acceptance of Ptolemy’s figure of the (4) the relationship between America and Asia - how wide earth, and is best seen in two well-known maps drawn before was the Pacific? Columbus returned from his first voyage to America, Toscan- A picture of the general outline of Alaska became clear to elli (1457) and Behaim (1492). Both of these maps attempt to European geographers during the last half of the eighteenth reconcilewith Ptolemy what was known of Asia and the century.Many questions concerning the arctic coast lasted islands of the Atlantic. well into the nineteenth century, and questions regarding arctic islands were not settled until the twentieth. This paper ends Minor Additions to Asia withthe year 1728, however;well before actually found out through the work of Du Halde (1735) about the The second concept is related to the first:new discoveries as voyage of Bering and Chirikov. By then, substantial informa- a simple extension of Asia. Ruych(1508), Franciscus (1524), tion about actual discoveriesin the far North Pacifichad begun Schoner (1524), Fineaeus (1531), andVopell (1542, 1556, to appear on maps published in Europe. The many intriguing 1558) all published maps that added to Asia without creating a manuscript Russian maps, as well as maps produced in China discernible North American continent. For example, Ruych andJapan, will only be dealt with to the extent that they attached Greenland and Labrador to northeast Asia. Neither of influenced European mapmakers. these concepts allows for a North Pacific. The maps that have been chosen for study are those which demonstrate concepts of the region where the North Pacific North America as an Island and the Arctic meet and which would clearly have influenced the concept of this region. There are literally thousands of The third category is a subarctic America not connected to maps produced before 1728 which, in some way, touch upon Asia. North America is represented as one or more islands, or this region - every world map and every globe had to deal as a diminutive continent stopping short of the Arctic, some- with it somehow. Many simply left it blank- which is a state- times with a break between North and . Though ment of a sort. Others copied the work of other mapmakers, a great variety of land forms is represented, they all suggest often in muddled formor with less detail. These two categor- easily navigated waters - with no substantial barriers on the ies are not considered here. In compiling a carto-bibliography way to the Orient. of Alaska’for publication (Falk, 1983) I have found roughly This type of map really began with Waldseemuller’s(1507); 550 relevant pre-1728 maps which are still available for study the tradition was continuedby the “globe of Lenox” (Anon., either in the original or in facsifide. 1510), Stobnicza (1512), Boulenger (1514), Schoner (1515), I will not list each map; they can be found in the carto- Glareanus (1519), Apianus (1520), Schoner (1520) (Fig. l), bibliography. Instead, I have organized these mapsin terms of Coppa da Isola (1528), Vadianus (1534), and a number of broad concepts and will discuss important examples. I have lesser maps and later copies. Variants of this type were later taken some liberty with the term “Alaska” since in certain used to help in the propaganda campaign for expeditions to cases the relevant area was thought tobe all water, or deep in find a Northwest Passage. Some of the features and some of Asia. The first concepts will be dealt with quickly since they the terminology of areas such as “Terre Corte Realis” later all precede the recognition ofan “Alaska”. Some might argue were transferred to the North Pacific. While this modelwould that they should not even be considered, but they do represent allow for something of a northwest coastas we know it, there views held for a long time. It wouldbe difficult to understand is nothingof a land bridging Arctic and Subarctic, nothingof a the development of cartographic trends without them. landbordering the North Pacific, Bering Sea, andArctic 'EUROPEANIM.AGES OF PRE-DISCOVERY ALASKA " 563

Ocean. Note that on the Schoner map (Fig. l),.Terra Corte wide, usually starting at about 40"N and continuing to above Realis is an island, and North America, also depicted -as an the Arctic Circle. The first ,published map.of.this 'type that I island, is called "Terra de Cuba" and only extends to 50"N. have 'found is Gastaldi's "Universale" (1546). A number of North America and Japan are .separated by less than 10" of other Gastaidi maps .(1548a,b, 1562) with this .feature were longitude. .issued up through the .1560s. ,Other maps,. such as that of Homem (1559),.lookasif they were intended to.represent this North.America Joined,to Asia feature, as the map runs offthe.sheet. (This should notbe GOLF The fourth category shows a distinct and essentially com- fused with a .later desire to vastKy extend North America across plete North America connected to Asia. The connection is a wide Pacific to a strait near .Asia.) In 1-560 Paolo di .Forlani 564 M.W. FALK

