Insect Behaviour As a Factor in Applied Entomology
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Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MJSCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-I'"i nit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture WMW (Publication 3013) t APR5-k CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Publication 3013) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 Z^c Bovb (^aPfttnorc (preee BALTIMORE, MD., O. 8. A, TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA By N. E. McIndoo senior entomologist, deciduous-fruit insect investigations, bureau of entomology, u. s. department of agriculture CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 A. Tropisins 2 I. Phototaxis 3 1. Review of literature : 3 (a) Definitions and problems in the study of light reactions... 3 (b) Are light reactions adaptive ? 4 (c) Is orientation accomplished by selection of trial movements? 5 (d) How do light rays bring about orientation? 5 (e) Do circus movements support Loeb's theory? 5 (f ) What wave lengths stimulate insects most? 6 (g) Light traps are not yet considered successful 9 2. Phototactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 10 II. Chemotaxis 14 1. Review of literature 14 2. Chemotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 17 III. Geotaxis 19 1. Review of literature 19 2. Geotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 20 IV. Thigmotaxis 21 1. Review of literature 21 2. Thigmotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 22 B. -
Ovary Signals for Directional Pollen Tube Growth
Sex Plant Reprod (2001) 14:3–7 © Springer-Verlag 2001 REVIEW M. Herrero Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 Abstract In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a work has focussed on pollen tube growth along the stig- secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers ma and style, the ovary has been neglected; it has often that envelop each other. The embryo sac is surrounded been assumed that once the pollen tubes arrive at the by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integu- base of the style fertilisation occurs. However, informa- ments forming the ovule, which is nested in the ovary. tion is converging toward the concept (Herrero 2000) These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little that the process is far from straightforward, and that in “gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its way towards the ovary, also, an interesting male-female interaction the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that occurs. the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and direct- A close look at the ovary shows that the female game- imng the pollen tube on the right course. There are three tophyte has a secluded life, protected by a number of main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One concentric layers that consecutively envelop each other. relates to developmental changes in the female tissues Thus, the embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second re- which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the fers to defective ovule mutants, which induce defective ovule, which is nested in the ovary. -
Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 28 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M2) 28-57 Open Access Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi Alexander Lichius1,* and Kathryn M. Lord2 1Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract: Research on cell communication and differentiation in filamentous fungi has provided a number of novel insights into chemoattractive mechanisms in recent years. Still, identification of specific chemoattractant molecules, cognate receptors and downstream signaling pathways is strongly biased towards those involved in mating; probably due to the relative ease of functional genomic comparison to the budding yeast model. The multicellular nature of filamentous fungi, however, preserved a more complex morphology compared to unicellular fungi and revealed chemoattractive mechanisms lost during yeast evolution. Two hallmarks of this higher complexity are the formation of an interconnected colony network and the development of elaborate sexual reproductive organs. Morphogenesis of both structures depends on two different modes of chemoattraction: attraction to self and attraction to nonself. Nonself chemoattraction between genetically distinct mating partners is the basis for sexual reproduction and generally regulated through a bilateral sex- pheromone/cognate-receptor system, widely but not exclusively equivalent to that known from yeasts. In contrast, self- chemoattraction between genetically identical cells is regulated independently of the sex-pheromone/cognate-receptor systems, and does not exist in yeast. Although both chemoattractive modes do share a number of molecular components, we are only beginning to understand how cell morphogenesis is regulated by means of gene expression and targeted protein recruitment during the establishment of self-fusion. -
Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof. -
Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Term I
