Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 3280-3283, April 1996 Ecology
Chemical egg defense in a green lacewing ( Ceraeochrysa smithi)* (N europtera I Chrysopidae I parental investment I fatty acids I aldehydes)
THOMAS EISNERH, ATHULA B. ATTYGALLE§, WILLIAM E. CoNNER~, MARIA EISNERt, ELLIS MAcLEoDII, AND JERROLD MEINWALD§ tsection of Neurobiology and Behavior and §Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; ~Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109; and IIDepartment of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
Contributed by Thomas Eisner, December 21, 1995
ABSTRACT The green lacewing Ceraeochrysa smithi C. smithi. We found this chrysopid to lay its eggs in clusters, (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), like other members of its family, in a characteristic spiral arrangement, with the egg stalks tilted lays its eggs on stalks, but it is unusual in that it coats these slightly toward the spiral center (Fig. 1 A and B). The number stalks with droplets of an oily fluid. The liquid consists of a of fluid droplets per stalk was in the range of 3-6 (Fig. 1 C and mixture of fatty acids, an ester, and a series of straight-chain D), with some variation depending on droplet size. We have, aldehydes. Relative to the eggs of a congeneric chrysopid that over the years, located a number of such clusters in the field lacks stalk fluid, the eggs of C. smithi proved well protected on various substrates, including fronds of palmetto (Serenoa against ants. Components of the fluid, in an assay with a repens, Saba! palmetto) and leaves of an introduced creeping fig cockroach, proved potently irritant. Following emergence tree (Ficus pumila ). In clusters where the eggs had hatched, the from the egg, C. smithi larvae imbibe the stalk fluid, thereby stalks were conspicuously free of droplets (Fig. 1B). possibly deriving nutritive benefit, defensive advantage, or Eggs were obtained in the laboratory from gravid females both. collected outdoors near light sources to which they had flown at night. Such females readily oviposited on paper when The neuropteroid insects of the family Chrysopidae, the confined in vials lined with paper. so-called green lacewings, are unusual in that they lay their Ceraeochrysa cubana. This congener of C. smithi lays un eggs at the tip of stalks (1). To produce an egg, a female first clustered eggs devoid of stalk fluid. Such eggs provided a applies a droplet of clear gelatinous fluid from the tip of the convenient control in the predation tests with ants. These eggs abdomen to the substrate. It then flexes the abdomen sharply were also obtained, as with C. smithi, from field-collected upward so as to pull the droplet into a thread, pauses momen females that oviposited on paper in vials. tarily, and squeezes out the egg. Thread hardening occurs Ant Predation Tests. These tests were carried out on the quickly, before the egg is entirely extruded. Chrysopids com foraging territory of a natural nest of the common ant, monly lay their eggs singly or in clusters, and on rare occasions Monomorium destructor. The ants were baited with dilute grouped, with the stalks tightly bundled (1). The stalks have honey solution, presented on small circular glass discs, to which long been assumed to provide the eggs with protection, and it the ants quickly laid trails. For a test, a group of 10 chrysopid was indeed shown that destalked eggs are more vulnerable to eggs, 5 of C. smithi and 5 of C. cubana, were placed in regular coccinellid beetle predation than normal eggs attached to their alternation in a circle (3- to 4-cm diameter) around one of the stalks (2). discs. The eggs had all been isolated from laboratory-laid In 1967, near Lake Placid, FL, one of us (T.E.) discovered clusters by cutting away a small square of the paper to which a cluster of chrysopid eggs whose stalks were conspicuously they were attached. Each egg was thereby provided with a basal beset with droplets of fluid. We eventually found such eggs to platform by which it could be stood upright. Tests were of 12 be relatively common and to belong to a known species, Nodita hr duration and consisted of