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Archaic and Classical Ceramic Artefacts from Caltagirone (Sicily): a First Attempt for Distinguishing Imports and Local Imitations Through Petrography and Chemistry

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Archaic and Classical Ceramic Artefacts from Caltagirone (Sicily): a First Attempt for Distinguishing Imports and Local Imitations Through Petrography and Chemistry Per. Mineral. (2002), 71, SPECIAL ISSUE: Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage, 17-31 http://go.to/permin An International Iournal of PERIODICO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Archaic and classical ceramic artefacts from Caltagirone (Sicily): a first attempt for distinguishing imports and local imitations through petrography and chemistry 1 2 1 ROSARIO ALAIM0 , RENATO GIARRUSS0 , IOANNIS ILIOPOULOS and GIUSEPPE MONTANA I * I Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica della Terra ed Applicazioni alle Georisorse e ai Rischi Naturali (C.F.T.A.), Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Sicily, Italy 2 CEPA s.r.l. (Centro per la Protezione Ambientale e l' Analisi dei Materiali), Via Fonderia Oretea 23, 90139 Palermo, Sicily, Italy ABSTRACT. - More than 30 ceramic artefacts of RIASSUNTO. - Pili di 30 manufatti ceramici di eta the Archaic and Classical periods (6th_5 th centuries Arcaica e Classica (VI - V sec. a.c.), ritrovati in siti BC) found in archaeological sites in the area of archeologici nell'area di Caltagirone (Sicilia) ed Caltagirone (Sicily) and belonging to the collection appartenenti alla collezione del locale "Museo of the local «Museo Regionale della Ceramica» were Regionale della Ceramica di Caltagirone", sono stati analysed in terms of chemistry and petrography analizzati dal punto di vista chimico e mineralogico ­ (XRD, XRF and optical microscopy). This suite petrografico (XRD, XRF e microscopia ottica). La consists of well defined forms (lekythos, pelike, collezione esaminata consiste di forme ben definite kotyliskos, oinochoe), or vascular forms not (lekythos, pelike, kotiliskos, oinochoe), ovvero forme perfectly identifiable and also cups, alabastron and vascolari non meglio identificabili, ed, inoltre, coppe, oil lamps, all decorated with red or black varnish. In alabastron e lucerne; tutte decorate con vernice rossa addition, some undecorated artefacts (two protomes, o nera. Inoltre sono stati esaminati alcuni manufatti a loom weight and a figurine) and a kiln waster were privi di decorazioni (due protome, un peso da telaio e also analysed. una figurina) e uno scarto di fornace. The main aim of this study was to discriminate the L' obiettivo principale di questo studio e consistito imitations of Attic forms from those actually nel distinguere i manufatti d'importazione da quelli imported. In fact, the Archaic and Classic local riconducibili ad imitazioni delle forme Attiche. production is strongly suspected by the Infatti, una produzione Arcaica e Classica locale e archaeologists also in the light of the casual fortemente sospettata dagli archeologi anche alla luce discovery in the same urban centre of coeval kiln della casuale scoperta, nello stesso centro urbano, di structures. Moreover, the noteworthy ceramic fornaci coeve. Peraltro, la ben nota tradizione tradition of Caltagirone, which is largely ceramica di Caltagirone, che e largamente documented since the Arabian domination puts documentata sin dalla dominazione Araba, depone a forward this hypothesis. Analytical results favore di quest'ipotesi. I risultati analitici dimostrano demonstrated what, at present, has been inductively cia che fino ad oggi e stato supposto soltanto suspected only through pure stylistic considerations. attraverso considerazioni puramente stilistiche. Le Local manufactures were deeply characterized by manifatture locali sono state caratterizzate their petrographic and chemical features and also approfonditamente, per mezzo delle loro peculiarita compared with the reference raw materials exploited chimico-petrografiche e per confronto con le materie in the same territory. A notable inference in the prime estratte nello stesso territorio. Epossibile in tal comprehension of intra-island fine ware circulation modo raggiungere una migliore comprensione dei of that period is expected. flussi commerciali e di tecnologia presenti in que1 periodo nell'ambito del territorio isolano. KEY WORDS: Archaeometry, ceramic petrography, * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] red-figure pottery, Sicily, Caltagirone. 