UNIT Living World of Plants - 6 Plant Physiology Learning Objectives At the end of this unit the students will be able to understand, that Plants too have certain autonomic movements how do plants produce their food through the process of photosynthesis? that Plants are the primary producers that feed the rest of the living organisms Introduction (sunflower) follows the path of the sun from dawn to dusk, (from east to west) and Animals move in search of food, shelter and during night it moves from west to east. for reproduction, even microorganisms The dance of Desmodium gyrans (Indian show movement. telegraph plant) leaf is mesmerizing. Do plants show such movement We see a branch of a tree shaking in heavy thunder storm; and leaves dancing in gentle wind. These movements are caused by an external agency. Do they Move on their 6.1 own Accord In short, do plants have spontaneous movements without external agency? Do they breathe? In this chapter we will study some of the biological functions of plants. 6.2 Do Plants Move The leaves of Mimosa pudica (touch-me- not plant) closes on touching, and in like manner, the stalk of Helianthus annuus Mimosa pudica 6 . L i v i ng Wo l d o P a nt P a nt P y s i o og 133 IX_Science Unit-6.indd 133 27-03-2018 12:31:36 Activity 1 Roots grow down and shoots grow up You can do this experiment with some of your friends. Step -1 It is easy and fun. Take four or ve earthen cups or small pots and ll them with soil from a eld. -
Chemical Gradients and Chemotropism in Yeast
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Chemical Gradients and Chemotropism in Yeast Robert A. Arkowitz Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Universite´ de Nice - Sophia Antipolis – CNRS UMR6543, Centre de Biochimie, Faculte´ des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, FRANCE Correspondence: [email protected] Chemical gradients of peptide mating pheromones are necessary for directional growth, which is critical for yeast mating. These gradients are generated by cell-type specific secretion or export and specific degradation in receiving cells. Spatial information is sensed by dedicated seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors and yeast cells are able to detect extremely small differences in ligand concentration across their 5-mm cell surface. Here, I will discuss our current knowledge of how cells detect and respond to such shallow chemical gradients and in particular what is known about the proteins that are involved in directional growth and the establishment of the polarity axis during yeast mating. hemical gradients play critical roles in a G-proteins, as well the mechanisms involved Clarge number of developmental processes. in detection of small differences in ligand con- These gradients, which are precisely controlled centration across a yeast cell. The third section at both temporal and spatial levels, provide focuses on the different cellular responses an efficient means of encoding vectorial during chemotropism, in addition to what is information. Although diverse fungi generate known about how a growth site and an axis of chemical pheromone gradients during mating, polarity are established in response to an exter- because of its genetic tractability, most studies nal gradient. -
Chemocyanin, a Small Basic Protein from the Lily Stigma, Induces Pollen Tube Chemotropism
Chemocyanin, a small basic protein from the lily stigma, induces pollen tube chemotropism Sunran Kim*†, Jean-Claude Mollet*†‡, Juan Dong*, Kangling Zhang§, Sang-Youl Park*, and Elizabeth M. Lord*¶ *Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, and §Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Edited by June B. Nasrallah, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved October 24, 2003 (received for review June 19, 2003) In plant reproduction, pollination is an essential process that 2–3 days of anthesis. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were delivers the sperm through specialized extracellular matrices (ECM) grown in a growth chamber (12 h light͞dark cycle) at 22°C. For of the pistil to the ovule. Although specific mechanisms of guid- the expression studies, mature anthers, petals, and pistils were ance for pollen tubes through the pistil are not known, the female collected on the day of anthesis, as well as leaves and roots. tissues play a critical role in this event. Many studies have docu- mented the existence of diffusible chemotropic factors in the lily Protein Purification. The protein purification method was de- stigma that can induce pollen tube chemotropism in vitro, but no scribed previously (12) and used with some modifications. molecules have been isolated to date. In this study, we identified Proteins from 64 g of stigmas, ground in PBS (0.14 M NaCl͞2.7 ͞ ͞ a chemotropic compound from the stigma by use of biochemical mM KCl 1.5 mM KH2PO4 8.1 mM Na2HPO4), were precipi- ⅐ methods. We purified a lily stigma protein that is active in an in tated between 25% and 90% (NH4)2 SO4, dialyzed, applied to a vitro chemotropism assay by using cation exchange, gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cation exchange column (pH 5.6), and and HPLC. -
Heterotrimeric-G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Yeast Mating Pheromone Response*