(1565, 1574) began issuing maps very much like those of Gas-forms, some of which approach reakity. Some of them areex- taldi, ,which continued to appear until 1590. Johannes Honter trapolations from actual discoveriesto yet-undiscovered.areas. (1561) issued a map like this in Basle, as did.VelBo (1560, Some mapmakers produced maps .in several categories, and 1561) in Lisbon. Sideri produced one in 1563 and Cimerlinus thereare even maps illustrating conflicting theories inthe. in 1566. same -. These mapsdiffer considerably in their nomenclature andin the way in which they render other features.The original Gas- A Wide and Open Sea taldi. map calls.the northern part of the Pacific (Mir del Sur) .Few mapmakers subscribed. to the opinion that there wasan “Golfo de Tonza” and placesan early representation of Japan empty expanse of open .sea between Asia and America. Some in the center. Other maps move Asiatic islands quite close to left the regibn largely blank, without committing themselvesto America. Gastaldi himself did not remain consistent. In his a theory. .Tramezini (1554) completed both Asiaand America, “Cam Marina Nova Tabula” (Gastaldi, 1548a) he placed a leaving nearly 50 O of open se8 between them. Antoniode Her- large bay just north of California, which reaches deep into rera (160 1) enlarged the. distance to nearly 60”. Bartolomeu North America. The appears as a closed sea; Velho (1560) made the distances .between the two continents Scandinavia, Greenland, Labrador, “La Florida’’, and Asia across the North Pacific roughly equalto-the distance between are connected in that.order. In his “Universale Novo” (Gas- Spain and the eastern seabaard of America. In contrast, most taldi, 1548b) there is open Arctic Ocean with a greatmass an cartographers either placed. the extremities ofthe two contin- of land attached to North America, leaving a narrow passage ents very close to one another or else filled the void withnew just above Scandinavia, This map.type,makesno provision fix lands. aconnection by waterbetween the Pacific and the Arctic oceans, and thus leaves no possibility of the existence of a Northwest Passage. A Long Strait.with Japan ar the,Bottom This concept was popular between 1540,and 1600: It is .a Asia to the North major transitional form and most of the pre-discovery maps The fifth category is closely related to.the fourth. In it, Asia that followed were adaptations and variations of it. It was .in and North America could be connected but for a Northwest this period that the term “Anian” became known. One of the Passage or a strait .which separates North.America on the southfirst to show the general configuration, though not yet using from Asian territory to the north. Two maps by Gemma Fris- the term Anian, was the map of America from the1540 Basle ius which appear in the publications of Petrus Apianus(1529, Ptolemaeus. It placed Japan (‘tzipangri”) near.tHe west coast 1530) show. a diminutive North,America below Greenland and of America among the “Archipelagus 7448 insularii”. The Labrador, .which are attached to Asia. A variation of this oc- first map to give full expression to this concept was Gastaldi’s curs in Mercator’s (I 538) engraved cordiform world map.and “Cosmographiauniversalis” (1562). Only recently discov- in some Florianus globe gores from 1550: Greenland is incor- ered, it is now in the British Library. It shows a long and nar- porated in an enormous arctic land attachedto Asia just east of row “Stretode Anian” with Japan oriented east-to-west at the Scandinavia. Labrador, ‘‘Baccaleamm Regio”, isseparated bottom. Anian itself is located in northeast,Asia. The “Nova from. this landby a. long. narrow strait which meets the Atlan-totis terrarum orbis” by Ortelius (1564) shows a somewhat tic. The North Americancoas4 slopes tohe southwest. Japan, wider strait, unnamed,with. Anian inAsia across from “Sipango”, is located in the center of anarrow “Quivir Regio” in North America. Forlani.(1565) issued a belowthe arctic land mass. Sebastian Munster’s (1540) map in Venice that was long thought .to bethe first to use the ‘:Typus orbis universalis” places North America below two name “Strait of Anian”-.a better-known second versionwas Asian lands. One.of these land masses is attached to Asia near issued ayear later by Zaltieri (1566). Among the most influen- Scandinavia, and .the other almost meets Asia above North tialof all maps of this era wesethose issued in1570 by Americafrom “India Superior”. Some1540 globe gores Ortelius. The precise configuration of the Straits of Anian is (Anon., 1540). provide for a long North-west Passage begin- not entirely clear on his “Typus orbis terrarum” (Ortelius, ning below Asia and.continuing all the way around the north of1570a), but is best seen on his “Tartariae sive magni chami North America, wideningonlyslowly as it turns into theNorth. regni typus” (Ortelius, 1570b). It was re-issued frequentlyand Pacific. North.America is in the shape of a large letter “C”. was rather closely copied by others at least as late as 1600 Neither these maps nor various copies, of them give a. par- (Metellus,1600). ticular shape to the northwestern tip of North America. DiForlani (1574) introduceda “Golfo Di Anian” full of smatl islands. below the “Streto Di Anian”. Sometimes the concept continued to be used even without the name, by then ‘EMERGING ALASKA MAP TYPES i commonly known; an example is the,beautiful Martines manu- The preceding five map categories depict various theories script map of 1578. Other elements were sometimes changed. concerning the relationship of Asia to America. Alaska,as we Milo (1582) oriented Japan north-and-south.De Jode (1593a). know it, could not fit well into any of them. The following in his “Hemispheriv ab acquinoctiali linea” attached one of map categories ail provide for a direct connecfion between the Mercator”sarctic islands to northeastern Asia, making the Narth’Pacific and the Arctic Ocean. They show a variety of strait even longer than usual. EUROPEAN IMAGESOF PRE-DISCOVERY ALASKA 565