18 R. ALAIMO, R. GIARRUSSO, I. ILIOPOULOS and G. MONTANA INTRODUCTION In terms of «pure» archaeometric research the major problem which emerges is the low Caltagirone is far famous for its millenary packing and the very fine size of the non­ ceramic production, which is, however, well plastic inclusions which could theoretically documented only since the early Arabic period. obstruct the correlation with the reference raw It reached its apogee around the 17th century material locally available. AD giving sui generis majolica artefacts, which are known worldwide. Nevertheless, little is still known about the existence of local ceramic SAMPLES AND METHODS manufacture during the earlier period. The city is amphitheatrically situated on As above mentioned, this study involved the three calcareous-clayey hills, occupying the petrographic thin section analysis of 32 southern slopes of Erei Mountains. The ceramic samples coming from excavations lithotypes which characterize the area carried out in the urban area of Caltagirone. comprise: the Gessoso-Solfifera series which is They inc1ude artefacts with easy type mainly represented by gypsum deposits; the attribution and/or clear indications of vessel Trubi formation of Lower Pliocene age; the forms (lekythos, pelike, kotyliskos, oinochoe) Marne argillose (clayey marls) formation of and also vascular forms not perfectly medium-lower Pliocene age; the Argille identifiable, cups, alabastron and oil lamps, all marnose e siltose (marly and silty clays) decorated with red and black varnish (Fig. 1). formation of lower Pleistocene age. Both the In addition, some uncoloured artefacts (two later formations were formed due to the emerge protomes, a loom weight and a figurine) and a of the Apennine chain and its subsequent «kiln waster» were also analysed.Data dismantlement through erosion (Roda, 1965; concerning dating, type, form and deposition Frazzetta, 1971; Lentini et al., 1991).The context of the ceramic artefacts are present study is focused on 32 ceramic artefacts summarized in Table 1. In addition, 4 raw dated back to the Archaic and Classical periods material samples were carefully selected within (6th - 5th century BC) which came into light a wider set which belongs to a larger scale after excavations in the urban centre of national project (Sviluppo Tecnologico nel Caltagirone and have been only recently settore delle terrecotte e del restauro, Parco conceded for analysis by the local «Museo Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sicilia, Regionale della Ceramica». Our main aim was unpublished report, 2001), in such a way as to to attempt a first distinction, under an better represent the local Plio-Pleistocene clay «archaeometric prospective», between deposits and in order to provide a imported goods and local imitations of typical «compositional reference group» as well as Attic forms taking also into consideration the information concerning possible raw material recent findings of ceramic kilns in the area of sources. It has to be underlined that these clay S.Gregorio (Regione Siciliana, 1999). samples came from S. Giorgio Mountain (few The identification of imitating manufacture kilometres from the city centre) which has been of Attic forms in the Greek cities (apoikiai) in exploited for local ceramic manufacture since Sicily has since time been considered from the several centuries (Ragona, 1949 and 1985). archaeologists (Barresi and Valastro, 2000 and The thin sections were prepared according to references therein). One of the main problems standard procedures and were studied using a consists in individuating and differentiating the ZEISS AXIOMAT polarizing microscope. ceramic productions and exchanges among the X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) various Greek cities, as well as to appraise also was carried out for all the samples included in their interaction with the indigenous Hellenised this study. Measurements were performed centres. using a Rigaku D/max HIc diffractometer, Archaic and classical ceramic artefactsfrom Caltagirone (Sicily) ... 19 Fig. 1 - Photographs of a red-figure pelike (sample lOS) and a terracotta figurine (sample 102) analysed in this study. using CuKo; radiation (monochomator press). Machine drift was monitored for, and graphite) at 40kV, 20mA. Spectra were taken corrected, by the routine running of a monitor from 4° to 70°213- at 1° 213-/min of scan speed. sample using the international standard Analytical measurements of a total of 19 reference materials G2 for the major elements elements (Si, AI, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Ti, Mn, and BCRI for trace elements. Quantitative Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Cr, Ni, Ba, La, Ce, V) were analysis was obtained through the construction obtained employing X-Ray Fluorescence of calibration lines made using 52 international (XRF), using a Philips PW 1400 wavelength standard reference materials (USGS, NBS and dispersive spectrometer. For both the major and IAEA standards). The methods proposed from trace elements determinations, a powder pellet Franzini et al. (l972a, 1972b and 1975) and (4 em in diameter) was prepared mixing Leoni and Saitta (l976a and 1976b) were approximately 1-2 grams of homogenized followed in order to correct the raw results for sample with 0.75 ml of a 4% solution Mowiol the matrix effects. N50-98 (a polyvinyl-alcohol binder media, transparent
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