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Espécies De Crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Da Venezuela

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Espécies De Crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Da Venezuela UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E VETERINÁRIAS CAMPUS DE JABOTICABAL ESPÉCIES DE CRISOPÍDEOS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) DA VENEZUELA Francisco José Sosa Duque Engenheiro Agrônomo JABOTICABAL – SÃO PAULO - BRASIL 2011 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E VETERINÁRIAS CAMPUS DE JABOTICABAL ESPÉCIES DE CRISOPÍDEOS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) DA VENEZUELA Francisco José Sosa Duque Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio de Freitas Teses apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia (Entomologia Agrícola). JABOTICABAL – SÃO PAULO - BRASIL Novembro de 2011 DADOS CURRICULARES DO AUTOR Francisco José Sosa Duque – Nascido em 6 de Julho de 1973 em Guanare, Estado de Portuguesa, Venezuela. Engenheiro agrônomo graduado pela “Universidad Centroccidental, Lisandro Alvarado” Estado de Lara, Venezuela, em 02 de fevereiro de 2001. Durante a graduação foi estagiário do Laboratório de Entomologia Dr. José Manuel Osorio sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Francisco Díaz. Em Junho de 2009 obteve o titulo de Mestre em Agronomia, área de concentração Entomologia Agrícola pela Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal – SP, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Sérgio de Freitas, onde defendeu Dissertação intitulada “Espécies de Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) presentes em pomares de Citrus spp., da Venezuela”. Em Agosto de 2009, ingressou no curso de Doutorado na mesma Universidade onde fez o curso de Mestrado para dar continuidade aos estudos a respeito dos Chrysopidae da Venezuela e da região Neotropical. Neste tempo ameaçado pela violência, pelo ódio e pela guerra, testemunhai que ele (Jesus), e somente ele, pode dar a verdadeira paz ao coração do homem, às famílias e aos povos da terra. Esforçai-vos em buscar e promover a paz, a justiça e a fraternidade. E não esqueçais da palavra do Evangelho: «Bem-aventurados os que trabalham pela paz, porque eles serão chamados filhos de Deus» (Mt 5,9)" Karol Józef Wojtyla, 1920 – 2005 A mis padres Francisco e Irma, Por el amor, apoyo, esfuerzo, constancia y dedicación ofrezco a mis tíos Pastor, Pilar, Guillermo y Alfonso, que durante mi estadía en suelo Brasileño fueron llamados a ser siervos del Señor Jesus... dedico AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. Sérgio de Freitas; para quem toda palavra de agradecimento que eu possa expressar, não descreve a minha honra de trabalhar sob a sua orientação acadêmica. A sua amizade, apoio, presença e dedicação foram as bases para alcançar as minhas metas no âmbito profissional e pessoal, muito obrigado... À “Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado” Estado de Lara – Venezuela, pela concessão do meu afastamento e apoio financeiro para a realização do curso de Pós-graduação. Aos pesquisadores, Dra. Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara e Dr. Nelson Wanderley Perioto pela sua amizade, conselhos e inestimável contribuição na execução deste trabalho. A minha queria Maira pela sua enorme paciência, constância, dedicação e grande amor. Ao Dr. Francisco Díaz (xará mais velho) por acreditar, nos meus primeiros passos na entomologia, que eu iria além do que eu mesmo acreditava: muito obrigado pela sua orientação, amizade e apoio incondicional. A Daniell Rodrigo Rodrigues Fernandes e Alexandre Carlos Menezes Netto por cada instante de grata companhia, amizade, dedicação, nas horas boas e nas ruins, que compartilhamos nos âmbitos cotidianos e acadêmicos, dentro e fora da nossa “República Venezuelana de Mossoró”. Aos meus amigos Taís Carmona Lavagnini e André Maurício Muscari pela amizade e terem aberto as portas de seus lares e me deixarem compartilhar no lado das suas famílias. A Ivan Carlos Fernandes Martins (meu tradutor oficial) pela sua grande e valiosa amizade. A todos os meus caros colegas da Pós-graduação (em todos e cada um dos laboratórios) pela sua companhia e amizade, que me fizeram sentir em casa, nunca fui um estrangeiro, apenas mais um de vocês que falava com um sotaque diferente. vi SUMÁRIO Página CAPÍTULO I – CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS........................................................ 1 1. Introdução................................................................................................... 1 2. Revisão de bibliografia................................................................................ 3 2.1 Sistemática de Chrysopidae................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Posição taxonômica da família Chrysopidae........................... 3 2.1.2 Classificação de Chrysopidae.................................................. 