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HOUSE BILL 649 E1 8lr1873 By: Delegates Reilly, Afzali, Buckel, Cassilly, Folden, Grammer, Krebs, Malone, McComas, Morgan, Rose, Shoemaker, and Szeliga Introduced and read first time: January 29, 2018 Assigned to: Judiciary A BILL ENTITLED 1 AN ACT concerning 2 Criminal Law – Opioids – Distribution Causing Death of Minor 3 FOR the purpose of prohibiting the distribution of a certain opioid or opioid analogue, the 4 use of which causes the death of a minor; establishing a penalty for a violation of this 5 Act; clarifying that certain conduct constitutes distribution under this Act; providing 6 that certain conduct does not establish a defense under this Act; providing a certain 7 defense under this Act; providing immunity for certain conduct under this Act; 8 providing that a sentence imposed under this Act shall be consecutive to and not 9 concurrent with a certain other sentence; defining certain terms; and generally 10 relating to the distribution of opioids. 11 BY repealing and reenacting, without amendments, 12 Article – Criminal Law 13 Section 5–402(c) and 5–403(b)(1) and (3) and (c) 14 Annotated Code of Maryland 15 (2012 Replacement Volume and 2017 Supplement) 16 BY adding to 17 Article – Criminal Law 18 Section 5–602.1 19 Annotated Code of Maryland 20 (2012 Replacement Volume and 2017 Supplement) 21 SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 22 That the Laws of Maryland read as follows: 23 Article – Criminal Law 24 5–402. EXPLANATION: CAPITALS INDICATE MATTER ADDED TO EXISTING LAW. [Brackets] indicate matter deleted from existing law. *hb0649* 2 HOUSE BILL 649 1 (c) (1) These opium derivatives are substances listed in Schedule I: 2 (i) acetorphine; 3 (ii) acetyldihydrocodeine; 4 (iii) acetylocodone; 5 (iv) benzylmorphine; 6 (v) codeine methylbromide; 7 (vi) codeine–N–oxide; 8 (vii) codoxime; 9 (viii) cyprenorphine; 10 (ix) desomorphine; 11 (x) dihydromorphine; 12 (xi) drotebanol; 13 (xii) ethylmorphine methyliodide; 14 (xiii) etorphine; 15 (xiv) etorphine 3–methylether; 16 (xv) heroin; 17 (xvi) hydromorphinol; 18 (xvii) methyldesorphine; 19 (xviii) methyldihydromorphinone; 20 (xix) methylhydromorphine; 21 (xx) morphine methylbromide; 22 (xxi) morphine methylchloride; 23 (xxii) morphine methylsulfonate; 24 (xxiii) morphine–N–oxide; HOUSE BILL 649 3 1 (xxiv) myrophine; 2 (xxv) nicocodeine; 3 (xxvi) nicodicodine; 4 (xxvii) nicomorphine; 5 (xxviii) norcodeine; 6 (xxix) normorphine; 7 (xxx) pholcodine; and 8 (xxxi) thebacon. 9 (2) Unless specifically excepted under this subtitle, a salt, isomer, or salt 10 of an isomer of a substance listed in this subsection is a Schedule I substance if the existence 11 of the salt, isomer, or salt of an isomer is possible within the specific chemical designation. 12 5–403. 13 (b) (1) Unless the substance is listed in another schedule and except as 14 provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, opium and opiate, and a salt, compound, 15 derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate is a substance listed in Schedule II, including: 16 (i) raw opium; 17 (ii) opium extracts; 18 (iii) opium fluid; 19 (iv) powdered opium; 20 (v) granulated opium; 21 (vi) tincture of opium; 22 (vii) codeine; 23 (viii) ethylmorphine; 24 (ix) etorphine hydrochloride; 25 (x) hydrocodone; 4 HOUSE BILL 649 1 (xi) hydromorphone; 2 (xii) metopon; 3 (xiii) morphine; 4 (xiv) oxycodone; 5 (xv) oxymorphone; and 6 (xvi) thebaine. 7 (3) Substances listed in Schedule II also include: 8 (i) except for the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium, a salt, compound, 9 derivative, or preparation that is chemically equivalent or identical to a substance listed in 10 paragraph (1) of this subsection; 11 (ii) opium poppy and poppy straw; 12 (iii) coca leaf; 13 (iv) cocaine, its salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of 14 isomers; 15 (v) ecgonine, its derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of 16 isomers; and 17 (vi) a compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any of the 18 substances listed in this section. 19 (c) (1) These opiates are substances listed in Schedule II: 20 (i) alphaprodine; 21 (ii) anileridine; 22 (iii) bezitramide; 23 (iv) dihydrocodeine; 24 (v) diphenoxylate; 25 (vi) fentanyl; 26 (vii) isomethadone; HOUSE BILL 649 5 1 (viii) levoalphacetylmethadol; 2 (ix) levomethorphan; 3 (x) levorphanol; 4 (xi) metazocine; 5 (xii) methadone; 6 (xiii) methadone––intermediate, 4–cyano–2–dimethylamino–4, 7 4–diphenyl butane; 8 (xiv) moramide––intermediate, 2–methyl–3–morpholino–1, 9 1–diphenyl–propane–carboxylic acid; 10 (xv) pethidine; 11 (xvi) pethidine––intermediate––A, 12 4–cyano–1–methyl–4–phenylpiperidine; 13 (xvii) pethidine––intermediate––B, 14 ethyl–4–phenylpiperidine–4–carboxylate; 15 (xviii) pethidine––intermediate––C, 16 1–methyl–4–phenylpiperidine–4–carboxylic acid; 17 (xix) phenazocine; 18 (xx) piminodine; 19 (xxi) racemethorphan; 20 (xxii) racemorphan; and 21 (xxiii) sulfentanil. 