checking frequently on the fate of floridana. Subsequently, again in Central Florida, two of us the eggs. Five replicates were done. (E.M. and T.E.) independently found the egg stalks of a second Chemistry. Stalk fluid was collected from a single, un known chrysopid, Ceraeochrysa smithi, also to be endowed with hatched, field-collected C. smithi egg cluster. Stalk droplets droplets. The nature of the droplets appeared to be different were taken up from four egg stalks with glass microcapillaries, in the two species: they were viscous and sticky in N. floridana which were sealed without solvent in a glass capsule (1.5-mm and oily in C. smithi. We suspected the fluid in both species to diameter, 20-mm length). This sample was analyzed directly by provide added protection to the eggs beyond what was pro gas chromatography using a convenient direct solid-sampling vided by the stalks alone. technique (3, 4). GC/MS analysis was performed using a We have had occasion since to study the egg stalk fluid of DB-5-coated capillary column (0.22 mm X 30m) in a Hewlett C. smithi in some detail. We elucidated the chemical compo Packard (HP) 5890 gas chromatograph linked to a HP mass sition of the fluid, showed it to be defensive against ants, and selective detector (35°C for 4 min, increased to 270oC at proved some of its components to be strongly active in a topical 15°C/min). For derivatization, another sample (fluid from 17 irritancy test with a cockroach. Furthermore, we noted the stalks, also collected with microcapillaries) was extracted with fluid to be ingested by the newly hatched larvae, which thereby hexane (5 J.Ll) and mixed with 1 J.Ll of N,N-dimethylhydrazine obtain their first meal. We present here these results. (DMH) (5). After 10 min at room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated and analyzed by GC/MS as de MATERIALS AND METHODS scribed above. Cockroach Irritancy Test. When a droplet of irritant chem Field observations, collection of chrysopids, and tests with ants ical is placed on one side or the other of the fifth abdominal were done on the grounds of a wildlife preserve, the Archbold tergite of a decapitated nymph of the cockroach Periplaneta Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands County, FL. Abbreviation: DMH, N,N-dimethylhydrazine. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge *This paper is no. 135 in the series Defense Mechanisms ofArthropods; payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in paper no. 134 is ref. 19. accordance with 18 U .S.C. § 1734 solely to indicate this fact. tTo whom reprint requests should be addressed.
3280
(6-8). (6-8). elsewhere elsewhere given given are are s, s, t c produ irritant irritant the the of of measure measure a a provides provides scratching scratching nd nd a sample sample
plant plant and and insect insect of of irritancy irritancy of of assessment assessment for for previously previously d d se u of of application application between between interval interval time time The The stimulated. stimulated. side side
have have we we which which assay, assay, the the of of Details Details chemical. chemical. the the of of potency potency the the of of leg leg hind hind the the with with site site the the scratches scratches nimal nimal e a e th americana, americana,
mm.) mm.) 0.5 0.5 ; ; mm 1 1 , , F C, C, ; ; mm 3 3 s: s: r (Ba . . A, A, lk a t s the the ong ong l a descends descends it it as as er er h anot after after droplet droplet stalk stalk one one
ingest ingest to to ithi ithi sm pausing pausing C. C. of of a a larv d d ge r e m e Freshly Freshly (F) (F) fluid. fluid. lk lk sta of of cubana) cubana) devoid devoid (C. (C. egg egg an an inspecting inspecting Ant Ant droplet.(£) droplet.(£) lk lk smithi smithi egg-sta C. C.
i i (D) (D) smith egg. egg. C. C. (C) (C) droplets). droplets). lk lk a t s of of ce ce n abse e e not ( ed ed h c t a h but but cluster cluster Comparable Comparable (B) (B) , , smithi unhatched. unhatched. C. C. of of cluster cluster Egg Egg (A) (A) 1. 1. FIG. FIG.
j j
r r
3181 3181 (1996) (1996) 93 93 USA USA Sci. Sci. Acad. Acad. Nat!. Nat!. . . Proc al. al. et et Eisner Eisner Ecology: Ecology: .....--.
