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The Great Gatsby and the Struggle for Wealth, Purity, and the Pursuit of Identity

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The Great Gatsby and the Struggle for Wealth, Purity, and the Pursuit of Identity The Great Gatsby and the Struggle for Wealth, Purity, and the Pursuit of Identity By Shani Jeanpierre A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English California State University Bakersfield In partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of English Winter 2013 Copyright By Shani Jeanpierre 2013 The Great Gatsby and the Struggle for Wealth, Purity, and the Pursuit of Identity By: Shani Jeanpierre This thesis has been accepted on behalf of the Department of English by their supervisory committee: Signature of Reader #1 Signature of Reader #2 Shani Jeanpierre 1 The Great Gatsby and the Struggle for Wealth, Purity, and the Pursuit of Identity Introduction: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a novel with a timeless story that is read by many for both scholastic benefits and for pleasure. It contains a story of romance, lies, betrayal, and murder. There is, however, more to the story than what many see on the surface. Many of the characters in the story obsess over identity or struggle against the identity their society gives them. It is a subject that many of the novel’s readers can relate to. Fitzgerald may have written the novel the way he did because of his own struggle with his own less than desirable identity given to him by the society he lived in. Many students, instructors, and critics have analyzed the subjects of wealth, materialism, greed, and even racism within F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, but few have considered what role these subjects play in one’s identity. It seems most of the characters in the novel are struggling to either gain their own desired identity or fight against the identity society has given them. Because Gatsby is from a poor background, he is not seen as someone good enough for Daisy to marry. To not have wealth is to not be worthy of marriage or commitment. Having wealth means being respected and having the feeling of being pure or powerful, but simply being rich does not give one acceptance within the pure community. One must come from a wealthy background as well. Gatsby fights his impure identity by lying about his background and obtaining wealth by whatever means necessary.. Tom struggles with an identity obtained from his college years that follows him through his adulthood, so he tries to obtain and maintain an identity of Nordic purity. Tom believes that the Nordic label will help him fight against Shani Jeanpierre 2 his polo player identity and project an image of superiority over anyone who may threaten his marriage or masculinity. He is also strongly influenced by a book entitled The Rise of the Colored Empires that suggests the people of the Nordic race are responsible for the advancement of civilization. Both Gatsby and he create the identity of a pure and flawless woman for Daisy that she cannot live up to, so she must both struggle with this identity and use it to her advantage to get what she needs from both men for as long as she can. Many critics have also pointed out what it means to be a feminine woman and a masculine man in the society of which The Great Gatsby takes place as well as which characters seem to fit in with their given gender roles and which characters seem to struggle with fitting the standards of these roles. Few, however, have discussed what acting outside of one’s gender role means to the identities of the characters in the novel or how it could possibly affect their lives or place in society. Critics have been known to connect Fitzgerald’s personal life with the characters and events in Gatsby. Once a reader does research on Fitzgerald’s life, obvious connections can be made such as the attitudes and names that some of his characters share with people who made an impact in his life, but few have considered what Fitzgerald’s motivations behind these parallels were and what purpose they serve. People often see similarities between Fitzgerald and the characters of Gatsby, Nick, and sometimes even Tom, but they do not often consider why he would create these parallels or what their significance is. The same can be said for the similarities between significant figures in his life, such as the women he loved, and different characters in the novel. After closely examining both his life and the connections that are often found in Gatsby and paying close attention to how the people and events are represented in his novel, it Shani Jeanpierre 3 seems that Fitzgerald’s purpose in creating such connections was to criticize the materialistic society and attitudes of Americans of the 1920’s. Part 1: The Importance of Appearance and Strong Performance in The Great Gatsby Gatsby goes to great lengths to make those in Daisy’s social circle comfortable and accepting of him . He even goes as far as replacing the evening gown of one of his houseguests when she tears it on one of his chairs. It seems, however, that no matter what he does, he is never fully accepted by Daisy’s peers. The woman whose gown is replaced explains that she feels that there is “something funny about a fellow that’ll do a thing like that” and that such a gesture means that he “doesn’t want any trouble with anybody” (Fitzgerald 43). This is a rather odd reaction to such a deed that illustrates respect and kindness. This leads readers to wonder what about Gatsby prevents his wealthy peers from accepting him as one of their own. They have no problem indulging in his wealth by enjoying his parties, but they all seem to feel that there is something about him that sets him apart from the rest of them. Because there is so much mystery surrounding his true identity, many cannot identify what about him makes him so different. Many critics have speculated that his peers’ unwillingness to accept him within their social circle is due to underlying racism. Nick, the narrator, focuses a great deal of his attention on Gatsby’s appearance. Although Gatsby is white, Nick often describes him as “tan,” “dark,” or “brown.” This is Shani Jeanpierre 4 a great contrast to his white surroundings. Daisy is described as white and so are Jordan, Nick, and Tom. Nick also focuses a lot of his attention on their white clothing and the whiteness of the houses in East Egg. The purpose of this is to emphasize that although Gatsby is able to fool most of the wealthy whites into believing he is a wealthy businessman, he will never fully fit in with his white surroundings. While many critics agree that Gatsby’s purpose in creating the façade of a wealthy and respectable businessman is to win Daisy’s affection, Peter L. Hays , author of "Oxymoron in The Great Gatsby", suggests that the situation is reversed and that by having Daisy as a wife he will gain the respect he desires and he just needs the wealth to attract her (Hays 319). In the novel, Daisy is described to be a “grail” (Fitzgerald 149). This sparks thoughts of the Holy Grail and its representation of divinity and purity. Daisy is viewed as so perfect that people such as Gatsby and Tom begin to see her less as a human being as the story progresses. Hays believes that Gatsby’s goal to convince Daisy to leave Tom for him has to do with his desire to be respected by all those around him. If someone as pure as Daisy loves Gatsby, then everyone else will too. Hays also believes that his desire to be seen as pure to those around him is a result of underlying racism. If Gatsby is not wealthy, he is no better than ethnic minorities (Hays 323). Walter Benn Michaels, an American literary theorist, explains in his book Our America: Nativism, Modernism and Pluralism that it is not only a wealthy lifestyle Gatsby must obtain in order to win Daisy, but also a change of his past and background. Michaels suggests that in order to be respected one must have good “breeding” (Michaels 26). This can be linked with Hays’s opinion that the desire to be wealthy is due to underlying racism. Michaels, however, goes on to suggest that being wealthy alone does Shani Jeanpierre 5 not change a person’s background. A “brown, black, red, [or] yellow,” person can never gain any respect with money alone. Because Gatsby is brown, he attempts to change his background to one he feels fits the profile of the kind of person people like Tom would view as a true Nordic. Michaels suggests that Gatsby feels he needs to convince those around him he attended Oxford University and that he has always been a man whom Daisy could fall in love with. If he can fool people into believing that this is his true background, he will gain a place among the Nordics, thus giving himself a secure place in society. When Tom explains to Nick, Jordan, and Daisy the importance of preserving the Nordic culture and influence in America, Gatsby has not yet been introduced to the reader. Michaels’s argument seems to be based off the assumption that Gatsby has read The Rise of the Colored Empires just as Tom has. Gatsby’s desire to appear respectable like the wealthy whites is more likely to do with the white influence surrounding him. A.E. Elmore, author of “Color and Cosmos in The Great Gatsby,” points out that the color white “makes more appearances in the novel than any other single color, and something like three of every four are applied to East Egg or characters from East Egg, especially to Daisy” (Elmore 428).
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