Mémoire. Vaccinium

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Mémoire. Vaccinium UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (D.E.A) BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE ETUDE DE LA MATURATION DES FRUITS DE «VOARAMONTSINA » (Vaccinium emirnense -ERICACEAE): VARIATION S DES ACTIVITES ANTIOXYDANTE ET HYPOGLYCEMIANTE Présenté par: Mioralalaina Rovasoa RARINIRINA (Maître ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 27 Octobre 2010 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Professeur Isabelle RATSIMIALA RAMONTA Rapporteur : Docteur Aro Vonjy RAMAROSANDRATANA Examinateurs : Docteur Eliane RALAMBOFETRA : Docteur David RAMANITRAHASIMBOLA UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (D.E.A) BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE ETUDE DE LA MATURATION DES FRUITS DE «VOARAMONTSINA» (Vaccinium emirnense-ERICACEAE): VARIATIONS DES ACTIVITES ANTIOXYDANTE ET HYPOGLYCEMIANTE Présenté par : Mioralalaina Rovasoa RARINIRINA (Maître ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 27 Octobre 2010 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Professeur Isabelle RATSIMIALA RAMONTA Rapporteur : Docteur Aro Vonjy RAMAROSANDRATANA Examinateurs : Docteur Eliane RALAMBOFETRA : Docteur David RAMANITRAHASIMBOLA Photo de couverture : Fruit de Vaccinium emirnense (Cliché de l’auteur) REMERCIEMENTS Le présent travail est le fruit de la collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de l’Université d’Antananarivo et l’Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA). Qu’il m’est permis d’exprimer ici mes reconnaissances et ma gratitude à tous ce qui ont rendu ce travail possible. Mes remerciements les plus sincères s’adressent aux membres de Jury : ℘ Madame Isabelle RATSIMIALA RAMONTA, Professeur, Responsable de la formation du troisième cycle, option Physiologie Végétale, qui a bien voulu me faire l’insigne d’honneur de présider ce mémoire malgré ses multiples engagements. Qu’elle trouve ici l’expression de ma haute considération. ℘ Monsieur Aro Vonjy RAMAROSANDRATANA, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, mon encadreur, qui m’a proposé ce sujet et m’a guidé minutieusement tout au long de ce travail en dépit de ses énormes responsabilités. Ses critiques et ses précieux conseils, ont été fort utiles. Qu’il veuille recevoir mes plus vifs remerciements et ma profonde reconnaissance. ℘ Madame Eliane RALAMBOFETRA, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, qui a porté un grand intérêt à ce travail et a accepté de siéger parmi les membres du jury en tant qu’examinateur. Ses recommandations ont été très indispensables pour l’amélioration de ce travail. Qu’elle trouve ici le témoignage de ma gratitude. ℘ Monsieur David RAMANITRAHASIMBOLA, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté de Médecine, qui a accepté d’examiner ce travail afin d’optimiser sa qualité et sa valeur. Il m’a également transmis ses connaissances et m’a accordé des appuis techniques au cours de l’élaboration de ce travail. Sa présence parmi les membres de jury m’honore. Mémoire de DEA Miora RARINIRINA i Je tiens aussi à exprimer mes vifs remerciements à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé à l’accomplissement de ce travail : ℘ Au Professeur Suzanne URVERG-RATSIMAMANGA, Président de l’IMRA qui m’a permis d’effectuer mes travaux de recherche au sein de son institut et pour son soutien financier dans le cadre de cette œuvre. ℘ Au Docteur Voahangy RAMANANDRAIBE, Enseignant chercheur du Département de Chimie organique de la Faculté des Sciences, qui n’a ménagé ni son temps ni son expérience pour m’encadrer dans la partie chimie. Qu’elle veuille trouver ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. ℘ A l’équipe de l’Unité de Recherche sur la Récolte et les Traitements Post-Récoltes (RTPR) de l’IMRA qui a su prouver la solidarité et la collaboration. Un grand merci particulier à ANTSONANTENAINARIVONY Goum pour tous les services qu’il m’a rendu durant tous les travaux de terrain, qu’il soit assuré de mon énorme reconnaissance. ℘ Aux personnels des laboratoires de Chimie marine et de Phytochimie (IMRA), de Physiologie Végétale et de Biochimie de la Faculté des Sciences, qui m’ont aidée dans la réalisation de mes travaux. ℘ Tous les enseignants au sein de la Faculté des Sciences pour leurs supports pédagogiques durant mon cursus universitaire. ℘ Aux habitants d’Andandemy-Manjakandriana, particulièrement à la famille Jean- Pierre, qui nous ont toujours accueillis chaleureusement. Merci à notre guide, Mr. Théo, qui nous a constamment accompagnés avec