3282 Ecology: Eisner et al. Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996)
5 20 eggs of both types unhesitatingly, and carried all away in quick T A B order. ,..... 4 u Chemistry. GC/MS analysis of the first fluid sample showed c: ! 15 the presence of trace quantities of many volatile constituents. Cll -"' 3 Cll The mass spectra corresponding to most of these components .... E "'en i= 10 suggested that the signals represented a homologous series of Cl Cll ,El 2 en saturated aldehydes. This supposition was confirmed by t c: ci GC/MS analysis of the sample derivatized by treatment with z 8.en Cll DMH. The mass spectra of aldehyde N,N-dimethylhydrazones "' are particularly useful analytically because they show not only 0 0 t significant molecular ions but also a diagnostic McLafferty C.cubana C.smithi Hexanal Undecanal Oleic Linoleic+ Acid Acid rearrangement peak at m/z 86 (9). Fig. 3 shows a selected ion retrieval chromatogram (m/z 86) obtained from the derivat FIG. 2. (A) Relative acceptability of the two Ceraeochrysa eggs in ized mixture. The mass spectrum corresponding to each of 15 predation tests (n = 5) with ants (M. destructor). Data are given as identified gas chromatographic peaks showed the expected means:!: SE and range. (B) Sensitivity of cockroach (P. americana) to dimethylhydrazone molecular ions at the appropriate reten topical application of components of C. smithi egg stalk fluid. Sensi tivity is expressed as delay to onset of the scratch reflex induced. Data tion time (Table 1). These identifications were confirmed by are given as means :!: SE and range. direct comparison with GC/MS data obtained from authentic samples. We used the assay to test for the potency of four represen While these aldehydes occur in the stalk fluid in only trace tative components of the C. smithi egg stalk fluid: hexanal, amounts (0.2-1.2 ng per stalk), several other compounds were undecanal, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Droplets were applied found in much larger quantities. Comparison of the GC/MS in fixed volumes (0.1 11-l), and only last-instar nymphs were data obtained from these additional components with library used. Fifteen cockroaches were tested per sample. Responses spectra led to identification of myristic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, were timed to 1 s accuracy with a foot-operated stopwatch. stearic, and a docosaenoic acid in approximately equal cc amounts. The quantity of oleic acid was estimated to be =30 h< ng per egg stalk by use of a solution of oleic acid of known n RESULTS concentration as an external standard. Finally, GC/MS anal Ant Predation Tests. In not a single test were any of the C. ysis showed the presence of one fatty acid ester, isopropyl smithi eggs taken by the ants (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the C. myristate, in amounts comparable to those of the free fatty acids. It cubana eggs (Fig. 1£) proved vulnerable: from two to four per Cockroach Irritancy Test. All four compounds proved fo test were carried off, each by an individual ant. Typically an ant topically active (Fig. 2B). The cockroaches scratched promptly, th ascended a stalk, straddled the egg, and cut the egg from the on average within 3-6 s after application of the droplet. With d~ stalk with its mandibles. It then fell to the ground with the egg, each sample there were individuals that responded virtually m grasped the egg in the mandibles, and scurried off along the instantaneously (within 1 s). pr trail. Discrimination against the C. smithi eggs appeared to be Behavior of Emerged Larvae. As is typical for chrysopids bf effected on contact rather than near contact with the stalk. (1), the newly emerged larvae of C. smithi remained astride Upon touching a stalk, ants abruptly backed off and walked their chorions for some hours before descending along the kr away. stalks. When they eventually walked down, they did so head h} A separate test demonstrated that the eggs of both species, first, pausing along the way to consume the stalk fluid. They se when deprived of stalks, are intrinsically acceptable to the ants. halted by each droplet for as long as it took to imbibe the liquid pc Five eggs of each species, carefully cut from stalks, were laid with their hollow, sickle-shaped jaws (Fig. 1F). Upon arrival at ch out as part of a circular arrangement of food items around one the base of the stalk, they briskly walked away. We observed ar of the baiting dishes with honey solution. The ants grasped the this behavior with a number of clusters and found it to be es us se, R 40000 la1 B) th It in1 Q) 30000 0 G ch fii so '0 c: th; :J .0 us, <( 20000 F L M c 0 H fh J of 10000 K N (1: lol
10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 Time, min
FIG. 3. A selected-ion retrieval chromatogram from m/z 86 obtained by GC/MS analysis of the volatiles extracted from C. smithi egg stalk fluid after derivatization with DMH.
(:, (:, 37-48. 37-48. 22, 22, Ecol. Ecol. Chem. Chem. chrysopids. chrysopids. other other of of gland gland colleterial colleterial the the in in present present not not lobe lobe
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liquid liquid the the suspect suspect We We fluid. fluid.
