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The 1868 St. Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest

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The 1868 St. Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2012 The 1868 t.S Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest Episode of Violence Matthew hrC istensen University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Christensen, Matthew, "The 1868 t.S Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest Episode of Violence" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 190. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/190 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 1868 ST. LANDRY MASSACRE: RECONSTRUCTION'S DEADLIEST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE by Matthew Christensen A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2012 THE 1868 ST. LANDRY MASSACRE: RECONSTRUCTION'S DEADLIEST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE by Matthew Christensen A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2012 __________________________________________________________________ Major Professor Date ________________________________________________________________________ Graduate School Approval Date ii ABSTRACT THE 1868 ST. LANDRY MASSACRE: RECONSTRUCTION'S DEADLIEST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE by Matthew Christensen The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2012 Under the Supervision of Professor Robert S. Smith The St. Landry Massacre is representative of the pervasive violence and intimidation in the South during the 1868 presidential canvass and represented the deadliest incident of racial violence during the Reconstruction Era. Southern conservatives used large scale collective violence in 1868 as a method to gain political control and restore the antebellum racial hierarchy. From 1865-1868, these Southerners struggled against the federal government, carpetbaggers, and Southern black populations to gain this control, but had largely failed in their attempts. After the First Reconstruction Act of March, 1867 forced Southern governments to accept universal male suffrage, Southern conservatives utilized violence and intimidation to achieve their goals, which escalated as the 1868 presidential election neared. Violence was nearly omnipresent in Louisiana during the presidential canvass and was the primary reason behind the Democratic victory in the state. This violence not only succeeded in its initial goal of securing a victory for the Democratic Party during the 1868 presidential election, but long term consequences also arose. Louisiana responded to the violence with a series of election laws, one creating iii the Returning Board on Elections, a potentially corrupt committee that could decide elections in the state by invalidating votes it deemed to be obtained by fraud. Nationally, the First Enforcement Act protected black voters and rights granted by previous reconstruction legislation. St. Landry Parish illustrates the local shift of power after 1868, where an instance of conservative boss rule occurred and the parish Republican Party was unable to fully recover for the remainder of Reconstruction. By 1874, conservative Democratic control was so complete in St. Landry that it became home to Louisiana's first White League. Although 1868 was the peak of Reconstruction Era violence, conservative Democrats resorted to force when other attempts at regional control failed for the remainder of the period. __________________________________________________________________ Major Professor Date iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Early Power Struggles During Reconstruction 1 II. The Redemption of St. Landry Parish 31 III. To Maintain the White Man's Government 69 Bibliography 99 v 1 Chapter I Early Power Struggles in the South During Reconstruction The St. Landry Massacre of 1868 was not an isolated incident. Instead, the events in St. Landry serve as both a case study in and a precursor for the violence that would come to earmark the Reconstruction Era. This violence emerged out of the struggle between former Southern confederate loyalists, Southern black populations, Republican politicians in the South, pejoratively known in the region as carpetbaggers, and the federal government in deciding the scope and scale of freedmen's rights after emancipation. White Southerners, who were overwhelmingly Democrats, generally preferred a return to the antebellum racial hierarchy while Republicans promoted steps towards equality for the freedmen. Southern attempts to control the freedmen labor force, including labor fraud, economic sanctions, and legislation, largely failed by 1868 and forced changes in Democratic strategies. These failures, when combined with poor economic conditions, legislative setbacks, and an upcoming presidential election in 1868, led Democrats to champion violence and intimidation as means to acquire political victories. While these tactics did not lead Democrats to a national victory in the 1868 presidential election, they did win Louisiana and were able to secure a long-term power base in localities that could not effectively curtail large scale collective violence directed at Republicans, white and black alike. St. Landry Parish, being the center of the largest racial massacre during Reconstruction, was one of these locales, where no Republican organization was present that could threaten local Democratic superiority for the 2 remainder of the period. Democratic control was so secure that Thomas C. Anderson, a state Senator, was able to consolidate power in the parish after the massacre. By 1874, St. Landry became the home of the first Louisiana White League, a Democratic paramilitary organization designed to remove Republican officeholders from their positions. To understand why the massacre occurred, economic, social, and political realities of St. Landry Parish and Louisiana as a whole must be examined first. After the Civil War, the Southern economy was in shambles. In Louisiana, capital and credit starved planters often struggled to make ends meet and natural disasters in both 1866 and 1867 crippled production levels on farms. To complicate the situation, many Southerners lost significant portions of their wealth due to the emancipation of their slaves, who now required pay. The ensuing struggle to determine the system of labor and rights granted to the freedmen existed on the national, state, and local levels. The Freedmen's Bureau and Union Leagues attempted to aid the freedmen in their transition from slavery to freedom while Southern conservatives, led by multiple failed presidential vetoes, attempted to prevent any measures of reconstruction. These federal organizations also attempted to prevent methods of freedmen labor control by Southern conservatives, including labor fraud and economic sanctions. Southern states passed repressive Black Codes in 1865 and 1866, measures that were mostly counteracted by the Civil Rights Act of 1866. By March, 1867, universal male suffrage became inevitable with the First Reconstruction Act and violence became a strategy for controlling the South's black population. This violence escalated as the 1868 presidential election grew near and resulted in the utilization of large scale massacres to control the black vote. The 1868 massacres occurred as part of a progression of the sectional conflict over what 3 reconstruction should entail and only occurred after previous Southern attempts failed to wrest control from "Congressional usurp(ers)." 1 Reconstruction began early in Louisiana. In April 1862, General Benjamin F. Butler captured New Orleans, leaving Vicksburg as the last Southern stronghold on the Mississippi at this point of the Civil War. Given on January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in areas that were still in rebellion. Because Louisiana produced the vast majority of the nation's sugar and its production could not be replaced without importation, the federal army took control of sugar parishes within the state, which excluded slaves in this area from the Emancipation Proclamation. However, federal control did not reach throughout Louisiana, leaving many parishes in the northern and western areas of the state disputed. St. Landry Parish fell in the area outside of federal reach and was not fully secured until the war's end. In the federally controlled region, blacks were forced to remain at work on plantations under contract with army supervision, although corporal punishment was outlawed as a means to control labor. Planters conflicted often with both regional blacks and the Union army. By this point, the slaves, realizing they were on the precipice of freedom, began to assert rights such as a Saturday holiday. The Union army confiscated crops, property, and was often blamed for poor crop yields after occupation; the common Southern belief being that if slaves were not induced to work, productivity would fall drastically. Louisiana's constitutional convention of 1864 was able to abolish slavery in the state after Confederate General 1 Opelousas Courier , 5/16/1868. 4 Nathaniel P. Banks suffered multiple defeats in the Louisiana Red River campaign, but sufficient support for universal suffrage was still absent at this time. 2 Louisiana contained a distinct
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