enthousiasme sur terrain. ℘ A mes parents, pour leur grand amour et leurs appuis inconditionnels ; à mes frères et belles-sœurs qui m’ont tout donné sans rien en retour, à Karl pour son amour et son soutien malgré la distance, et à tous mes amis qui m’ont soutenu dans les moments difficiles. « Merci à vous tous qui m’avez aidé inlassablement à la réalisation de ce travail, je vous remercie du fond du cœur. » Mémoire de DEA Miora RARINIRINA ii LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS AFSSA : Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments DPPH : 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl CE 50 : Concentration efficace inhibant 50% des radicaux de DPPH FRAP : Ferric reducing ability of plasma IC α=5% : Intervalle de confiance calculé avec un risque α=0,05 OMS : Organisation Mondiale de la Santé ORAC : Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity PAC A : Proanthocyanidine de type A PEP : Phosphoenolpyruvate PMF : Poids de la matière fraîche PMS : Poids de la matière sèche PTG : Produits terminaux de la glycation TEAC : Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity TSS : Total de solides solubles UTI : Urinary tract infections GLOSSAIRE Acidocétose : Elévation excessive de l'acidité du sang due à une accumulation d'éléments appelés corps cétoniques Angiogenèse : Croissance de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir de vaisseaux préexistants Brousse éricoïde : formation végétale à abondance d’espèces d’Ericacées. Cellules β langheransiennes : cellules pancréatiques productrices d’insuline Glycation : Réaction entre un sucre et une protéine générant des protéines glyquées (PTG) qui ne peuvent être ni détruites, ni libérées de la cellule. Ces protéines glyquées s'accumulent ainsi dans les cellules, les encrassant ou causant des mutations des gènes. Glycémie : Taux de glucose dans le sang Insuline : Hormone sécrétée par le pancréas régulant le métabolisme du glucose Sénescence : Etape du développement qui suit la maturité, durant laquelle le produit se dégrade progressivement. Véraison : Etape correspondant au démarrage de la maturation du fruit. Mémoire de DEA Miora RARINIRINA iii SOMMAIRE LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... iii GLOSSAIRE .......................................................................................................................................................................... iii LISTE DES PHOTOS ..........................................................................................................................................................vi LISTE DES FIGURES .........................................................................................................................................................vi LISTE DES CARTES ......................................................................................................................................................... vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................................................................... vii LISTE DES ANNEXES...................................................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 GENERALITES...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 I- LE GENRE Vaccinium A MADAGASCAR ........................................................................................................ 3 I.1- Descriptions de Vaccinium emirnense ........................................................................................... 3 I.2- Caractéristiques écologiques des habitats de «voaramontsina» ......................................... 5 I.3- Connaissance ethnobotanique de «voaramontsina» à Madagascar ................................... 5 II- LE GENRE Vaccinium DANS LE MONDE ...................................................................................................... 6 III-MATURATION DES FRUITS ............................................................................................................................... 8 IV-LES ACTIVITES ANTIOXYDANTES ............................................................................................................... 12 IV.1- L’oxydation dans l’organisme ....................................................................................................... 12 IV.2- Quelques méthodes d’évaluation de la capacité antioxydante d’un produit ............ 12 IV.2.1- Test de réduction du radical stable, le DPPH ............................................................ 13 IV.2.2- Test TEAC
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