Plancius Maps unaware of Plancius, claiming that this mapwas derived from Gastaldi.) One of the most interesting features of the Wytfliet The surviving pre-discovery maps looking most like Alaska were drawn by Peter Planeius and adapted by other carto- map is that the Arctic Circle goes through something that re- sembles the Seward Peninsulain both shape and location. With graphers from about 1590 to 1600. They continued to .be re- printed, with minor changes, to beyond 1650. Plancius himself someimagination, one canconjure up theMackenzie, the later became cartographer for .the Dutch East India ,Campany.beginnings of an AlaskaPeninsula, and so forth.Blaeu Thismap type shares many characteristicswith Mercator adopted this form for one of his earliest works, a terrestrial yaps of the far northwest coast of America. Wagner (1937) globeof 1599. Both Wytfliet and Plancius went through a reproduced the relevant portion of the 18-sheet Plancius .plani-number of subsequent editions. sphere of 1592. Quivira Regnum is-located well. north and west of California. It continuesto Anian Regnum witha Bergi Regio on the Arcticcoast. De Jode (1593b) further developed the concept with his “Quivirae Regnu cumdijs versus Borea” (Fig. 2), retaining the same names, but rendering Quivira Reg- nummuch more angular and peninsulasmuch more pro- nounced. The apex of this trend was reached by Cornelius Wytfliet (1597) in his Descriptionis Ptolemaicae (see Fig. 3)., the first atlas devoted entirely to America. (Verner and Stuart- Stubbs (1979:M) incorrectly state: “inmany respects this map is the first printed map of Alaska.. .”. They apparently were ” -

566 M.W.FALK

Y ””y“*...:‘..JA..a, -. I Macao to. Acapulcoin to.Macao occasional thetime, this 1590. to Prior / .... - large island had appeared on maps.For example, there was the. Isla de Plata.north of Japan in. the Ortelius Maris Pucijici ’ >’ (1589). Some mapmakers vaguely indicated an unnamed land to the west of California,for example Goos on his “t’Noorder deel van West Indien” (1624). Still, it.was only after reports concerning northern Japan and Dutch sea exploration, andby Jesuits such as Girolamo de Angelis, that these islands were given a definite form. The Dutch Governor General of India, Antonio van Diemen, sent Martin Gerritsen de Vries to look for islands around Japan in 1643. Plagued by fog; he sailed alongHokkaido, several of the Kuril islands, and partof Sakhalin.He was convinced that he had found the straits separatingAsia from North America. Jesso and “Staten Eiland” were separated by ,de Vries Strait from “Compagnies Landt”. The land Jesso (Iesso, Yezo,Sesso, Iezo, etc.) which started life-started many ason Ezo (Hokkaido)took shapes and sizes 1 the following years. These. concepts wereconcepts These. years. following in the much.still very -* alive at the time of Bering’s second expedition and he wasted FIG. 5. “Mexicum in hac forma inlucem edebat” (Nicolosius, 1670). Courtesy precioussearchingtime for.Company Land. Cambridge UniversityLibrary. 5

