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To Feed, Fuel, and Build the Heartland: Underwater Archaeological Investigations from the 2014 Field Season

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To Feed, Fuel, and Build the Heartland: Underwater Archaeological Investigations from the 2014 Field Season To Feed, Fuel, and Build the Heartland: Underwater Archaeological Investigations from the 2014 Field Season State Archaeology and Maritime Preservation Technical Report Series #15-002 Tamara L. Thomsen and Caitlin N. Zant Assisted by grant funding from the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, and the National Sea Grant College Program, this report was prepared by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute or the National Sea Grant College Program. Note: At the time of publication, Hanover, Success, and Pathfinder sites are pending listing on the State and National Registers of Historic Places. Amongst the quarry docks surveyed, Bass Island Brownstone Company is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and an amendment to the nomination to include information on the submerged dock ruins has been submitted. Hermit Island Brownstone Quarry and Stockton Island Brownstone Quarry are waiting additional terrestrial work by the National Park Service before a nomination packet can be submitted. Cover photo: Archaeologist Caitlin Zant documents the scow schooner Success in Whitefish Bay, Door County, Wisconsin. Copyright © 2015 by Wisconsin Historical Society All rights reserved CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS AND IMAGE............................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................... vi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 Research Design and Methodology................................................ 3 2. THE SCHOONER HANOVER................................................................ 5 Hanover Site Description............................................................... 12 3. THE SCOW SCHOONER SUCCESS.................................................... 19 Success Site Description................................................................ 31 4. THE SCHOONER PATHFINDER......................................................... 40 Pathfinder Site Description.................................................... 47 5. BROWNSTONE QUARRY DOCKS OF THE APOSTLE ISLANDS...................................................................................... 55 BASSWOOD ISLAND QUARRY Operational History.......................................................... 57 Quarry Dock Site Description.......................................... 62 HERMIT ISLAND QUARRY Operational History.......................................................... 70 Quarry Dock Site Description.......................................... 73 STOCKTON ISLAND QUARRY Operational History.......................................................... 80 Quarry Dock Site Description.......................................... 83 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................. 90 7. REFERENCES....................................................................................... 94 ii ILLUSTRATIONS AND IMAGES Figure Page 1. Location of the Hanover site.................................................................. 13 2. Side-scan sonar image of Hanover’s bow (Wisconsin DNR)................ 14 3. Screen Capture from VideoRay (Wisconsin DNR)................................. 14 4. Hanover site plan.................................................................................... 15 5. Portside of stempost with cant frames separated and fallen away......... 16 6. Aft end of the centerboard trunk, looking forward.................................. 17 7. Hanover’s sternpost and deadwood........................................................ 18 8. Success is one of the two scows in the foreground of this image of Manitowoc Harbor taken in 1887 (Wisconsin Historical Society, Image ID 38397)........................................................................... 23 9. Location of the Success site................................................................... 31 10. Archaeologists document the portside hull and bow of Success.......... 32 11. Success site plan................................................................................... 33 12. Remnants of Success’ rigging.............................................................. 35 13. Embossed writing on top of the capstan on the scow Success............. 37 14. Cast iron stove leg................................................................................ 38 15. Archaeologist documents the Success’ two-cylinder force pump........ 39 16. Location of the Pathfinder site............................................................. 47 17. Bow of Pathfinder................................................................................ 48 18. Aerial photo of Pathfinder site taken by pilot, Suzze Johnson............ 50 19. Aerial photo of Pathfinder site taken by pilot, Suzze Johnson............ 50 20. Keelson assembly and starboard side hull with reinforced framing.... 51 iii 21. Gudgeon aft of keelson assembly........................................................ 52 22. Fragment of the Centerboard trunk with pivot pin.............................. 53 23. Pathfinder site plan............................................................................. 54 24. Brownstone Quarrying in the Apostle Islands (Bayfield Historical Society Image 1980_1_515)........................................................ 56 25. Figure 26. Apostle Islands Quarry Dock Construction Features........ 58 26. Bass Island Brownstone Quarry (Bayfield Historical Society Image 1983_8_003)................................................................................ 61 27. Location of the Basswood Island Quarry site..................................... 63 28. Bass Island Quarry's main crib corner system.................................... 64 29. An archaeologist swims over Basswood Island Quarry’s main crib.. 65 30. Interior of the main crib at Basswood Island Quarry......................... 66 31. Rail located on the stone walkway leading from the main crib............. 67 32. A stone splitting wedge……................................................................. 67 33. Cut stone block with saw marks........................................................... 68 34. Southwest corner of the near shore crib............................................... 68 35. Basswood Island Brownstone Quarry Dock site plan ......................... 69 36. Excelsior Brownstone Quarry (Bayfield Historical Society Image 1980_1_514)................................................................................. 70 37. Cedar Bark Lodge and crib (Eckert 1985).......................................... 71 38. Location of the Excelsior Brownstone Quarry site.............................. 73 39. Hermit Island Brownstone Quarry Dock shoreline survey: Cut brownstone stacked on the shoreline............................................. 74 40. Hermit Island main dock construction detail....................................... 75 iv 41. Hermit Island north crib construction detail........................................ 75 42. Hermit Island Brownstone Quarry Dock site plan.............................. 76 43. Derrick pulley on finger pier cribbing................................................. 77 44. Rail track segments............................................................................. 78 45. State Archaeologist examines a turnbuckle on shore.......................... 79 46. Stockton Island Quarry dock (Bayfield Heritage Association Image 1980_1_549)................................................................................. 80 47. Location of the Ashland Brownstone Quarry site............................... 83 48. An archaeologist locates an axe head on Stockton Island Quarry’s main crib...................................................................................... 84 49. Corner of interior crib......................................................................... 85 50. Pulley.................................................................................................. 86 51. Wagon axil and leaf spike.................................................................. 86 52. Stockton Island Brownstone Quarry Dock site plan........................... 87 53. Leather Boots and Sole....................................................................... 88 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The projects within this report were conducted during the summer of 2014 by the Wisconsin Historical Society Maritime Preservation and Archaeology Program. The successful completion of this research relied heavily on the hard work and dedication of many different individuals and institutions. Major project funding was provided by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. Access to the brownstone quarry dock ruins was permitted through a research partnership with Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Special thanks to Dave Cooper, Cultural Resource Manager at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, who facilitated the partnership with National Park Service to allow the survey of the submerged dock ruins of three historic brownstone quarry operations on the Apostle Islands. Additionally, Dave provided access to NPS’ historical research about the Apostle Islands brownstone industry. None of the research would have been possible without the hours of dedication and work conducted by volunteer divers. These include George Mayhew,
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