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(2010) Ethiopian Environment Review No 1: Forum Ethiopian Environment Review Ethiopian Environment No. 1,2010 Forum for Environmentt Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 Sue Edwards (editor) IF WE TAKE CARE OF THE EARTH, THE EARTH WILL TAKE CARE OF US FORUM FOR ENVIRONMENT ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIAN ENVIRONMENT REVIEW NO 1 is published by Forum for Environment PO Box 10386 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251-(0)115-521662/1015 Fax: +251-(0)115-521034 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.ffe-ethiopia.org © FORUM FOR ENVIRONMENT, 2010 The Forum for Environment (FfE) received financial support to produce this publication from BothENDS, based in the Netherlands. Citation is encouraged. Short excerpts may be translated and/or reproduced without prior permission, on condition that the source is fully acknowledged and FfE is notified. This publication cannot be used for any commercial purpose without prior written permission from the publisher. Responsibility for the content and for the opinions expressed rest solely with the authors. Cover layout and design: Heran Woldu – [email protected] Design of the body: Sue Edwards – [email protected] Printed by: Eclipse Printing Press, Addis Ababa This publication can be cited as: Edwards, Sue (ed.), 2010. Ethiopian Environment Review No. 1. Forum for Environment, Addis Ababa. ETHIOPIAN ENVIRONMENT REVIEW NO 1 CONTENTS EDITORIAL BOARD ............................................................................................ v REVIEWERS ........................................................................................................ v ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................... vii PREFACE ........................................................................................................ xiii SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... xv LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES FOR ENVIRONMENT IN ETHIOPIA IN 2008 – Mellese Damtie .............................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 2. Federal Laws .......................................................................................... 2 3. Regional Laws ...................................................................................... 10 4. Questionnaire Responses on Decision Making Powers of Government Organs on Issues Related to Environment ................... 17 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 18 POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT IN ETHIOPIA: AN OVERVIEW – Selome Bekele & Assefa Hailemariam ............................. 23 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 23 2. Population Dynamics ........................................................................... 23 3. Components of Population Change ..................................................... 33 4. Population–Environment Nexus ......................................................... 41 5. Conferences, Policies and Legal frameworks on Population ............. 48 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 53 REVIEW OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT IN ETHIOPIA IN 2008 – Tadesse Amera ...................................................................................... 61 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 61 2. Energy and Urban Environment in Ethiopia ..................................... 62 3. Biogas Latrines and Their Contribution to Urban Energy and Sanitation ............................................................................................. 63 4. Air Pollution from Traffic in the Urban Environment ...................... 64 5. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Relation to Urban Environment ............................................................................. 64 6. Solid Waste Management .................................................................... 66 7. Urban Agriculture ................................................................................ 71 8. Urban Green Areas .............................................................................. 74 ~ iii ~ Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 ETHIOPIAN ENERGY SECTOR REVIEW FOR UP TO 2008 – Hilawe Lakew ........................................................................................ 79 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 79 2. Energy Resources ................................................................................. 79 3. Energy Supply and Use ........................................................................ 80 4. Institutional framework ...................................................................... 86 5. Issues and Constraints ......................................................................... 89 6. Major Activities in the Sector .............................................................. 95 7. Recommendations and Future Directions ........................................ 101 WETLANDS OF ETHIOPIA: OVERVIEW OF RECENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES – Tenalem Ayenew ................................................................ 105 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 105 2. Distribution of Wetlands .................................................................... 106 3. Values of Wetlands ............................................................................. 108 4. Environmental Changes .................................................................... 110 5. The Way Forward ............................................................................... 121 REVIEW OF FOREST, WOODLAND AND BUSHLAND RESOURCES IN ETHIOPIA UP TO 2008 – Mulugeta Lemenih & Tadesse Woldemariam ................................... 131 1. Background ......................................................................................... 131 2. Forests and Other Vegetation Resources .......................................... 132 3. Socio-Economic and Ecological Importance ...................................... 142 4. Forest Management Efforts ............................................................... 149 5. Institutional and Legal Issues ........................................................... 162 6. Global Issues and Their Implications for Sustainable Forest Development .................................................................................... 168 7. Gaps and Constraints ........................................................................ 169 8. The Way Forward ............................................................................... 173 REVIEW OF LAND DEGRADATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA UP TO 2008/09 – Berhan Gessesse ........................................................ 187 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 187 2. Concepts of Land, Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management ....................................................................................... 188 3. Legal Framework and International Conventions Supporting Sustainable Land Management ........................................................ 189 4. Land Degradation and Resource Management Studies in Ethiopia: An Overview ....................................................................... 192 5. Gaps, Constraints and Bottlenecks to Promote and Scale-Up Sustainable Land Management ........................................................ 204 ~ iv ~ Ethiopian Environment Review No 1, 2010 6. Opportunities to Promote and Scale-Up Sustainable Land Management in Ethiopia ................................................................... 209 7. Concluding Remark ............................................................................ 211 AN OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND RESPONSES IN ETHIOPIA – Aklilu Amsalu & Dereje Gebremichael ............................ 215 1. Background ......................................................................................... 215 2. Global Responses ................................................................................ 217 3. Climate Change in Ethiopia .............................................................. 219 4. Overview of Challenges and Prospects ............................................. 226 5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 227 EDITORIAL BOARD Ensermu Kelbessa: National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University (AAU); e-mail: [email protected] Masresha Fetene: Academic Vice President, Addis Ababa University (AAU); e-mail: [email protected] Negusu Aklilu: Director, Forum for Environment (FfE), Addis Ababa; e-mail [email protected] Sue Edwards: Director, Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Addis Ababa; e-mail: [email protected] Mahlet Tadesse: Co-organizer and Coordinator, Forum for Environment (FfE); e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] REVIEWERS Afework Hailu – Ethiopian Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA). Alebachew Adem – Forum for Social Studies (FSS) Demel Teketay – Forester, University of Botswana Habtemariam Abate – Sustainable Land Use Forum (SLUF) Meskir Tesfaye
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