50-55. 50-55.
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the the about about uncertain uncertain are are We We
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H. H. & & Coppel, Coppel, M.A., M.A., Mohamed, Mohamed, C., C., D. D. Post, Post, 13. 13.
(10-14). (10-14). ants ants against against guard guard to to functions functions also also secretion secretion
599-615. 599-615.
This This nest. nest. their their of of stalk stalk the the impregnate impregnate to to wasps wasps
certain certain by by
used used
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Post, Post, 12. 12.
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acid, acid,
palmitic palmitic of of
ester ester
1465-1466. 1465-1466. 168, 168,
Science Science (1970) (1970)
R.·L. R.·L.
Jeanne, Jeanne,
11. 11.
an an is is exception exception
notable notable A A
products. products. defensive defensive arthropodan arthropodan FL). FL). Orlando, Orlando,
in in present present usually usually not not are are fluid fluid stalk stalk the the of of constituents constituents chief chief (Academic, (Academic, Arthropods Arthropods of of Defenses Defenses Chemical Chemical (1981) (1981) M.S. M.S. Blum, Blum, 10. 10.
as as figure figure that that ester ester and and acids acids 31,3661-3666. 31,3661-3666. Chem. Chem. fatty fatty the the Org. Org. (1966)1. (1966)1. C. C. to to comparable Djerassi, Djerassi, ponents ponents D. D. & & Goldsmith, Goldsmith, 9. 9.
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Smedley, Smedley,
M., M., Eisner, Eisner, M., M., Sakaino, Sakaino,
K. K. D., D., McCormick, McCormick, T., T., Eisner, Eisner, 8. 8. alde the the of of number number A A sources. sources. insectan insectan other other from from known known
83-125. 83-125. 1, 1, Sociobiol. Sociobiol.
are are fluid fluid stalk stalk smithi smithi the the of of C. C.
constituents constituents the the
of of Some Some
Ecol. Ecol. Behav. Behav. (1976) (1976) J. J. D. D. Aneshansley, Aneshansley, I. I. & & Kriston, Kriston, T., T., Eisner, Eisner,
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by by
deterred deterred be be
196-197. 196-197. 39, 39, News News Turtox Turtox (1961) (1961) T. T. Eisner, Eisner, 6. 6.
also also might might mites, mites, and and
beetles beetles
coccinellid coccinellid including including predators, predators,
284-289. 284-289. 472, 472,
Chromatogr. Chromatogr.
potential potential other other eggs, eggs, smithi smithi of of enemies enemies C. C. principal principal the the be be may may
(1989) (1989)
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Middleditch, Middleditch, & & A A
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ants ants While While irritancy. irritancy. its its from from action action anti-insectan anti-insectan its its
derive derive
1299-1311. 1299-1311.
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from from judging judging and, and, ants ants to to deterrent deterrent is is liquid liquid The The defense. defense. for for 528-529. 528-529.
serves serves smithi smithi of of fluid fluid C. C. stalk stalk 10, 10, Sci. Sci. egg egg the the that that Chromatogr. Chromatogr. J. J. established established (1972) (1972) J. J. seems seems L. L. Wadhams, Wadhams, It It D. D. E. E. & & Morgan, Morgan, 3. 3.
211-215. 211-215.
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DISCUSSION DISCUSSION
129-133. 129-133. pp. pp.
Netherlands), Netherlands), The The Hague, Hague, The The (Junk, (Junk, R. R. New, New, T. T. Y. Y. & & Semerfa, Semerfa,
M., M., Canard, Canard, eds. eds. Chrysopidae, Chrysopidae, of of
Biology Biology in in (1984) (1984) P. P. Duelli, Duelli, 1. 1. fluid-free. fluid-free.
be be to to noted noted been been had had field field the the in in eggs eggs smithi smithi hatched hatched C. C.
191-424. 191-424. NYC NYC
of of stalks stalks the the
why why for for
explanation explanation
an an
provided provided
It It consistent. consistent.