4 2.1.3 Os crisopídeos na América Latina: ênfase para a................... Venezuela.............................................................................. 7 2.1.4 Biologia de Chrysopidae.......................................................... 9 2.1.4.1 Fase de ovo.............................................................. 9 2.1.4.2 Fase de larva............................................................ 10 2.1.4.3 Fase de pupa............................................................ 12 2.1.4.4 Fase adulta............................................................... 13 2.2 Caracterização dos gêneros Ceraeochrysa, Chrysoperla, Chrysopodes e Plesiochrysa.............................................................. 14 2.2.1 Ceraeochrysa Adams............................................................... 14 2.2.2 Chrysoperla Steinmann............................................................ 17 2.2.3 Chrysopodes Navás................................................................. 19 2.2.2.1 Chrysopodes (Neousuarius) Adams & Penny................... 20 2.2.2.2 Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) Navás......................... 22 2.2.4 Plesiochrysa Adams................................................................. 22 3. Referências................................................................................................. 24 CAPITULO II – Espécies de Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) da Venezuela........................................................................................................ 35 Resumo........................................................................................................... 35 Abstract........................................................................................................... 36 1. Introcução................................................................................................... 37 2. Material e métodos..................................................................................... 38 2.1 Espécimes analisados ........................................................................ 38 2.2 Estudo da genitália.............................................................................. 39 2.2.1 Genitália do Macho.................................................................. 39 2.2.2 Genitália da fêmea................................................................... 41 2.3 Asas.................................................................................................... 42 2.4 Estudo morfométrico........................................................................... 43 2.5 Identificação das espécies estudadas................................................. 44 3. Resultados……………..……………………………………………………….. 44 3.1 Chave para a identificação das espécies de Ceraeochrysa que ocorrem na Venezuela.............................................................................. 45 3.2 Estudo taxonômico.............................................................................. 50 3.2.1 Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas & Penny................................... 50 3.2.2 Ceraeochrysa acmon Penny 52 vii 3.2.3 Ceraeochrysa angulata (Navás)............................................... 54 3.2.4 Ceraeochrysa angusta Freitas & Penny................................... 55 3.2.5 Ceraeochrysa caligata (Banks)................................................ 56 3.2.6 Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider)............................................. 59 3.2.7 Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás)…………….…………........……. 64 3.2.8 Ceraeochrysa costaricensis Penny.......................................... 65 3.2.9 Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen)................................................ 67 3.2.10 Ceraeochrysa discolor (Navás).............................................. 70 3.2.11Ceraeochrysa dislepis Freitas & Penny.................................. 72 3.2.12 Ceraeochrysa everes (Banks)................................................ 74 3.2.13 Ceraeochrysa fairchildi (Banks)............................................. 76 3.2.14 Ceraeochrysa melaenopareia Sosa & Freitas........................ 77 3.2.15 Ceraeochrysa michaelmuris Adams & Penny........................ 79 3.2.16 Ceraeochrysa montoyana (Navás)......................................... 81 3.2.17 Ceraeochrysa pittieri Sosa & Freitas...................................... 82 3.2.18 Ceraeochrysa sanchezi (Navás)............................................ 83 3.2.19 Ceraeochrysa scapularis (Navás). ........................................ 86 3.2.20 Ceraeochrysa smithi (Navás)................................................. 88 3.2.21 Ceraeochrysa squalidens Adams & Penny............................ 90 3.2.22 Ceraeochrysa squama Freitas & Penny................................. 92 3.2.23 Ceraeochrysa torresi Sosa & Freitas....................................
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