Cross-Cultural Encounters in Frank Mccourt's Angela's Ashes, 'Tis And
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DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit “Cross-Cultural Encounters in Frank McCourt’s Angela’s Ashes, ‘Tis and Teacher Man “ Verfasserin Sonja Schöntag angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 343 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Anglistik und Amerikanistik Betreuer: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz-Karl Wöhrer Declaration of Authenticity I confirm to have conceived and written this thesis in English all by myself. Quotations from other authors are clearly marked and acknowledged in the bibliographical references either in footnotes or within the text. Any ideas borrowed and / or passages paraphrased from the works of other authors are truthfully acknowledged and identified in the footnotes. Sonja Schöntag Hinweis Diese Diplomarbeit hat nachgewiesen, dass die betreffende Kandidatin oder der betreffende Kandidat befähigt ist, wissenschaftliche Themen selbstständig sowie inhaltlich und methodisch vertretbar zu bearbeiten. Da die Korrekturen der/des Beurteilenden nicht eingetragen sind und das Gutachten nicht beiliegt, ist daher nicht erkenntlich mit welcher Note diese Arbeit abgeschlossen wurde. Das Spektrum reicht von sehr gut bis genügend. Die Habilitierten des Instituts für Anglistik und Amerikanistik bitten diesen Hinweis bei der Lektüre zu beachten. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2. FRANK MCCOURT AND THE GENRE OF THE MEMOIR ........................................................ 3 3. HYBRIDITY, STEREOTYPING AND IDENTITY ........................................................................... 5 3.1. POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM AND HYBRIDITY IN LITERARY THEORY ..................................................... 5 3.1.1. Hybridity ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 3.2. STEREOTYPES ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1. Anti-Irish Sentiment in the U.S. .................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.2. The Stage Irish .................................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.3. Historical and Fictional Stereotypes of the Irish ................................................................................ 13 3.3. IRISH NATIONAL IDENTITY ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.4. THE CONSTRUCTION OF IRISH IDENTITY IN AMERICAN LITERATURE ................................................ 16 3.5. AMERICAN NATIONALISM AND IRISH IMMIGRATION ............................................................................... 18 3.6. IRISH-AMERICAN IDENTITY: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HYPHEN ........................................................ 20 3.6.1. Imagined Ethnic Communities ................................................................................................................... 24 4. ANGELA’S ASHES ................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1. Ireland between the 1930s and 1950s .................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1.1. Fianna Fáil .................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1.2. Turmoil in the 1940s and 1950s ......................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.2. Historical Background in the USA – Irish Immigration .................................................................. 27 4.1.2.1. The 1930s and the Great Depression ................................................................................................................................ 28 4.1.2.2. Ellis Island .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2. SYNOPSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 30 4.3. KEY EPISODES: CROSS-CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS, HYBRIDITY AND STEREOTYPING ................... 31 4.3.1. Representations of ‘the Other’ .................................................................................................................... 32 4.3.2. Language and Accent ..................................................................................................................................... 33 4.3.3. Religion and the Church in Ireland .......................................................................................................... 35 4.3.3.1. Catholicism in Ireland .............................................................................................................................................................. 36 4.3.3.2. Ulster: Separation and Conflict ............................................................................................................................................ 38 4.3.4. The Role of the Irish Woman and Sexuality ......................................................................................... 40 5. ‘TIS ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 5.1. HISTORICAL SETTING .......................................................................................................................................... 44 5.1.1. The Korean War ............................................................................................................................................... 45 5.1.2. Immigration after World War II ............................................................................................................... 45 5.2. SYNOPSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 46 5.3. KEY EPISODES: CROSS-CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS, HYBRIDITY AND STEREOTYPING ................... 48 5.3.1. Cross-Cultural Understanding from a Psychological PerspectiVe .............................................. 48 5.3.2. Religion ................................................................................................................................................................. 50 5.3.3. Language and Accent ..................................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.4. The Hyphenated Self and Hybridity: In Between Cultures ............................................................. 56 5.3.5. The Other: Representations of Stereotypes in a Cross-Cultural EnVironment ...................... 59 5.3.5.1. Irish Stereotypes ........................................................................................................................................................................ 60 5.3.5.2. American Stereotypes ............................................................................................................................................................. 64 4.3.5.3. Stereotypes Applied to Puerto Ricans .............................................................................................................................. 65 4.3.5.4. Stereotypes Applied to Native Americans ...................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.5.5. Stereotypes Applied to Swedes ........................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3.5.6. Stereotypes Applied to Jews ................................................................................................................................................. 67 4.3.5.7. Stereotypes Applied to AFrican Americans .................................................................................................................... 68 6. TEACHER MAN ........................................................................................................................................ 69 6.1. SYNOPSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 69 6.1.1. Part I: It’s a long Road to Pedagogy ........................................................................................................ 70 6.1.2. Part II: Donkey on a Thistle ......................................................................................................................... 71 6.1.4. Part III: Coming AliVe in Room 205 .........................................................................................................