EUROPEAN IMAGES OF PRE-DISCOVERY ALASKA 567

At first some of the claims made for the size of Jesso were lar map, in a similar style, with the same title, was issued by patently excessive. Sir Robert Dudley in his Dell’ Arcuno del in 1666, but it includes more of California. These Mure (1646) allowed for only a narrow passage between Tar- two maps place these new lands far to the south of what we taria and Iezo, starting as an island just above Korea (Figs. 7, now know as Alaska. 8). Iezo then stretches above Japan across the Pacific to reach The 1669 Sanson map of Asia has yet another interesting “I1 Stretto di Iezo” at about the Oregon coast. Dudley’s Iezo feature:a peninsula called “Yupi” attachedto Asia, well is almost large enoughto be a continentin its own right. One is north of Korea. To the north of that is a “Mer des Kaima- left guessing how this configuration would alter the nature of chites.” Thus one side of the de Vries Strait becomes part of the Arctic to the north. Iezo, in this form, precludes neither a the Asian mainland. In a double-hemisphere map of the same de Vries Strait nor an Anian Strait. year,Sanson again extended Jesso toward North America Sometimesit is difficult to tell whether or nota North from Yupi, but called it “T. de la Compagnie” as well. Occa- Pacific “Terra Incognita” derives from Jesso. In any case, sionally the “Destroit d’Anian” and the “Destroit de Vriez” mapsof Japan and the Far East began incorporating this were considered but two names for the one strait, but most feature.Sanson d’Abbeville gave Jesso various configura- often they were shown independently on opposite, sides of the tions. In his 1652 map of Asia, it appearsas an enormous land Pacific. stretching off the map north of Japan.In a double-hemisphere Perhaps the clearest example of theway most cartographers map of the same year there is a faint outline filling the space placed Anian and Company Land in relation to one another is between Asia and North America. In his Description de lu Scherer’s (1703b) polar projection (Fig. 9): everything north Turturie (Sansond’Abbeville, 1654) longa and narrow of “Fret. Anian” is left blank. The desire for treasure seemed “Destroit de Iesso” follows northern Asia all the way to the to make these lands worth exploring in their own right. For ex- Arctic Ocean. In his “Les Deux Poles” (Sanson d’Abbeville, ample, the 171 1 Senex map of Asia (Fig.10) includes the fol- 1657), he left blank thearea from this strait to Baffin Bay, thuslowing description of“Land-of Yedso:” “Descovr’d in 1643. at least suggesting that Jesso might, indeed, be part of North Pike Anthony mines ofsilver”. This map also includes the icy America. The very clear and conservative “Pascaerte Vande capes to the north with the statement: “It is not known where Zuyd-Zee” (1661) shows thede Vries discoveries with no em- this chain of Mountains ends or whether they are join’d to bellishments or extensions at the latitude of California.A simi- some other continent. ” One can see how this image evolved 568 M.W. FALK

FIG. 8. “Carte particolare della parte brientale del Isola di Iezo COR I1 Stretto fra America ...” (Dudley, 1646). Courtesy Helsinki University Library. from the commonly accepted maps suchas Porro’s “Tartariae North Pacific. In most cases, one must infer how Alaska was Imperium” (1596) (Fig. 11). seen, if it was seen to exist at all. Some concepts, it is clear, Russian discoveries onthe Pacific coast became known made no provision for what is now Alaska. Others incorpor- through Jesuit missionaries activein China, and throughdirect ated only partial representation of lands such as “Anian”, i.e. contact between Russians and West Europeans.A rather clear bits of coastline. Most of the world maps by recognized mas- concept of the existence of Kamchatka emerged, including the ters such as Mercator and Ortelius were highly generalized. idea of a great icy cape to the north which mightbe attached to Only the Plancius typeoffered detailed rendering. Whether or North America. It faded when Chukotka was recognized. This not one presumed an Alaska to exist depended on how one is shown quite clearly in Homann’s Atlas (1725). Jean Bernard defined the relationship between Asia and America, what lay (1728) published a map (Fig. 12) showingnew islands off north of California, and how the Arctic was constituted. All of northeastAsia which weresaid to pay tribute toRussia, these questionshad to do with cosmography and contemporary similarto the more famous Philipp von Strahlenbergmap concepts of the figure of the earth, which were philosophical publishedtwo years later. EnglebertKaempfer (1729) in- +issuesas well as questions of physical geography. cluded this configuration as an inset on a map of Japan (Fig. 13). Thestage wasset for thepublic controversies of the REFERENCES 1750s, when various piecesof imaginary geography continued to be added to maps as cartographers began to take accountof ANONYMOUS. 1510. The globe of Lenox. Reproduced in: Nordenskiold, N.A. 1889.Facsimile Atlas to theEarly History of . newRussian discoveries. An example ofit is thevarious Stockholm. Fig. 43. depictions of the old “Mer de l’ouest” linked to a river-like ANONYMOUS. Ca. 1540. Terrestrial globe gores. Reproduced in: Norden- NorthwestPassage appearing anew on Mortier (1705) and skicld, N.A. 1892. Contributions to the Early Cartography of America. subsequent maps. 64. ANONYMOUS \%bastian Munster]. 1540. Ptolemaeus. Basle. APIANUS, P. 1520. Typus orbis Universalis. Reproduced in: Santarem. At- CONCLUSION las. Pl. 52, No. 2; and numerous other places. -. 1529. Charta cosmographica. Basle. What imagesof Alaska did Europeancartographers present? . 1530. Map ofthe World. Reproduced in: Nordenskiold, N.A. 1887. I have shown the principal ways in which they depicted the Periplus. Stockholm. Pl. XLIV (2). M.W.FALK EUROPEAN-IMAGESOF PRE-DISCOVERY ALASKA 57 1

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