Grant Grant Hatch Hatch by by and and Health Health of of National Institutes Institutes National the the from from 12020 12020 AI AI
and and 02908 02908 AI AI Grants Grants by by supported supported was was study study This This kindnesses. kindnesses. personal personal
3. 3. Fig. Fig.
in in
designated designated
those those are are
labels labels *Peak *Peak
for for Station Station Biological Biological Archbold Archbold the the of of staff staff the the and and suggestions, suggestions,
394 394 Tetracosanal Tetracosanal helpful helpful R R for for Deyrup Deyrup Mark Mark Dr. Dr. identifications, identifications, chrysopid chrysopid the the confirming confirming
for for A A Adams Adams P. P. Dr. Dr. Q Q and and component component A A Tauber Tauber Unidentified Unidentified Catherine Catherine Dr. Dr. thank thank We We
310 310 Octadecanal Octadecanal p p
ants. ants. 296 296 to to deterrent deterrent are are secretions, secretions, 0 0 Heptadecanal Heptadecanal
these these in in present present are are as as acid, acid, linoleic linoleic and and acid acid oleic oleic including including acids, acids, fatty fatty component component N N Unidentified Unidentified
unsaturated unsaturated
that that 'I 'I evidence evidence
presents presents
paper paper This This ). ). (pedicels (pedicels stalks stalks nest nest component component Unidentified Unidentified M M
their their impregnate impregnate to to wasps wasps
by by used used secretion secretion the the of of chemistry chemistry
the the on on
268 268
Pentadecanal Pentadecanal
L L
(20) (20) appeared appeared recently recently has has paper paper excellent excellent An An Proof. Proof. in in
Added Added Note Note
i i 254 254 Tetradecanal Tetradecanal K K
5 5
240 240
J J Tridecanal Tridecanal
unusual. unusual. evidently evidently is is
226 226
Dodecanal Dodecanal
smithi smithi of of
fluid fluid
C. C. stalk stalk egg egg the the
butter," butter," and and "guns "guns of of
tributes tributes
212 212
1 1 Undecanal Undecanal H H
at the the combines combines
seemingly seemingly that that milk" milk" "mother's "mother's insectan insectan
y y
198 198 Decanal Decanal G G
an an As As offspring. offspring. the the
by by such such as as ingested ingested chemicals chemicals the the are are
y y
184 184
Nonanal Nonanal F F
cases cases
these these
of of none none in in But But (16-18). (16-18). chemicals chemicals defensive defensive with with
s s
170 170
anal anal E E Oct Oct
eggs eggs their their endow endow to to shown shown been been have have insects insects of of number number A A
156 156 11 11 Heptanal Heptanal
D D
smithi. smithi. C. C.
y y 142 142
c c
Rexana! Rexana!
of of that that from from
distinct distinct chemically chemically is is data, data, analytical analytical preliminary preliminary
128 128
anal anal
Pent Pent
B B ,f ,f
from from judge judge can can we we as as far far so so itself, itself, fluid fluid the the and and
emergence, emergence,
s s 114 114
anal anal
But But
A A
upon upon fluid fluid stalk stalk their their ingest ingest not not do do larvae larvae floridana floridana N. N. smithi. smithi.
;. ;.
derivative derivative
Aldehyde Aldehyde label* label* from from C. C. independently independently capacity capacity fluid-secreting fluid-secreting its its evolved evolved
d d
DMH DMH of of M+ M+ Peak Peak species species this this that that suggest suggest floridana, floridana, N. N. fluid, fluid, stalk stalk produce produce
to to
known known
chrysopid chrysopid
other other
one one
the the
on on
have have we we that that Data Data smithi smithi C. C. of of fluid fluid stalk stalk egg egg from from identified identified Aldehydes Aldehydes 1. 1. Table Table k k
3283 3283 (1996) (1996) 93 93 USA USA Sci. Sci. Acad. Acad. Nat!. Nat!. Proc. Proc. al. al. et et Eisner Ecology: Ecology: Bibliography of the Neuropterida
Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 8570
Reference Citation: Eisner, T.; Attygalle, A. B.; Conner, W. E.; Eisner, M.; MacLeod, E.; Meinwald, J. 1996 [1996.??.??]. Chemical egg defense in a green lacewing (Ceraeochrysa smithi). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93:3280-3283.
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