A DEMOCRACY IS BORN an Insider's Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan.Pdf
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P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 A DEMOCRACY IS BORN P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 Praeger Security International Advisory Board Board Cochairs Loch K. Johnson, Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs, School of Public and International Affairs, University of Georgia (U.S.A.) Paul Wilkinson, Professor of International Relations and Chairman of the Advisory Board, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews (U.K.) Members Anthony H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, Center for Strategic and International Studies (U.S.A.) Ther´ ese` Delpech, Director of Strategic Affairs, Atomic Energy Commission, and Senior Research Fellow, CERI (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques), Paris (France) Sir Michael Howard, former Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regis Professor of Modern History, Oxford University, and Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University (U.K.) Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy, U.S.A. (Ret.), former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department of the Army (U.S.A.) Paul M. Kennedy, J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History and Director, International Security Studies, Yale University (U.S.A.) Robert J. O’Neill, former Chichele Professor of the History of War, All Souls College, Oxford University (Australia) Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland (U.S.A.) Fareed Zakaria, Editor, Newsweek International (U.S.A.) P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 A DEMOCRACY IS BORN An Insider’s Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan Matthew J. Morgan PRAEGER SECURITY INTERNATIONAL r Westport, Connecticut London P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Morgan, Matthew J. A democracy is born : an insider’s account of the battle against terrorism in Afghanistan / Matthew J. Morgan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN–13: 978–0–275–99999–5 (alk. paper) 1. Afghan War, 2001– 2. Afghanistan–Politics and government–2001– I. Title. DS371.412.M67 2007 958.1047–dc22 2007027876 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright C 2007 by Matthew J. Morgan All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007027876 ISBN-13: 978–0–275–99999–5 First published in 2007 Praeger Security International, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 For Murad and Sahar, Whom I shall never forget, And for all Afghans struggling For a better tomorrow. GGBD145FMP1: 000 C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 Faisabad Balkh Mazar-e Sharif Konduz Konduz Takhar Badakhsan Gouzgan Samangan Baghlan Faryab 1 Sar-e Pol Bagram 2 Badghis Asadabad 1 – Panshir Bamiyan 3 4 5 6 2 – Nuristan 3 – Parwan Wardak Kabul Jalalabad Herat Ghor 4 – Kapisa Herat Puli Alam 7 8 5 – Laghman Deh Kundi Gardez 6 – Konar Shindand Ghazni 9 10 7 – Logar Ghazni Khost 8 – Nangarhar Oruzgan 9 – Paktya Deh Rawood Orgun E Farah Zabul Paktika 10 – Khost Farah Shkin Tarin Kowt Lashkar Gar Qalat Kandahar Nimroz Helmand Kandahar Spin Boldak Afghanistan Provinces and Major Cities P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 CONTENTS Preface ix 1. Stories of Afghanistan 1 2. The Security Infrastructure of Post-Taliban Afghanistan 19 3. Victory over Terrorism in the Presidential Election 59 4. Vengeance—The Taliban Strikes Back After the Election 86 5. The Assembly Elections 117 6. Prospects for Afghan Democracy 143 Index 171 P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 PREFACE This book is designed to relate the exciting transition of one of the poorest countries in the world to democratic governance. Leaving its tradition of the anarchic chaos and “might-makes-right” regimes of the past, Afghanistan’s movement to self-governance is as revolutionary as any other in history. The change is more dramatic than the American Revolution, when the new American democracy maintained a representative form of government sim- ilar to our British roots in developing its new Constitution. The change is also more positive than the French Revolution, which resurged into tyranny and anarchy at various points. The Afghan Revolution of democratic gover- nance, albeit aided and guided by international military and political powers, is thus one of the most historic events of our time. Written by a U.S. Army military intelligence officer, the discussion herein provides readers a candid and frank account of Afghanistan’s first presiden- tial election and transition to democratic self-governance. In particular, I speak to the security apparatus and measures protecting the election. The election security process was a culminating defeat for the al Qaeda and Taliban terrorist insurgents attempting to frustrate Afghanistan’s develop- ment into a democratic nation. This narrative on Afghan development is interspersed with firsthand, personal accounts of my ten-month deployment as an officer serving in the U.S. military in Afghanistan. Embedded with the United Nations in a civilian-clothes role, I can also speak from the perspec- tive of a UN security officer and bring some added experience to which most soldiers are not exposed on the battlefield. I have tried to make this “ground truth” as much as possible. So while this book is the story of the security efforts that led to the internationally acclaimed success of the historic Afghan elections process, I am also sharing P1: 000 GGBD145FM C9999/Morgan August 9, 2007 2:35 x Preface my personal story and personal experiences. A firsthand account like this has the advantage of immediate relation to the events involved, but it is just one person’s experience, and in that way, a “snapshot” of the moment in history upon which it is based. This book will hopefully tell the story of a nation and at the same time give you insight into the life of one soldier during his service to a country at war. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to several people without whom this book would not have been possible. First and foremost, I must thank the many people whose stories and opinions appear throughout the book. I would also like to express my gratitude with the following authors who shared their advice freely: Cole Kingseed, Nathaniel Fick, Andrew Exum, and Anita Gandolfo (to whom I owe a special thank you). Hilary Claggett of Greenwood is an exceptional editor and has been a tremendously helpful partner throughout the entire process. Nicole Azze of Greenwood and Saloni Jain of Aptara were extremely helpful in the production phase, ensuring the book made it to the finish line. Finally, two very good friends, Jennifer Walton and Linda Nguyen, amazed me by their willingness to help, conscientiousness, and uncanny ability to identify my mistakes, making this book so much better because of their thoughtful suggestions. P1: 000 GGBD145C01 C9999/Morgan August 8, 2007 23:56 CHAPTER 1 Stories of Afghanistan The presidential election was a crucial milestone and culminating point in the international intervention in Afghanistan, the development and recon- struction process there, and the fight against al Qaeda and international Islamist terrorist organizations. The election would be a clear step forward for Afghanistan as a democratic nation capable of self-governance in the modern Western model. It would also be an opportunity for the public to ratify the new beginnings for Afghanistan by participating in the vote. The Taliban insurgency and its allies had decided to make the election a focal point as well. They were massing their efforts to disrupt the election, derail the democratization process, embarrass the foreign Western interlopers, and to set conditions for the reemergence of a Muslim state. The United Nations was conducting several development operations in Afghanistan in 2004, but it recognized supporting the elections as its most important role. Similarly, the international military presence in Afghanistan, led by the United States, placed the successful Afghan presidential election as its highest priority. A month before the November 2004 U.S. election, the Afghan milestone could either be a visible and substantial demonstration of progress or a seri- ous setback for the credibility of the American government under the Bush Administration. I spent ten months in Afghanistan serving in several different capacities as a military intelligence captain in the U.S. Army. This narrative will describe my experiences during this deployment. Being responsible for intelligence for the Afghan election gave me insights into the democratic process for the country as well as key events leading up to the election. These are some of the principal themes of this book. But first, I am going to tell the story of four Afghans whose paths crossed mine during my visit to their country: Zali Kha, P1: 000 GGBD145C01 C9999/Morgan August 8, 2007 23:56 2 A Democracy Is Born a small girl in a remote province; Khoshall Murad, a young man yearning for a better Afghanistan; Siddiqa Sahar Gul, a young woman working in a system of new rights and freedoms for women; and Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Mohammed, a battle-hardened military officer desperately fighting for his new country. STORIES OF FOUR AFGHANS Much of the story I will relate herein is a story of people in Afghanistan.