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William G. Brown and the Development of Education: a Retrospective on the Career of a State Superintendent of Public Education of African Descent in Louisiana Peter J

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William G. Brown and the Development of Education: a Retrospective on the Career of a State Superintendent of Public Education of African Descent in Louisiana Peter J Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 William G. Brown and the Development of Education: A Retrospective on the Career of a State Superintendent of Public Education of African Descent in Louisiana Peter J. (Peter Jarrod) Breaux Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WILLIAM G. BROWN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION: A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE CAREER OF A STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION OF AFRICAN DESCENT IN LOUISIANA By PETER J. BREAUX A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Peter J. Breaux All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Peter J. Breaux defended on October 20, 2006. _____________________________ Joe M. Richardson Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________ Patrick L. Mason Outside Committee Member ____________________________ Maxine D. Jones Committee Member ____________________________ Neil B. Betten Committee Member ____________________________ Peter P. Garretson Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the helpful assistance and support of countless others, studies such as this are impossible. First, I would like to acknowledge my parents, Lula Harris Breaux and Charles Peter Breaux for their continued advice, patience, faith, motivation, and guidance offered throughout life. My grandparents taught by way of example, life lessons of hard work and responsibility. To them I am forever grateful. My godparents Mary Gold Hardesty, Walter Harris, and cousin, Joyce Jenkins expressed interest in my success and the completion of the project. I appreciate their concern. I am indebted to my Doctoral Advisor and Defense Committee Chair, Dr. Joe M. Richardson, Emeritus Professor of History, for early encouragement and continued interest concerning the topic of this study. Dr. Richardson also demonstrated by way of example, the definition of a historian and educator. Committee members Drs. Maxine D. Jones, Neil B. Betten, Peter P. Garretson, and Patrick L. Mason offered their valuable time and professional expertise. As committee members and individuals, they uphold the high standards of academia. On a related note, I am also indebted to Dr. Raymond Lockett, Chair, Southern University and A&M College Department of History for not only providing opportunities and continued motivation, but for suggesting this topic of study. Last but not least, I would also like to thank past and present members of the Academic Support Team of the Florida State University Department of History; Debbie, Chris, and Rita for their significant registration iii assistance, knowledge of “the system,” and diligence concerning reminders of critical deadlines. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................... vi PREFACE ........................................................... vii 1. PRELUDE: THE EARLY LIFE OF WILLIAM G. BROWN AND EARLY YEARS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN LOUISIANA, 1831-1862 ............................................ 1 2. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION, 1862- 1867 ................................................ 19 3. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION, 1867- 1872 ................................................ 37 4. INTERLUDE: WILLIAM G. BROWN, 1870-1872 .............. 67 5. SUPERINTENDENT WILLIAM G. BROWN, 1872-1876 ......... .98 6. THE POLITICS OF RACE AND EDUCATION DURING THE BROWN ADMINISTRATION ...................................... 146 7. POSTLUDE: WILLIAM G. BROWN, 1877-1883 .............. 179 CONCLUSION ...................................................... 188 APPENDIX A. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF LOUISIANA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, 1868-1877 ................. 193 B. REPORT OF EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE .......................................... 194 C. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION OF APPLICANTS FOR TEACHERSHIPS ....................................... 196 D. DESCRIPTION OF COMMEMORATION MEDAL ................. 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... 205 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................. 220 v ABSTRACT William G. Brown was one of few black state education superintendents nationwide during Reconstruction, and the first in Louisiana. The study examines the significance of William G. Brown and his administration in relation to the educational development of Louisiana and relevant social and political issues of the day. The manuscript initially addresses the pre-Civil War educational development of Louisiana and early, available information on Brown. The profound social, political, and economic changes precipitated by the Civil War and Reconstruction also had educational corollaries. Mixed (integrated) schooling, one of the most controversial measures in post-Civil War Louisiana transcended education to become one of the defining issues of Reconstruction. During his tenure, Superintendent Brown’s integrity, leadership, and skill in navigating such matters earned him the respect of many. In an effort to gain greater insight into Brown’s personality, this study follows the course of Brown’s career immediately before and after the superintendency. Important factors such as Brown’s philosophy of education and administrative style are also considered in assessing the overall effectiveness of Brown’s educational leadership. vi PREFACE The administration of William G. Brown as State Superintendent of Public Education of Louisiana (1872-1876) was noteworthy in many respects. Brown was one of only four blacks elected state education superintendent in the United States during Reconstruction (1862-1877).1 He was also one of the few blacks elected to high administrative office, of any type during the period, which saw the first generation of black elected officials in the nation’s history.2 Furthermore, Brown’s administration as State Superintendent of Public Education began amid the political difficulties occurring in the fallout of the Election of 1872. In hindsight, this proved to be a critical juncture in Louisiana’s history, the latter phase of Reconstruction. William P. Kellogg, elected governor in 1872, suffered from a severe crisis of political legitimacy, which not only undermined his ability to manage the state but also consumed his term. Within this environment, Kellogg’s substantial opposition questioned and challenged the legitimacy and effectiveness of the entire Kellogg Administration, which included Brown and the State Department of Education. Despite Brown’s actual position of prominence in Louisiana’s government and history, very few studies have accorded his administration either attention or respect. Earlier studies of Reconstruction in Louisiana either ignored Brown’s presence entirely or minimized his 1The other state superintendents included Thomas W. Cardozo- Mississippi, Joseph C. Corbin-Arkansas, and Reverend Jonathan G. Gibbs- Florida. See Eric Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University, 1993). 2Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 (New York: Vintage, 1965), 141, 142. vii contributions. Revisionist approaches, while recognizing Brown’s importance, have usually focused on other concerns during the period. As a consequence, Brown was often relegated to background status.3 As the executive of the State Department of Education, Brown confronted educational parallels to the state’s larger political issues. The issue of mixed (integrated) schools proved to be the most divisive and volatile of educational concerns. Desegregation of schools, implemented by Brown’s predecessor continued through the Brown Administration and it was during his tenure that a definite and violent response to desegregated schools manifested itself. This study will evaluate the manner in which William G. Brown and his administration approached these and other issues. The initial chapter provides early, available information on Brown and also general background on Louisiana’s educational development to the Civil War. Succeeding chapters discuss the roles of Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction on education, and the emergence of Brown. In the process, the study focuses on Brown’s public life and career up to the superintendency. The fifth chapter is devoted mainly to Brown’s career as superintendent and his treatment of pertinent educational matters such as revenue, personnel, management, and teacher concerns. The following chapter discusses 3For example, see Edwin W. Fay, The History of Education in Louisiana in Contributions to American Educational History, ed. Herbert B. Adams (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898); Ella Lonn, Reconstruction in Louisiana After 1868 (New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1918); Thomas H. Harris, The Story of Public Education in Louisiana (New Orleans: Delgado Trade School, 1924). For examples of revisionist studies see John W. Blassingame, Black New Orleans, 1860-1880 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1973); Joe Gray Taylor, Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863-1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1974). viii desegregation matters, the racial climate, and the Election of 1876 and its outcome.
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