22 (2) Unless specifically excepted under this subtitle, an isomer, ester, ether, 23 or salt of an opiate and a salt of an isomer, ester, or ether is a substance listed in Schedule 24 II if the existence of the isomer, ester, ether, or salt is possible within the specific chemical 25 designation. 26 5–602.1. 27 (A) (1) IN THIS SECTION THE FOLLOWING WORDS HAVE THE MEANINGS 28 INDICATED. 6 HOUSE BILL 649 1 (2) “OPIOID” MEANS A CONTROLLED DANGEROUS SUBSTANCE 2 LISTED IN § 5–402(C) OR § 5–403(B)(1) OR (3) OR (C) OF THIS TITLE. 3 (3) (I) “OPIOID ANALOGUE” MEANS A SUBSTANCE THAT: 4 1. HAS A CHEMICAL STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO THE 5 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF AN OPIOID; AND 6 2. HAS A STIMULANT, DEPRESSANT, OR 7 HALLUCINOGENIC EFFECT ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT IS 8 SUBSTANTIALLY SIMILAR TO OR GREATER THAN THE STIMULANT, DEPRESSANT, OR 9 HALLUCINOGENIC EFFECT OF AN OPIOID ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 10 (II) “OPIOID ANALOGUE” DOES NOT INCLUDE: 11 1. A CONTROLLED DANGEROUS SUBSTANCE LISTED ON 12 SCHEDULE I OR SCHEDULE II; 13 2. A SUBSTANCE FOR WHICH THERE IS AN APPROVED 14 NEW DRUG APPLICATION; OR 15 3. A SUBSTANCE APPROVED FOR INVESTIGATIONAL USE 16 UNDER § 506 OF THE FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT. 17 (B) EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN THIS TITLE, A PERSON MAY NOT 18 DISTRIBUTE AN OPIOID OR AN OPIOID ANALOGUE, THE USE OF WHICH CAUSES THE 19 DEATH OF A MINOR. 20 (C) A PERSON WHO VIOLATES SUBSECTION (B) OF THIS SECTION IS GUILTY 21 OF A FELONY AND ON CONVICTION IS SUBJECT TO IMPRISONMENT NOT EXCEEDING 22 30 YEARS. 23 (D) THE SHARING OF AN OPIOID OR AN OPIOID ANALOGUE BY AN ADULT 24 CONSTITUTES DISTRIBUTION UNDER THIS SECTION. 25 (E) (1) IT IS NOT A DEFENSE UNDER THIS SECTION THAT THE DEFENDANT 26 DID NOT DISTRIBUTE THE OPIOID OR OPIOID ANALOGUE DIRECTLY TO THE 27 DECEDENT. 28 (2) IT IS A DEFENSE UNDER THIS SECTION THAT THE DEFENDANT WAS 29 AN ACTIVE USER OF AN OPIOID OR AN OPIOID ANALOGUE AT THE TIME OF THE 30 DISTRIBUTION THAT CAUSED THE DEATH OF THE DECEDENT. HOUSE BILL 649 7 1 (F) A PERSON WHO, IN GOOD FAITH, SEEKS, PROVIDES, OR ASSISTS WITH 2 THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE FOR A PERSON EXPERIENCING A MEDICAL 3 EMERGENCY AFTER USING AN OPIOID OR AN OPIOID ANALOGUE IS IMMUNE FROM 4 CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION IF THE EVIDENCE FOR 5 THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION WAS OBTAINED SOLELY AS A RESULT OF THE 6 PERSON’S SEEKING, PROVIDING, OR ASSISTING WITH THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL 7 ASSISTANCE. 8 (G) A SENTENCE IMPOSED UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSECUTIVE 9 TO AND NOT CONCURRENT WITH ANY OTHER SENTENCE IMPOSED FOR ANY CRIME 10 BASED ON THE ACT ESTABLISHING THE VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION. 11 SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 12 October 1, 2018. .
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  • A45 14-Methoxy-Metopon: a Highly Potent Μ Opioid Agonist on Rat Vas

    A45 14-Methoxy-Metopon: a Highly Potent Μ Opioid Agonist on Rat Vas

    APHAR 2007 Abstract Preview A45 14-Methoxy-metopon: a highly potent µ opioid agonist on rat vas deferens Kornél P Király1, Pál Riba1, Tamás Friedmann1, Mahmoud Al-Khrasani1, Helmut Schmidhammer2 and Susanna Fürst1 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Austria E-Mail: [email protected] Morphine, the opioid analgesic most abundantly used for severe acute and chronic pain, is associated with several adverse effects such as respiratory depression, tolerance and dependence. The intensive search to find new opioids possessing a better pharmacological profile has resulted in 14-O-methyloxymorphone (14-O-MOX) and 14-methoxy- metopon (MET), a highly µ-selective and very potent opioid agonist. Our aim was to test the compounds in the rat vas deferens (RVD) bioassay system in order to further analyze their µ receptor efficacy and elucidate the structure-activity relationship between the compounds and oxymorphone (OX), their parent molecule. RVD was prepared, mounted and stimulated as described by Ronai et al. [1]. Opioid actions were measured by determining the inhibitory effects on the electrically evoked twitches. Antagonist activity was determined by the single-dose method. MET exerted full agonist activity in RVD, unlike OX and 14-O-MOX which were only partial agonists. Naltrexone, the reference µ receptor antagonist, antagonized the inhibitory actions on the electrically evoked twitches of the test compounds with a similar potency than in mouse vas deferens indicating the presence of µ opioid receptors in RVD. We found that MET is a highly efficacious µ receptor agonist and that the 5-methyl substitution may be responsible for the full agonist activity.