JBC Thematic Minireview Series on the "Cell Biology of G Protein Signaling" Dohlman HG (Ed.) Heterotrimeric-G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling in Yeast Mating Pheromone Response* Christopher G. Alvaro1 and Jeremy Thorner2 From the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202 Running Title: Yeast Mating Pheromone Receptors Corresponding Author: Prof. Jeremy Thorner, Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Room 526, Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202. Tel.: (510) 642-2558; FAX: (510) 642-6420; E-mail: [email protected] Key words: signal transduction; gene regulation; post-translational modification; protein phosphorylation; cell adhesion; cell cycle arrest; polarized morphogenesis; cell fusion; nuclear fusion. _________________________________________ from the middle of the longer arm of Chromosome III (1). Analysis of the DNA sequence, transcripts The DNAs encoding the receptors that respond and polypeptides encoded at the MATa and MATα to the peptide mating pheromones of the loci demonstrated that these sequences encode budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were transcriptional activators and repressors that, along isolated in 1985, and were the very first genes with additional factors for co-activation and co- for agonist-binding heterotrimeric-G-protein- repression, control expression of the genes that coupled receptors (GPCRs) to be cloned in any confer the characteristics of the two different organism. Now, over thirty years later, this haploid cell types (and of the diploids arising from yeast and its receptors continue to provide a their mating) (1). pathfinding experimental paradigm for The genes responsible for mating behavior that investigating GPCR-initiated signaling and its are controlled by the regulatory proteins encoded at regulation, as described in this retrospective MAT were largely identified in the search for and overview. -
Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae As a Model
Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton Department of Cell Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Daniel J. Lew, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefano Di Talia ___________________________ Steve Haase ___________________________ Terry Lechler ___________________________ Christopher Nicchitta Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cell Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton Department of Cell Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Daniel J. Lew, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefano Di Talia ___________________________ Steve Haase ___________________________ Terry Lechler ___________________________ Christopher Nicchitta An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cell Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton 2021 Abstract Budding yeast decode pheromone gradients to locate mating partners, providing a model of chemotropism in fungi. How yeast polarize toward a single partner in crowded environments is unclear. Initially, cells often polarize in unproductive directions, but then they -
Methods the Study of Chemotropic Response Because of Its
\A STUDY OF CHEMOTROPISM OF POLLEN TUBES IN VITRO TSUNG-HSUN TSAO1 (WITH THREE FIGURES) Received March 3, 1949 Introduction Although much has been added to our knowledge concerning the re- quirements for pollen germination and pollen tube growth in recent years (1, 2, 4, 10, 17, 18), very little progress has been made in studying chemo- tropism of pollen tubes. Literature dealing with this subject prior to 1924 has been reviewed by BRINK (3). There is an obvious lack of agreement among the different workers as to: (a) whether chemotropism of pollen tubes to pistil parts exists at all; and (b) if so, the role that chemotropism plays in directing the pollen tubes toward the egg. The present investiga- tion is an attempt to further our knowledge of this process. Methods The plant materials used during the course of this investigation came chiefly from the greenhouses of the Botany Department and the garden of the Horticulture Department of the University of Wisconsin. An attempt was made to use as many plant species as were available and had been re- ported in the literature to show positive pollen tube chemotropism, with a view to confirming and testing the earlier results. Of these plants, Hippeas- trumk Johnsoni, a hybrid, was found to be the most favorable material for the study of chemotropic response because of its large stigma and pollen grains. Its use, however, was limited by its restricted flowering season. The medium found most suitable for culturing pollen tubes of most plants contained 1%o agar, 10% sucrose and yeast extract at a concentra- tion of 100 p.p.m. -
DEMONSTRATION of the CHEMOTROPISM of POLLEN TUBES in VITRO in FOUR PLANT SPECIES L
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by KnowledgeBank at OSU DEMONSTRATION OF THE CHEMOTROPISM OF POLLEN TUBES IN VITRO IN FOUR PLANT SPECIES l A. J. LINCK2 AND G. W. BLAYDES Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 The phenomenon of chemotropism has been reported for pollen tubes (Beck and Joly, 1941; Brink, 1924; Lidforss, 1899; Miyoshi, 1894a; Molisch, 1893; and Tsao, 1949) for the spores of certain fungi (Graves, 1916; Miyoshi, 1894b) and for the organs of higher plants such as roots (Newcombe and Rhodes, 1904). Although numerous species of higher vascular plants have been studied, only about 10 species produced pollen which exhibited chemotropic characteristics toward some part of the pistil of the same species. Examples of this phenomenon were first reported at the end of the 19th century (Lidforss, 1899; Molisch, 1893). The literature up to 1924 has been reviewed by Brink. Tsao conducted an ex- tensive study of the chemotropism of pollen tubes and reported her results in 1949 with a review of the literature up to that time. The chemical or chemicals re- sponsible for the tropic response have never been isolated. This present study was initiated as a survey of a small number of species of plants, most of which had never been studied previously, for the possibility of the occurrence of the chemotropic characteristic of the pollen tubes toward plant parts of the same species. MATERIALS AND METHODS In most of the research reported in the literature, a method in vitro was used to demonstrate chemotropism of pollen tubes.